CN110234499B

CN110234499B - Optical device for enhancing human color vision

Info

Publication number: CN110234499B
Application number: CN201780067411.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: K·瓦伦丁
Original assignee: Hue Artificial Intelligence Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Hue Artificial Intelligence Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2016-08-30
Filing date: 2017-08-30
Publication date: 2022-04-12
Anticipated expiration: 2037-08-30
Also published as: CN114647026A; CN110234499A

Abstract

The invention discloses a system, a method for creating an optical device and a device for enhancing human color vision. The system, method, and device for creating the optical device include a substrate, a plurality of thin film layers provided on the substrate, the plurality of thin film layers including a plurality of materials that create a thin film specific reflection spectrum based on refractive indices that the selected plurality of materials each have, and a plurality of colorant layers applied to the plurality of thin film layers, the plurality of colorant layers including at least one colorant that is created based on a colorant specific absorption spectrum defined by a selected concentration.

Description

Optical device for enhancing human color vision

Cross Reference to Related Applications

The present application claims priority from the following chinese patent applications: chinese patent application 201610758199.3 entitled "optical device design method for optimizing human color vision perception, spectrum and luminance measurement method" filed 2016, 8, 30, 2016, 201620978769.5 entitled "optical device with transmission spectrum for optimizing human color vision perception", 10, 30, 2016, 201610756979.4 entitled "optical device based on colorant and its artificial intelligence design method", 30, 8, 2016, 201620980335.9 entitled "optical device using colorant as active ingredient", 2016, 30, 2016, 10761687.X entitled "artificial intelligent lens and design method for improving color perception and correcting color blindness and color amblyopia, and 201610761686.5, 2016, 30, entitled" optical device for correcting blue-yellow amblyopia and its design method ", each application is the inventor K Valencin (Keenan Valentine), the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to optical devices for enhancing human color vision, and more particularly, provides a system, method for creating an optical device and a device for enhancing human color vision.

Background

Genetic color vision deficiency and acquired Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) are defects of human color perception that are not currently well addressed by the ophthalmic industry in general. Simple red or similarly colored lenses have been produced and sold. This solution produces a perceived color contrast by distorting the hue of colors that can be confused by CVD individuals, as these hues are confused with hues that such people can distinguish. Products of this type are often unsatisfactory because they do not assist CVD personnel in perceiving the original color.

Other types of lenses attempt to better distinguish these colors by CVD personnel by increasing the saturation of the confusing colors. The effectiveness of these lenses is not as high as the above solutions.

The performance characteristics of these types of lens solutions are limited due to the traditional methods of design and construction used for them. Moreover, these lens solutions are not designed to have substantially constant or controllably variable performance characteristics under different types of lighting and color perception conditions.

Yellow vision (YCV) of a yellowed human natural lens or yellow intraocular lens (IOL) causes distortion in color perception. Current ophthalmic solutions do not address the use of color correcting lenses for YCV.

Therefore, a need exists for a better quality solution to these and other visual problems.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention discloses a system, a method for creating an optical device and a device for enhancing human color vision. The system, method, and device for creating an optical device includes a substrate, a plurality of thin film layers provided on the substrate, the plurality of thin film layers including a plurality of materials that create a thin film specific reflection spectrum based on refractive indices each having of a selected plurality of materials, and a plurality of colorant layers applied to the plurality of thin film layers, the plurality of colorant layers including at least one colorant created based on a colorant specific absorption spectrum defined by a selected concentration.

The method of creating the optical device comprises: creating a colorant-specific absorption spectrum by selecting a colorant, creating a concentration of the selected colorant, and creating one or more layers containing the colorant; creating a thin film specific reflection spectrum by selecting a plurality of materials, selecting a number of layers in the thin film, creating each layer, the plurality of materials each having a refractive index; and constructing an optical device comprising the created one or more layers containing the colorant and the created film layer.

Drawings

A more particular understanding can be obtained from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an optical device for enhancing human vision;

FIG. 2 is a method of constructing the optical device of FIG. 1 by using colorants and/or films to obtain a desired transmission spectrum;

FIG. 3 illustrates a method for designing the transmission spectrum of the optical device of FIG. 1 to meet minimum transmission constraints and achieve a CPI target;

FIG. 4 shows a diagram of three color gamuts using a CIE D65 light source for noon and daytime lighting conditions;

FIG. 5 shows a diagram of three color gamuts using the CIE F2 light source for the optical device in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows additional sample target transmission spectra for red-green CVD correction;

FIG. 7 shows a graph of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 shows a graph of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 14 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 16 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 18 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 20 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 21 shows a plot of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 22 illustrates a method of manufacture for the device illustrated by the transmission diagram of FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 illustrates a method for finding a transmission spectrum for an optical device that satisfies a minimum transmission constraint and achieves a CPI target or an optimal CPI for a yellow vision (YCV) correction application within an assigned search iteration or within a predetermined time;

FIG. 24 shows the transmission spectrum of a naturally yellow lens or similarly yellow intraocular lens (IOL) and the transmission spectrum of an optical device for correcting YCV;

fig. 25 shows the existing color vision gamut;

FIG. 26 shows a graph of transmission versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention;

FIG. 27 shows the geometry of the spectacle lens for the eye;

figure 28 shows a cross-sectional view of an RVF;

figure 29 shows a cross-sectional view to show the optical or physical thickness of layer i of RVF, y being a function of radial distance x from the viewing center, where yo is the optical or physical thickness of layer i of RVF at the viewing center of the optical device;

figure 30 illustrates various examples of optical or physical thickness profiles of one or more layers of RVFs as a function of radial distance from a viewing center of an optical device described herein;

fig. 31 shows that for a configuration where E is 1.2 (optic-to-eye distance) and ds1 is ds2 is 0, the direct relationship between radial distance x from the viewing center on the optic and AOI is a strictly correlated increase;

FIG. 32 shows transmission spectra for 7-layer structures of RVFs at various AOIs; and

fig. 33 shows the color gamut obtained for the structure of RVF.

Detailed Description

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as specific structures, components, materials, dimensions, method steps and techniques, in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures or method steps have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being "on" or "over" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" or "directly on" another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being "under," "below" or "beneath" another element, it can be directly under or beneath the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" or "directly under" another element, there are no intervening elements present.

In order not to obscure the description of the embodiments in the detailed description that follows, some structures, components, materials, dimensions, method steps and techniques known in the art may be combined together for description and for illustration purposes, and in some cases, may not be described in detail. In other instances, some structures, components, materials, dimensions, method steps and techniques known in the art may not be described at all. It should be understood that the following description focuses more on the distinguishing features or elements of the various embodiments described herein.

Described herein are various designs and configurations of optical devices that use absorptive colorants and/or reflective films to enhance human color vision and correct Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) and yellow vision (YCV). These optical devices provide a transmission spectrum to achieve the above effects while controlling color shift, i.e., color shift, which affects the performance and aesthetics of the device due to variable illumination (e.g., morning, midday, and afternoon daylight, fluorescent illumination, and Light Emitting Diode (LED) illumination). In addition, the optic provides an appropriate transmission spectrum to correct and/or reduce YCV due to factors such as a yellowed natural lens or a yellow intraocular lens (IOL). Also described are Radial Variable Filters (RVFs) that combine the above effects and reduce device performance variation from variable angle of incidence (AOI) of the light source. Methods of providing the design and structure of the optical device are also described.

The present invention provides devices and methods for constructing optical devices with desired transmission spectra to enhance normal human color perception, correct red, green, and blue-yellow vision defects (CVD), and correct yellow vision (YCV). A target transmission spectrum for such an optical device is established by iteratively constructing sets of Colorimetric Performance Indicators (CPIs), which include red-green color perception separation, blue-yellow color perception separation, and controlling color shift. The color shift control includes limiting the hue of the White Point (WP) of the decor of the optical device, the WP Shift (WPs) from the neutral point of the optical device, and the variation in brightness of the device evaluated under different lighting conditions and by observers with different color perception.

The present invention describes the following design and fabrication: (1) an optical device having a constructed transmission spectrum adapted to increase red-green color separation to correct red-green Color Vision Defects (CVD), (2) another optical device having a constructed transmission spectrum adapted to increase blue-yellow color separation to correct blue-yellow CVD, and (3) another optical device having a constructed transmission spectrum adapted to correct human yellow color vision to a neutral or near-neutral White Point (WP). Neutral represents white and gray levels. The optical devices described herein can also be designed and constructed to have desired levels of brightness, aesthetic tint (including no tint), control of color shift in other spectra, and colorimetric performance characteristics. The optical device may be lenses, glasses, sunglasses, spectacles, contact lenses, filters, displays, windshields, intraocular lenses, window glass, and any other optical or ophthalmic material adapted to transmit and/or otherwise modify light. The optical device may have any optical power, curvature, or other characteristic designed for the optical device.

The optical device has a transmission spectrum that most closely matches a target transmission spectrum and is structured to (1) create a colorant-specific absorption spectrum by selecting colorants with a molar extinction spectrum, creating a concentration for each selected colorant and creating a layer or layers containing a concentration of dye or an entire substrate having a thickness, and/or (2) create a film-specific reflection spectrum by selecting materials and their refractive indices, selecting a total number of thin films, selecting a material stacking order (e.g., an alternating stacking order), and creating an optical or physical thickness for each film layer, (3) construct a total transmission spectrum for the optical device by combining the transmission spectra from the absorbing colorants and the reflective thin film coating, and (4) if the constructed transmission spectrum reaches the target transmission spectrum, or reaches a maximum allowed iteration or does not change in spectral mismatch (between constructed and target) after some predetermined iterations, or one or more other stopping criteria are reached, the iteration is ended and the result is saved. The optical device thus constituted includes: the constructed transmission spectrum of the optical device that most closely matches the target transmission spectrum, colorant selection, colorant layer or overall substrate thickness, colorant concentration, thin film material having refractive index, optical or physical thickness of the film layers, total number of film layers, and layer stacking order, and if the stop criterion in (4) is not met, continuing to iterate the colorants and/or thin film structures to achieve the target transmission spectrum of the optical device.

The specific method for constructing the target transmission spectrum of the optical device comprises the following steps: creating one or more light sources, creating a color matching function, creating a color spectrum for color enhancement, CVD correction and/or yellowness correction evaluation, creating a color space, creating a transmission spectrum for the optical device that meets minimum transmission requirements, evaluating the CPI for red-green and/or blue-yellow color separation, the brightness of the optical device, the white point shift of the light sources, the number of color shifts and the chromaticity value of the color spectrum, and if a CPI target is reached or a new transmission spectrum is reached for a maximum iteration or no change in CPI after some iterations or other stopping criteria are reached, ending the iteration and saving the optimal output transmission spectrum for the optical device from 380nm to 780 nm. However, if no stopping criterion is reached, iteration continues to another transmission spectrum of the optical device. A set of artificial intelligence methods is used to iterate to find the transmission spectrum of the optical device for color enhancement, CVD correction and/or yellowing color vision correction applications in each nanometer wavelength between 380nm and 780 nm.

Finally, the design and construction of Radial Variable Filters (RVFs) as a specific type of thin film coating architecture is disclosed. For the application of the present invention, the transmission spectrum of the optical device should be as constant as possible at different angles of incidence (AOI), and therefore RVF is a solution to reduce or eliminate variations in the transmission spectrum of the Film Coating (FC), including the wavelength shift that occurs with the variable AOI.

A light source is any light emitting source or medium that is not considered to be a transparent or translucent optical body primarily for allowing light transmission. The light source includes a primary source, such as solar or artificial lighting, and/or a secondary source, such as a reflective surface, and/or an additional light source, such as a fluorescent colorant. The optical devices described herein may employ reflection spectra from reflective media including, for example, natural, artificial, synthetic, simulated surfaces and bodies, as well as mixed combinations of such media, such as coated fluorescent dyes. The optical device may employ fluorescence spectra from fluorescent media including, for example, natural, artificial, synthetic, simulated surfaces and bodies, as well as mixed combinations of such media, such as fluorescent dye-coated garments. The optical device may utilize Spectral Power Distributions (SPDs) from various sources, for example, CIE (commission internationale de L' eclairage) standard light sources D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, and the L-series for Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The hybrid light source may be suitable for environments with multiple light sources. The invention describes various ways of combining light sources into a hybrid light source (BI). One embodiment is provided in equation 1.

BI＝∑c_iLight source_iI ∈ selected light source equation 1.

0≤c_i≤1

Another embodiment for forming the BI is provided in equation 2.

BI＝c₁D55+c₂D65+c₃D75+c₄F2+c₅F7+c₆F11+c₇LED₁Equation 2.

The optical device may employ color spaces, such as the CIE1931 color space, the CIE 1964 color space, and the CIE 1976 color space, as a basis for quantifying color perception. Color perception is measured by the chromatic response of a target observer to different wavelengths of transmitted light on a cone of human colors. The response of human trichromatic color vision is quantified using three Color Matching Functions (CMFs), such as those in CIE 19312 ° standard observers (with normal color vision) with the L cone of peak sensitivity of CMF at 599nm, the M cone at 555nm, and the S cone at 446 nm. An observer with weak green coloration (green blindness) may have the peak sensitivity of the CMF with an M cone at a longer wavelength (e.g., 556nm) than that of a standard observer. Furthermore, the value of the M cone peak sensitivity for green blindness is equal to or less than 100% of the standard observer. For red-poor observers (red blinded), there is a peak sensitivity of the CMF with an L cone at a shorter wavelength (e.g., 598nm) than that of standard observers. In addition, the value of the L cone peak sensitivity for red blindness is equal to or less than 100% of that of a standard observer. For an observer with a weak blue coloration (blue blindness), there is a peak sensitivity of the CMF with an S cone at a wavelength different from that of a standard observer (e.g. 447nm or 445 nm). Furthermore, the value of the S cone peak sensitivity for blue blindness is equal to or less than 100% of the standard observer.

CMF as L-cone, M-cone and S-cone, respectivelyAs a function of wavelength of. For a normal color vision CIE 19312 deg. standard observer,

with peaks at 599nm, 555nm and 446nm, respectively. For an observer of a weak red colour,

is a CMF peak with an L cone skewed to less than or equal to 599nm and a sensitivity of 100% less than or equal to a 19312 standard observer. For an observer of a weak colour of green,

is 100% sensitivity with a peak value of the M cone CMF skewed to greater than or equal to 555nm and a standard observer of less than or equal to 19312 deg.. For an observer of a weak colour of blue,

is 100% sensitivity with an S-cone CMF peak skewed to greater than 446nm and a standard observer of less than or equal to 19312 °. For an observer of a weak colour of blue,

is 100% sensitivity with an S cone CMF peak skewed to less than or equal to 446nm and less than or equal to 19312 standard observer. For a normal color vision CIE 196410 deg. standard observer,

to have peaks at 595nm, 557nm and 445nm, respectively. For an observer of a weak red colour,

is 100% sensitivity with an L-cone CMF peak skewed to less than or equal to 595nm and a standard observer less than or equal to 196410 °. For an observer of a weak colour of green,

is a CMF peak with an M cone skewed to greater than or equal to 557nm and a sensitivity of less than or equal to 100% of a 196410 ° standard observer. For an observer of a weak colour of blue,

is 100% sensitivity with S cone CMF peak biased to greater than 445nm and standard observer less than or equal to 196410 °. For an observer of a weak colour of blue,

is 100% sensitivity with an S cone CMF peak skewed to less than or equal to 445nm and less than or equal to 196410 ° standard observer. For an observer of a weak red colour,

with an L-cone CMF peak skewed to 585nm and 100% sensitivity for a 19312 ° standard observer. In one embodiment of CVD, for a viewer with a weak red color,

with an L-cone CMF peak skewed to 580nm and a 90% sensitivity of a 196410 ° standard observer. In another embodiment of CVD, for an observer of green weakness,

with a peak M cone CMF skewed to 565nm and 100% sensitivity of a 196410 ° standard observer. In one embodiment of CVD, for an observer of green weakness,

with the peak of the M-cone CMF skewed to 562nm and 85% sensitivity of the 19312 ° standard observer. In one embodiment of CVD, for a viewer with a weak blue color,

to have reduced S cone CMF peaks and 196480% sensitivity of a 10 ° standard observer. In another embodiment of CVD, for a viewer with a weak blue color,

with an S-cone CMF peak skewed to 450nm and a 90% sensitivity of the 19312 ° standard observer. In one embodiment of CVD, for a viewer with a weak blue color,

with an S-cone CMF peak skewed to 440nm and 70% sensitivity for a 19312 ° standard observer.

Representative reflectance spectra of red-green and blue-yellow may be used to measure red-green color separation, blue-yellow color separation, and general color perception (including perception of hue, chroma, and brightness). For example, reflectance spectra of red and green of stone origin (Ishihara) are obtained by scanning reflectance spectra in the Ishihara isochromic Plates Test, and are similarly used for blue and yellow of stone origin. Other representative reflectance spectra for red-green and blue-yellow are from the Munsell (Munsell) color system. A representative reflectance spectrum of red is one or more munsell colors: 2.5YR 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 2.5R 5/4, 5RP 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 10R 5/4, 10RP 5/4. A representative reflectance spectrum of green is one or more munsell colors: 5BG 5/4, 10G 5/4, 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 10BG 5/4. A representative reflectance spectrum of blue is one or more munsell colors: 5B 5/4, 10BG 5/4, 5BG 5/4, 5P 5/4, 10B 5/4, 10P 5/4 and 10PB 5/4. Representative reflectance spectra of yellow are one or more munsell colors: 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 5Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 2.5YR 5/4, 10Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4. Additional reflectance spectra of red, green, blue and yellow are from reflectance scans of natural colors (e.g., leaves, flowers and trees).

Tristimulus values may be used in a method of determining the color space coordinates of a selected color and White Point (WP) for evaluation. The color space coordinates may be used to evaluate a colorimetric performance indicator CPI, such as color separation. The tristimulus values may be determined using equations 3-6.

Wherein, the color_i(λ) is the reflection spectrum of the ith selected color. The optical device has a transmission spectrum T (λ). The light source may be any single light source or a hybrid light source. M_i(λ) is the spectral admittance of the color i, with a specific light source or mixed light source, and a specific transmittance of the optical device, and λ represents the wavelength.

The light source may be a CIE D65 standard light source, a CIE D55 standard light source, a CIE D75 standard light source, a CIE F2 standard light source, a CIE F7 standard light source, a CIE F11 standard light source, a CIE L series LED standard light source, a mixed light source obtained by adding a CIE D65 standard light source of 20% SPD to a CIE F7 of 80% SPD for daylight and fluorescent lamp lighting of an indoor space, a mixed light source obtained by adding a CIE D55 standard light source of 20% SPD to a CIE F11 of 80% SPD for secondary daylight and fluorescent lamp lighting of an indoor space, a mixed light source obtained by adding a CIE D75 standard light source of 50% SPD to a CIE F11 of 50% SPD for daylight and fluorescent lamp lighting of an indoor space, a mixed light source obtained by adding a CIE D75 standard light source of 50% SPD to a CIE L series LED of 50% SPD for daylight and LED lighting of an indoor space, A mixed light source for average daylight sources obtained by adding the CIE D65 standard light source of 50% SPD to the CIE D55 standard light source of 50% SPD.

Color space is a well-known tool created for locating colors and evaluating important colorimetric performance indicators CPI in various practical situations, such as color separation, White Point (WP), luminance, and color shift. Parameters that affect color location include the light source, the reflectance spectrum of the evaluation color, the CMF, the transmission spectrum of the optics, and the particular type of color space itself. The reflectance spectra of the sample light source, CMF, evaluation color are as described above. Typical color spaces from the CIE are xyY, XYZ, LUV, LAB, Hunter and many others. However, the most useful color space has perceptual uniformity.

The CIE XYZ, CIE xyY, CIE LAB, and/or CIE LUV color spaces may be used. At any luminance L, the color space coordinates u of a particular evaluation color i are specified_i、v_i. Specifically, the color space coordinates are defined in equations 7-8.

Red-green color separation is a target Colorimetric Performance Indicator (CPI) to be achieved by the optical devices described herein. In fact, the greater the red-green color separation, the better red-green CVD personnel can distinguish between red, green, and derivative colors, as red/green becomes more distinguishable in terms of chroma, hue, and/or brightness. The color separation between red i and green j can be formulated as in equation 9.

Or may be Monser red, green.

Since M (λ) is the spectral admittance of any selected color, the color space coordinates < u, v > of the color depend on the spectral admittance and thus vary with the transmission spectrum of the light source or hybrid light source and the optical arrangement. Thus, the red-green color separation varies with the built-up transmittance of the optical device. Different transmission spectra may produce different red and green color separations.

Since evaluating red-green color separation is used for the evaluation of any red and green colors, example designs and structures of the transmission spectrum of an optical device and corresponding structures to achieve red-green color separation are disclosed. The red and green color separation percentage is formulated in equation 10.

Wherein the content of the first and second substances,<u*，v*>and<u⁺，v⁺>representing the color space coordinates with and without optics, respectively.

The% color separation can be a critical CPI and is at least 10%. The CIE LAB color space can be used to determine the red-green color separation%, with the formula using "a" instead of "u" and "b" instead of "v". The CIE xyY color space may be used to determine red-green color separation%, with the formula using "x" instead of "u" and "y" instead of "v".

Blue-yellow color separation is another target CPI for the optical devices described herein. The greater the blue-yellow color separation, the better the blue-yellow CVD personnel can distinguish between blue and yellow as they become more distinguishable in terms of hue, hue and/or brightness. The color separation between blue i and yellow j can be formulated as in equation 11.

The blue and yellow may be Monser blue and yellow.

As with the red and green color separation, the blue and yellow color separation varies with the transmission of the optical device design. When optical means are applied, different transmission spectra may produce different blue-yellow color separations.

Since the evaluation of blue-yellow color separation is used for the evaluation of any blue and yellow colors, example designs and structures of the transmission spectrum of an optical device and their corresponding structures to achieve blue-yellow color separation are disclosed.

The percentage of blue-yellow color separation is formulated in equation 12.

This% color separation can be a critical CPI and is at least 1%. The CIE LAB color space can be used to determine the blue-yellow color separation%, with the formula using "a" instead of "u" and "b" instead of "v". The CIE xyY color space may be used to determine blue-yellow color separation%, with the formula using "x" instead of "u" and "y" instead of "v".

For any desired light source, the position in the color space of the White Point (WP) of the optic and the shift of the position of the WP from neutral WP are critical CPI, possibly a factor in the aesthetics and performance of the lens. WP for the viewer's color perception may be a critical CPI. The WP of the target can be evaluated by eliminating any specific color in the spectral admittance determination, i.e. setting the color_i(λ) ═ 1. The WP of the optical device can be evaluated with CIE standard illuminant D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, or L series. WP of the optical device can be evaluated with a mixed illuminant composed of CIE standard illuminants D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, or any combination of the L series. In a color space with a single light source or a mixed light source, an observer with normal color vision or CVD, the White Point Shift (WPS) is the color distance between the WP position of the optical device and the WP position with only naked eye color vision. Specifically, WPS of the color vision of the user is evaluated in equation 13.

Wherein the content of the first and second substances,<u*_wp，v*_wp>and<u⁺ _wp，v⁺ _wp>indicating WP coordinates with and without optics, respectively. In particular, the amount of the solvent to be used,<u*_wp，v*_wp>and<u⁺ _wp，v⁺ _wp>WP, which also represents the color vision of any user, including users with normal color vision, CVD, yellow color vision, or any other type of color vision.

The WPS of the beauty of the optical device is evaluated in equation 14.

Wherein the content of the first and second substances,<u^# _wp，v^# _wp>and<u^- _wp，v^- _wp>indicating WP coordinates with and without optics, respectively, particularly for any user with normal color vision.

The CIE LAB color space can be used to determine WPS, with the formula using "a" instead of "u" and "b" instead of "v". The CIE xyY color space may be used to determine WPS, with formulas that use "x" instead of "u" and "y" instead of "v".

Color shift is the set of lightness, WP hue, and WPs value corresponding to the transmission spectrum of an optical device or system observed under different lighting conditions for device aesthetics and color perception of observers (including normal, green, red, and blue-blind). Controlling the color shift requires limiting the settings of the brightness, WP tone, and WPs value. To evaluate the color shift (color shift) of the optical device, the WPS of the optical device was evaluated with single CIE standard illuminant D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, the L-series and/or hybrid illuminant, respectively, by any combination of these standard illuminants. WP tone and brightness can be recorded. Color shift can be defined as any statistical and correlated WP tone of the set of WPS of the optical device under the single or mixed light source evaluated. Such statistics may include mean, average, mode, maximum, minimum, and range.

Chroma is the saturation of a particular hue used to evaluate the color compared to WP with and without optics. The colorimetric values of primary color targets consisting of red, green, blue, and yellow, and derivative color targets including violet, turquoise, brown, orange, and pink colors are evaluated using equation 15.

The percent change in chroma was evaluated using equation 16.

Wherein the content of the first and second substances,<u*，v*>and<u⁺，v⁺>representing the color space coordinates with and without optics, respectively. The% color separation can be a critical CPI and is at least 1%. The CIE LAB color space can be used to determine the percent change in chromaticity of an optical device, with the formula using "a" instead of "u" and "b" instead of "v". The CIE xyY color space may be used to determine the percent change in chromaticity of an optical device, with the formula using "x" instead of "u" and "y" instead of "v".

The brightness of the optics may be a critical CPI. The brightness can be defined by equations 17-19.

Brightness 116f (Y)_wp) 16 equation 19.

The spectral admittance is M (λ) ═ light source (λ) × T (λ). The light source may be a CIE standard light source or any hybrid combination of CIE standard light sources or other built-up light sources. For safety or other reasons, a minimum transmission value of the optical device of at least 0.2% is made to ensure a minimum transmission at visible wavelengths. For safety or other reasons, the optical device is manufactured to have a minimum transmission value of at least 0.2% to ensure a minimum transmission of wavelengths anywhere within 500nm to 650 nm. For safety or other reasons, the optical device is manufactured to have a minimum transmission value of at least 0.2% to ensure a minimum transmission of wavelengths anywhere within 400nm to 500 nm.

Fig. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an optical device 100 for enhancing human vision. The optical device includes a substrate 110, a plurality of thin film layers 130 disposed on the substrate 110, and a plurality of colorant layers 120 applied to the plurality of thin film layers 130. As will be described herein, the plurality of thin film layers 130 include materials that create a thin film specific reflection spectrum based on the plurality of materials selected each having a refractive index. The plurality of colorant layers 120 includes at least one colorant that is created based on a colorant-specific absorption spectrum defined by a selected concentration.

Colorants (e.g., dyes and pigments) can be used to absorb incident light of a desired wavelength and thereby create desired stop and pass bands in the transmission spectrum of the optical device. In one layer, the colorant may be mixed with the optical substrate and injected, for example, polycarbonate, PMMA, CR-39, Trivex, or other material. In more than one layer, the colorant may be mixed with the optical substrate and injected, for example, polycarbonate, PMMA, CR-39, Trivex, or other materials. The colorant can be applied to the optical substrate by dipping, spraying, spin coating, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), any other coating method or combination of methods. This coating method can be applied to devices with or without thickness variation, for example in applications for generating optical power. The colorant subsets can be mixed and injected with the optical substrate in the various layers, which when combined form a single optical system or substrate, produce desired stop and pass bands in the effective transmission spectrum of the optical system. Such a structure may have a dye in a layer of the optical system, or in some layers and not in others. Colorants can be incorporated into or onto the optical device to produce a desired transmission spectrum by any combination of mixing, injecting into the substrate, coating onto the substrate, and laminating into the substrate. The colorant may be applied to the surface of the optical device or to the surface of one or more optical layers within the device. The physical thickness of each of these colorant coatings may be any distance measurement, for example less than 20mm, such that varying the concentration of these dyes produces the desired total transmission spectrum for the optical device.

Thin films (e.g., interference films) can be coated on the surface of the optical substrate to reflect incident light of a desired wavelength and thereby create desired stop and pass bands in the transmission spectrum of the optical device. The film may be formed in alternating layers of higher and lower refractive index coated on the surface of the optical device to reflect the desired wavelength. The desired transmission spectra can be created by a combination of colorants and films such that their combined effect on the transmission spectra is desired. One or more interference films may be coated on the surface of the optical device to create the desired visible transmission spectrum. The optical transmission spectrum of a thin film is determined by the refractive index of the film material, the physical thickness of the layers, the number of layers, and the order in which the layers are stacked. Varying these parameters can produce the total transmission spectrum required for the optical device over a desired range of angles of incidence (AOI).

Since colorants have an absorption spectrum, which can be described by their peak absorbance and full width at half maximum (FWHM), their absorption effect on the transmission spectrum is well known and described by the Beer-Lambert Law. The absorption spectrum depends on the molar extinction of the colorant at each wavelength, the concentration in the optical medium, and the physical thickness of the optical medium carrying the colorant. It is known that molar extinction absorbing dyes can be used in substrates, such as optical lenses, having a physical thickness greater than 0.5mm, such that varying the concentration of these dyes produces the desired transmission spectrum for the optical device. It is known that molar extinction absorbing dyes can be used in one or more substrate layers, each having a physical thickness measured at any distance, such as less than 20mm, such as layers of an optical lens, so that varying the concentration of these dyes produces the desired transmission spectrum for one or more optical layers in the optical device. These layers are used together to create the effective transmission spectrum required for the entire optical device. Such combined use of optical layers may include physically combining the layers into a solid optical device, such as by a lamination process, or using the optical layers in a physically separate manner to produce the desired transmission spectrum.

The target transmission spectrum output from the design method described herein below in fig. 3 may substantially match the transmission spectrum of the structure of the optical device using one or more colorants and/or thin films. Any mismatch between the target transmission spectrum and the constructed transmission spectrum is iteratively reduced or minimized. For a pre-selected colorant and a pre-determined thickness of the optical medium (e.g., substrate or coating), the concentration of the dye can be iteratively varied and recorded such that the difference between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device (summed over wavelengths between 380nm and 780 nm) is minimized. The optical device may contain a preselected dye in its final concentration in a coating on or mixed into an optical substrate having a predetermined physical thickness.

For iteratively selected colorants (not predetermined), predetermined thicknesses of the physical carrier (e.g., substrate or coating), the concentration of the iteratively selected dye can also be iteratively varied and recorded such that the difference between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device (summed over wavelengths between 380nm and 780 nm) is minimized or reduced. The optical device may contain a finally selected dye in its final concentration in a coating formed on or mixed into an optical substrate having a predetermined physical thickness.

The physical thickness of the optical device may be iteratively varied to minimize or reduce the difference (summed over the wavelengths between 380nm and 780 nm) between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device.

The thin film materials, material stacking order, and refractive indices may be predetermined, and the thickness of each film layer between 100nm and 1200nm may be iteratively varied with a total number of layers less than 121, such that the difference between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device (summed over wavelengths between 380nm and 780 nm) is minimized or reduced.

By selectively varying the dyes used, their concentrations, and the physical thickness of each thin film layer, a combination of colorants and thin films can be used to create an effective transmission spectrum for the optical device such that the difference between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device (summed over wavelengths between 380nm and 780 nm) is minimized or reduced.

A variable weighting for each wavelength between 380nm and 780nm may be applied such that the overall difference between the target and constructed transmission spectra of the optical device is weighted towards those wavelengths with higher weights. This weighting may be applied to pay particular attention to certain wavelengths, for example between 500nm and 650nm, to meet minimum transmission requirements.

Fig. 2 is a method 200 of constructing the optical device of fig. 1 to obtain a desired transmission spectrum by using colorants and/or films. The method 200 is designed to build a desired output transmission spectrum of the optical device. The method 200 includes creating a colorant-specific absorption spectrum at step 210 and/or creating a film-specific reflection spectrum at step 250. Creating a color specific absorption spectrum by: colorants having a molar extinction spectrum are selected at step 215, a concentration of each selected colorant is created at step 225, and one or more layers containing the dye concentration or an entire substrate having a thickness is created at step 235. A thin film specific reflection spectrum is created by: selecting a material and its index of refraction at step 255, selecting the total number of layers of the thin film at step 265, selecting a material stacking order (e.g., an alternating stacking order) at step 275, and creating an optical or physical thickness for each film layer at step 285.

The method 200 includes constructing a total transmission spectrum of the optical device at step 290. The Constructed Transmission Spectrum (CTS) is defined using the Total Absorption Spectrum (TAS) and the Total Reflection Spectrum (TRS) in equation 20.

CTS＝(1-TAS_{Coloring agent})*(1-TRS_Film(s)) Equation 20.

The method 200 is performed based on the constructed transmission spectrum reaching a target transmission spectrum or other endpoint. Other end points include reaching a maximum allowed iteration or no change in spectral mismatch (between constructed and target) after some predefined iterations.

The results of the method 200 provide a transmission spectrum for optimal construction of the optical device, colorant selection, colorant layer or overall substrate thickness, colorant concentration, thin film material having refractive index, optical or physical thickness of the film layers, total number of film layers, and layer stacking order, and if a stopping criterion is not met, further iterations of colorants and thin film structures may be performed to construct a target transmission spectrum for the optical device.

There are over 820 colorants (dyes, pigments and other coloring agents) in the database to select among the structures of the optical device of fig. 1. Colorants include a wide variety of chemical forms and derivatives, such as cyanine, triarylmethane, coumarin, rhodamine, xanthene, oxazine, styrene, fluorescein, metal based, and perylene. Other colorants in the database include inorganic pigments rich in metal oxides: manganese violet, cobalt violet, han violet, prussian blue, cobalt aluminium blue, egyptian blue, han blue, azurite, silver manganese blue, nickel antimony titanate, chrome antimony titanium polishing agent, chrome yellow, goethite, cuprite, malachite, yellow iron oxide, golden yellow cobalt yellow (aureolin-cobalt yellow), nickel antimony titanium yellow. Other colorants include inorganic pigments rich in metal sulfides: yellow-female, cadmium yellow and inlaid gold. Other colorants include synthetic organics: (PY ═ pigment yellow), monoaryl yellow: PY1(Hansa G), PY3(Hansa 10G), PY65, PY73, PY74, PY75, PY97, PY98, PY 116; diaryl yellow: AAA yellow, MX yellow, OT yellow, yellow NCG, OA yellow, PT yellow, yellow H10G, yellow HR, yellow GGR, yellow H19GL, yellow G3R, yellow DGR, yellow GRL, yellow YR; benzimidazolone yellow: yellow H2G, yellow H4G, yellow H3G, yellow HLR, yellow H6G; heterocyclic yellow and azo condensed yellow: tetrachloroisoindolinone yellow, azomethine yellow, quinophthalone yellow, nickel dioxin yellow, azocondensed yellow, isoindoline yellow, triazinyl yellow; and copper phthalocyanine blue: phthalocyanine blue BN. The database contains broad and notch absorption colorants with peak absorption at almost every visible wavelength from 380nm to 780nm and with FWHM ranging from less than 10nm to greater than 200 nm.

The number of colorant layers in the optical device comprises 1 to 60 layers, each layer having a thickness between 0.01mm and 40mm, each colorant having a concentration between 0.001 and 1000 micromolar.

The optical device may be pre-treated and/or post-treated before the first layer of spectrally active colorant and/or film layer, after the last layer or between any number of layers. These treatments include anti-reflection (AR), anti-scratch (AS), hydrophobic, and other treatments. The transmission spectra of these processes are incorporated into the structure of the optical device by applying the process spectra to the spectral admittance according to equation 21.

Where n is the number of combined treatment spectra. M_{Treatment of}(lambda) in the presence of pre-and post-treatment preparations M can be substituted_{Without treatment}(λ)。

Colorants and/or thin film coatings that change the transmission spectrum of the optical device at different wavelengths work together to increase red-green and/or blue-yellow color perception separation, and to enhance aesthetics of the optical device and color perception of the viewer: for observers with different color senses (including normal, green, red, and blue), brightness is maintained, white point is controlled, and color shift under different lighting conditions is controlled. Various colorants and film structures that absorb in the green-yellow, and yellow-red spectral regions (550nm to 610nm) are used to increase the perceived separation of red, green, and/or blue-yellow colors in humans. However, since these dyes also significantly affect the color shift (lightness, WP hue, and WPs) of the optical device and the color perception of the observer, the choice of dyes and their concentrations are carefully designed and constructed to meet the CPI. Various colorants and thin film structures that absorb blue, cyan, green, and red (i.e., the remaining spectral region beyond yellow (570nm to 585 nm)) for controlling the color shift of the device artwork and the color perception of different observers in various lighting environments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method 300 for designing the transmission spectrum of the optical device of FIG. 1 to meet the minimum transmission constraint and achieve the CPI target. The method 300 includes creating and/or selecting one or more light sources and/or a hybrid light source at step 310. At step 320, the method 300 includes creating and/or selecting a CMF. At step 330, method 300 includes creating and/or selecting a color spectrum for color enhancement, CVD correction, and/or yellowing color vision correction evaluation. At step 340, the method 300 includes selecting or creating a color space. At step 350, the method 300 includes creating a transmission spectrum for the optical device that meets minimum transmission requirements. At step 360, method 300 includes evaluating the CPI of the red-green color separation and/or the blue-yellow color separation, the brightness of the optics, the white point shift of the light source, and the amount and magnitude of color shift of the color spectrum.

If the CPI target is achieved or another endpoint is reached, the method 300 may end and the output transmission spectrum of the optics from 380nm to 780nm may be saved. Other endpoints include, for example, such situations: at the maximum iteration when the new transmission spectrum is reached or after a certain number of iterations there is no change in CPI or other stop criteria are reached.

An artificial intelligence approach may be used to iterate to find the transmission spectrum of the optical device for color enhancement, CVD correction, and/or yellowing color vision correction applications at each nanometer wavelength between 380nm and 780 nm. Coarser nanometer resolutions than 1nm may also be used. Artificial intelligence methods include, for example, linear programming, non-linear programming, mixed integer programming, quadratic programming, gradient descent, and stochastic search.

The transmission spectrum of an optical device can be designed in the following way: maximizing the red-green color difference; maintaining the brightness of the optical device above 70%; using the CIE LUV color space as an evaluation space, control of color shift was maintained by keeping the WPS of the CIE D65 illuminated optics within 0.02 and the WPS of the CIE F11 illuminated optics within 0.018. The transmission spectrum of an optical device can be designed in the following way: maximizing the blue-yellow color difference; maintaining the brightness of the optical device above 75%; using the CIE LUV color space as an evaluation space, control of color shift was maintained by keeping the WPS of the CIE D55 illuminated optics within 0.025 and the WPS of the CIE F2 illuminated optics within 0.022. The transmission spectrum of an optical device can be designed in the following way: maximizing the brightness of the optical device; maintaining red and green color separation% above 10%; the minimum transmission requirement of 0.5 percent of wavelength is met; and using CIE LUV as an evaluation space, control of the color shift was maintained by keeping the WPS of the optical device illuminated by D11 within 0.02 and keeping the range of the WPS color shift (color vision and optical device) of the listed light sources (including hybrid light sources) within 0.009.

For example, fig. 4 shows a diagram 400 of three color gamuts using CIE D65 light sources for midday daylight illumination conditions. Graph 400 is generated using a set of Monel colors of red, green, blue, yellow, cyan, violet, and other derivative colors, as shown by the outer periphery of graph 400. The color gamut 410 shows the munsell color as perceived by a person with a standard or normal color perception. Also shown is the white point for normal color vision (WP) 415. Gamut 420 shows the same munsell color as perceived by a typical person with uncorrected green amblyopia Color Vision Deficiency (CVD). WP 425 is shown with uncorrected person's color perception. Gamut 430 shows the same munsell color as gamut 420 is perceived by the same person using the optical device described herein that provides CVD correction. The corrected color perception of WP 435 is shown.

The graph 400 shows that correct (which may also be referred to as enhanced) color vision matches normal color vision better than uncorrected color vision. The optical means for correction increases the CPI for red-green color separation. Derivative colors are also corrected, including violet, cyan, and orange. The CPI of the white point shift is well controlled and approaches WP for normal color vision. Further, the optical device for correction is designed not to significantly reduce the saturation (chromaticity) of any color group (e.g., blue), for example.

Fig. 5 shows a diagram 500 of three color gamuts using the CIE F2 light source for the optical device of fig. 4. Graph 500 is generated using a set of Monel colors of red, green, blue, yellow, cyan, violet, and other derivative colors, as shown by the outer periphery of graph 500. The optical setup tested in fig. 5, as in fig. 4, the CPI in fig. 5 was determined by CIE F2 as a different light source representative of common fluorescent lighting conditions. The color gamut 510 shows the munsell color as perceived by a person with standard or normal color perception. Also shown is the white point for normal color vision (WP) 515. Gamut 520 shows the same munsell color as perceived by a typical person with uncorrected green color weakness color deficiency (CVD). WP 525 is shown for uncorrected human color vision. Gamut 530 shows the same munsell color as perceived by the same person as gamut 520 using the optical device described herein to provide CVD correction. The corrected color vision WP 535 is shown.

As in the case of diagram 400, diagram 500 shows that correct (which may also be referred to as enhanced) color vision matches normal color vision better than uncorrected color vision. The optical means for correction increases the CPI for red-green color separation. Derivative colors are also corrected, including violet, cyan, and orange. The CPI of the white point shift is well controlled and approaches WP for normal color vision. Further, the optical device for correction is designed not to significantly reduce the saturation (chromaticity) of any color group (e.g., blue), for example.

Fig. 6 shows a graph 600 of other sample target transmission spectra for red-green CVD correction. These

spectra

610, 620, 630 are three representative results of the optical device design approach of fig. 3, which creates a transmission spectrum for the optical device to achieve the CPI target. CPI objectives for spectrum 610 include achieving red-green color separation between 20-35%, WPS less than 0.02, and optics brightness greater than 70 (normalized by the brightness of the light source), all under CIE D65, D55, D75, F2, and F7 light sources, to control color shifts in aesthetics, colorimetric performance, and/or human color perception when using the optics or when using the optics.

CPI objectives for spectrum 620 include achieving red-green color separation between 25% -40%, WPS less than 0.02, optics brightness greater than 65 (normalized by the brightness of the light source), all under CIE D65, D55, D75, F2, and F7 illumination conditions to control color shift.

The CPI objectives of spectrum 630 include achieving red-green color separation between 30-60%, WPS less than 0.03, optics brightness greater than 60 (normalized by the brightness of the light source), all under CIE D65, D55, D75, F2, and F7 lighting conditions, and CPI with typical green-blind and/or red-blind Color Matching Functions (CMF), such as those in tables 1-9 below.

Fig. 7 shows a graph 700 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 7, Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. PMMA is a synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, usually a transparent and rigid plastic. PMMA can be formed as a substrate for the optical device with a thickness of 3mm and a diameter of 65 mm. In this configuration, normal color vision can be enhanced and red-green CVD can be corrected. The graph 700 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

710, 720, 730 between 380nm and 780 nm. Passband 740 may also be a passband. However, the pass band 740 may have little effect on color performance because it is close to near infrared, which generally exceeds human vision. The purpose of stop band 790 is to reduce the additional red White Point (WP).

Graph 700 may show a curve that exhibits a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 540nm and 610 nm. A bimodal absorbing dye with peak absorption at 390nm (760) and 590nm (750) was used, as well as two dyes with peak absorption at 465nm (770) and 490nm (780), another dye at 570nm (750) and the final dye at 665nm (790). The concentration of these dyes ranges between 3 micromolar and 70 micromolar. These

spectral absorptions

750, 760, 770, 780, 790 may be selected to create specific pass bands and stop bands, other spectral differences from uniform 100% transmission to yield the colorimetric performance shown in table 1 below. For example, increasing red-green separation while constraining optics brightness, controlling optics WP hue and shift, and controlling color shift (performance difference under different light sources). In an imprecise, heuristic, or advanced approach, the stopband 750 increases red-green separation, and the

passbands

710, 720, 730 allow the blue/green/red to be displayed with greater contrast. The actual amount of transmission and its spectral position of the pass and stop bands can be determined using real dyes to produce the colorimetric properties shown in table 1. Since true dyes have "noise absorption" in addition to the target notch (sharp) absorption (meaning that 550nm absorbing dyes can also absorb other wavelengths, although usually to a lesser extent), the choice of dye may result in such "noise absorption" of each dye to determine the optimal combination of dyes and their concentrations for colorimetric performance.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 7, the CPI listed in table 1 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. The manufacturing method 800 shown in fig. 8 begins with mixing the necessary dyes into the PMMA resin using an extruder to obtain the appropriate concentration at step 810. At step 820, the resin into which the dye is to be injected is injected through a mold to form the product geometry at a working temperature of less than 230 degrees Celsius.

Table 1 shows the colorimetric performance of the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 7.

Table 1: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 7

The red and blue shifts (corresponding to colorimetric and/or spectral wavelengths) shift to longer and shorter wavelengths, respectively. This allows red-green color separation enhancement to last over 20% under various conditions of color vision type and light source. The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 7 well controlled the color shift with a luminance change of less than 10, a WP tone maintained between yellow and yellowish red, and a WPs range of less than 0.005. The yellow and yellowish-red WP (tone) shift CVD colors used in the device of fig. 1 with the transmission characteristics of fig. 7 (e.g., the stone test color and/or the Farnsworth (Farnsworth) D15 test color) and the color used to evaluate the CPI off the color confusion line for green and red blindness. This hue further enhances the ability of CVD personnel to distinguish confounding colors.

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 7 provides the effect of increasing the color distance and contrast between natural and artificial blue and non-blue colors. The less saturated blue, cyan, violet and white colors are more easily shifted to yellow and other warmer colors by the yellow and/or yellow-red WP of the optic. Additional color enhancement further separates the warmer color produced from the blue color. The optical device structure combines the effects of warm tone and color enhancement through the transmission spectrum of the device to create excellent contrast for blue and non-blue colors. Particular applications of this type of optical device may include driving, fishing, where increased color contrast between various blue and other colors may be beneficial for contrast and depth perception.

FIG. 9 shows a graph 900 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 9, Trivex may be used as a substrate for the optical device of fig. 1. Trivex is a polyurethane based prepolymer with excellent impact resistance. An example Trivex substrate can be manufactured with a thickness of 1.5mm and a diameter of 75mm, and a device of this configuration can be used for purposes of enhancing normal color perception and/or correcting red-green CVD. Graph 900 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

910, 920, 930 between 380nm and 780 nm. Graph 900 may show a curve that exhibits a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 555nm and 610 nm. A bimodal absorbing dye with peak absorptions at 395nm (950) and 570nm (960) was used, as well as one dye with peak absorptions at 470nm (970), another dye at 595nm (980) and the final dye at 660nm (990). The concentration of these dyes ranges between 20 micromolar and 110 micromolar. As described above with reference again to fig. 7, these absorptions increase red-green separation while constraining optic brightness, controlling optic WP hue and shift, and controlling color shift (performance difference under different light sources). As the light source and/or CMF changes, the dyes used may be varied to achieve similar or better Color Performance Indicators (CPI).

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 9, the CPI listed in table 2 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. The manufacturing method 1000 shown in fig. 10 begins with mechanically mixing a dye into at least one unpolymerized portion (e.g., monomer) of the Trivex at step 1010. At step 1020, the method 1000 includes mixing two or more portions of the Trivex together to aggregate into a desired geometry. This geometry may then be cut and/or polished to the final desired specifications.

Table 2 shows the colorimetric performance of the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 9.

Table 2: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 9

This configuration of optically created red-green color separation enhancement continues to exceed 40%. The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 9 controls color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 20, the WP tone to remain within the warm color, and the WPs range to less than 0.025. The CVD confounding color used in the consistent warm WP (tone) shift CVD test of the optical device of fig. 1 with the transmission characteristics in fig. 9 and the color used to evaluate the CPI off the color confounding line for green and red blindness. These hues further enhance the ability of CVD to distinguish confounding colors.

FIG. 11 shows a plot 1100 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 11, Polycarbonate (PC) may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. PC represents a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structure. An exemplary PC substrate can be fabricated with a thickness of 2mm and a diameter of 72mm, and a device of this configuration can be used for purposes of enhancing normal color perception and/or correcting red-green CVD. Graph 1100 illustrates a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

1110, 1120, 1130 between 380nm and 780 nm. Graph 1100 may show a curve that exhibits a minimum transmission constraint of 0.5% between 565nm and 610 nm. A bimodal absorbing dye with peak absorption at 400nm (1150) and 595nm (1160) was used, as well as one dye with peak absorption at 498nm (1170), two other dyes at 570nm (1180) and 640nm (1190), and a final dye at 665nm (1195). The concentration of these dyes ranges between 28 micromolar and 150 micromolar.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 11, the CPI listed in table 3 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. The manufacturing method 1200 shown in fig. 12 begins with mixing the necessary dyes into the PC resin using an extruder to obtain the appropriate concentration at step 1210. At step 1220, the resin into which the dye is to be injected is injected through a mold to form the product geometry at an operating temperature greater than 230 degrees Celsius.

Table 3 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 11.

Table 3: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 11

This configuration of the optical device creates red-green color separation enhancement lasting over 12%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 5, the WP hue to remain between yellow and yellowish red, and the WPs range to less than 0.01.

Fig. 13 shows a graph 1300 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 13, a PC may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. The PC may be formed as a substrate for an optical device with a thickness of 2mm and a diameter of 68 mm. In this configuration, normal color perception may be enhanced and/or red-green and blue-yellow CVD may be corrected. The graph 1300 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

1310, 1320, 1330 between 380nm and 780 nm. Graph 1300 may show a curve exhibiting a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 550nm and 625nm, and a stop band with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of absorption greater than 40nm centered between 560nm (1350) and 610nm (1360). Dyes with bimodal absorptions at 560nm (1350) and 660nm were used, as well as two dyes with peak absorptions at 470nm (1370) and 500nm (1375), two other dyes at 575nm (1380) and 595nm (1385), two additional dyes at 550nm (1390) and 610nm, and a final dye at 620 nm. Absorption between 550nm and 620nm shifts WP and gamut to cold colors, increasing red-green color separation/contrast, and increasing blue-yellow color separation/contrast. Absorption between 450nm and 500nm ensures control of the color shift to blue. The absorption at 660nm (from a dye with a double peak) ensures that the blue shift does not go to violet (a color known as "blue plus red").

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 13, the CPI listed in table 4 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. The manufacturing process 1400 shown in fig. 14 begins with dissolving a dye into a solvent at step 1410. At step 1420, the solvent with the dye is transferred to the PC optical substrate by dipping, spin coating, and/or spray coating. The thickness of the dye infused coating is between 20 microns and 50 microns and may vary over a range as large as 3 microns to 70 microns. Due to the thin dye coating, the concentration of these dyes may range between 20 micromolar to 20,000 micromolar.

Table 4 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 13.

Table 4: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 13

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 13 creates a red-green color separation enhancement that continues to exceed 14%, and a blue-yellow color separation enhancement that continues to exceed 8%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 10, the WP hue to remain blue, and the WPs between 0.043 and 0.069. The uniform blue WP (tone) of the optical device can be specifically constructed to shift the color of the CVD confusion color used in the CVD test and the CPI for color confusion lines used to evaluate green, red and blue blindness. This hue enhances the ability of CVD personnel to distinguish confounding colors. The optical device can increase the color distance and contrast between natural and artificial warm and cold colors. The less saturated yellow, orange, red and white colors are more easily shifted to blue and other cold colors by the blue or cold color WP of the optical device. Additional color enhancement further separates the cooler colors produced from the remaining warm colors. The optical device structure combines the effects of cold color and color enhancement by the transmission spectrum of the optical device to create excellent contrast of warm and cold colors. In addition, the blue or other cool tone of the optical device helps balance the warm color to a more neutral color. Professional applications of this type of optical device may include driving at sunrise and/or sunset, where the light source is warm and requires increased color contrast and/or depth perception and/or color perception with more neutral WP.

FIG. 15 shows a graph 1500 of transmission spectra versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 15, CR39 may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. CR39 is a common plastic used in the manufacture of optical lenses. CR39 was formed as a substrate for an optical device, with a thickness of 2.5mm and a diameter of 72 mm. In this configuration, normal color perception may be enhanced and/or red-green CVD may be corrected. The graph 1500 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

1510, 1520, 1530 between 380nm and 780 nm. The graph 1500 may show a curve that exhibits a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 550nm and 630nm, and a stop band centered between 560nm (1540) and 615nm (1550) with an absorption FWHM greater than 40 nm. A dye with a peak absorption at 558nm (1555), and two dyes with peak absorption at 470nm (1560) and 500nm (1565), two other dyes at 575nm and 595nm, two additional dyes at 550nm and 610nm, and a final dye at 620nm may be used.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 15, the CPI listed in table 5 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. The manufacturing method 1600 shown in fig. 16 begins with dissolving a dye into a solvent at step 1610. At step 1620, the dissolved dye is transferred to the CR39 optical substrate by dipping, spin coating, and/or spray coating. The thickness of the dye infused coating is between 20 microns and 50 microns and may vary over a range as large as 3 microns to 70 microns. Due to the thin dye coating, the concentration of these dyes can range between 20 micromolar to 20,000 micromolar.

Table 5 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 15.

Table 5: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 15

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 15 creates red-green color separation enhancement lasting over 30%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 10, the WP tone to remain between magenta and pink, and the WPs to be between 0.01 and 0.034. A consistent magenta or pink WP (tone) for the optical device can be constructed to shift the CVD confusion color used in the CVD test and the color used to evaluate the CPI off the color confusion line for green and red blindness. This hue enhances the ability of CVD personnel to distinguish confounding colors. The optical device may increase the color distance and contrast between natural and artificial green, yellow-green, yellow and white. The lower saturated green, yellow-green, yellow and white colors are more easily shifted to warmer colors by the magenta and/or pink WP of the optical device. Additional color enhancement further separates the warmer color produced from the green color. The optical device structure combines the effects of warm tone and red-green color enhancement by the transmission spectrum of the device to create excellent contrast for green, yellow-green, yellow and white. Professional applications for this type of optical device may include golf, baseball, tennis, where increased color contrast between various green and other colors may be beneficial.

FIG. 17 shows a graph 1700 of transmission spectra versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 17, Trivex may be a substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. Trivex can provide excellent impact resistance and can be formed into a substrate for an optical device, 2mm thick and 75mm in diameter. In this configuration, normal color vision may be enhanced and/or red-green CVD may be corrected. Graph 1700 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device having at least three

passbands

1710, 1720, 1730 between 380nm and 780 nm. An absorbing dye with a peak absorption at 475nm (1740), another dye with a peak absorption at 590nm (1750) and the final dye at 658nm (1760) can be used to be thoroughly mixed into the optical substrate. The concentration of these dyes ranges between 5 micromolar and 95 micromolar.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 17, the CPI listed in table 6 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space. For example, the manufacturing method 1800 shown in fig. 18 begins with mechanically mixing a dye into at least one unpolymerized portion (e.g., monomer) of the Trivex at step 1810. At step 1820, two or more portions of the Trivex are blended together to polymerize and cut and/or polished to a desired geometry as by step 1830.

Table 6 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 17.

Table 6: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 17

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 17 provides red-green color separation enhancement lasting over 50%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 5, keeping the WP tone neutral, and achieving a maximum WPs of 0.005 (hardly perceivable chromaticity). The optical device provides a structure with very pronounced red-green color separation properties while eliminating or minimizing color shifts, i.e., variations in WP hue, WPs, and brightness due to different reasonable visual and lighting conditions. The optical device can be constructed to achieve a neutral hue of the optical device with a small to zero color shift for a person with normal and CVD color perception.

FIG. 19 shows a graph 1900 of transmission spectra versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 19, optical glass or plastic may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. The optical glass or plastic may be formed as a substrate for an optical device with a thickness of 2mm and a diameter of 68 mm. In this configuration, normal color perception may be enhanced and/or red-green and/or blue-yellow CVD may be corrected. The graph 1900 shows the transmission spectrum of the optical device, resulting from the thin film coating, with at least three

passbands

1910, 1920, 1930 between 380nm and 780 nm. The graph 1900 can show a curve exhibiting a minimum transmittance of at least 1% over the entire visible spectral range, a stop band 1940 having a FWHM reflectance of at least 25nm centered between 560nm and 620nm, and another stop band 1950 having a FWHM reflectance of at least 35nm centered between 450nm and 555 nm.

The film coating may be applied to a substrate. The film coating may be constructed of high and low index materials in an alternating stacked sequence to produce a total number of layers, for example, a total of 21 layers. The high refractive index material may be ZnS and/or TiO₂. The low refractive index material may be SiO₂And/or cryolite. The physical thickness of the film coating material of any layer is between 100nm and 1500nm, for example, 280nm for low index material and 440nm for high index material. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) may be employed to deposit the film coating onto the optical substrate. When cryolite is used, two or more sealant layers may be used to keep moisture away.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 19, the CPI listed in table 7 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space.

Table 7 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 19.

Table 7: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 19

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 19 provides a blue-yellow color separation enhancement lasting over 5%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the change in brightness to less than 7, the WP hue to remain blue or cyan, and the WPs between 0.007 and 0.012. A consistent blue/cyan WP (tone) for the optical device can be constructed to shift the CVD alias colors used in the CVD test and the color used to evaluate the CPI off the color alias line for blue blindness. This hue further enhances the ability of blue blindness to distinguish confusing colors.

FIG. 20 shows a plot 2000 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 20, optical glass or plastic may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. The optical glass or plastic may be formed into a substrate for an optical device having a thickness of 3mm and a diameter of 75 mm. In this configuration, normal color vision may be enhanced and/or red-green CVD may be corrected. The graph 2000 shows the transmission spectrum of an optical device, produced by a thin film coating, with at least three

passbands

2010, 2020, 2030 between 380nm and 780 nm. The graph 2000 may show a curve exhibiting a minimum transmittance of at least 0.5% over the entire visible spectral range, a stopband 2040 having a FWHM reflectance of at least 10nm centered between 560nm and 590nm, and another stopband 2050 having a FWHM reflectance of at least 8nm centered between 465nm and 500 nm.

The film coating may be applied to a substrate. For example, the film coating may include high and low index materials in an alternating stacked sequence to produce a total number of layers, such as a total of 11 layers. The high refractive index material may be ZnS. The low refractive index material may be cryolite. The physical thickness of the film coating material of any layer is between 150nm and 1000nm, for example, 290nm for the low index material and 445nm for the high index material. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) may be employed to deposit the film coating onto the substrate. When cryolite is used, two or more sealant layers are used to keep moisture away.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 20, the CPI listed in table 8 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space.

Table 8 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 20.

Table 8: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 20

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 20 provides red-green color separation enhancement lasting over 30%. The optic controls the color shift by limiting the luminance change to less than 10, the WP hue to remain mostly neutral under CIE daylight illuminant or at bluish/cyan under CIE F7 illuminant, and the WPs between 0.003 and 0.007. A consistent neutral or light blue/cyan WP (hue) of the optic can be constructed to maintain a largely neutral aesthetic or pleasing cool aesthetic of the optic. This configuration produced optical devices with brightness of 68 or higher, suitable for use indoors and outdoors. Other configurations of optical devices with less than 65 a luminance are typically fabricated for use in lighted environments, such as outdoors or indoors where the lighting is bright.

FIG. 21 shows a plot 2100 of transmission spectrum versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In the configuration shown in fig. 21, PMMA may be used as the substrate of the optical device of fig. 1. PMMA can be formed as a substrate for an optical device with a thickness of 2mm and a diameter of 70 mm. In this configuration, normal color vision may be enhanced and/or red-green CVD may be corrected. The diagram 2100 shows a transmission spectrum of an optical device with at least three

passbands

2110, 2120, 2130 between 380nm and 780 nm. An absorbing dye having a peak absorption at 478nm (2140) and a dye having a peak absorption at 588nm (2150) may be used. The concentration of these dyes ranges between 0.5 micromolar to 35 micromolar.

For the device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 21, the CPI listed in table 9 was evaluated using the CIE LUV color space.

A method 2200 of fabricating a substrate is shown in fig. 22. At step 2210, a dye is mixed into the resin. At step 2220, the resin with the mixed dye is molded into the desired geometry so that the dye is completely injected into the optical substrate. At step 2230, any post-treatment including abrasion, anti-reflection, and UV coating may be performed.

Table 9 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 21.

Table 9: colorimetric performance of the optical device of FIG. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in FIG. 21

The optical device of fig. 1 having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 21 provides red-green color separation enhancement lasting over 7%. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the luminance change with minimum luminance of 76 to less than 6, the WP tone to remain at neutral or bluish, and the White Point Shift (WPs) range to 0.007. The optical device can be constructed to have very high brightness and good red-green color separation performance while controlling and/or minimizing color shift according to different color senses and lighting conditions of sunlight and fluorescent lamps.

The yellowed and/or yellowed human lens and yellow replacement IOL shift the WP of human color perception to a yellow tint. In short, this is referred to as yellow vision (YCV). YCV shift the perception of the other primary and derivative colors from their normal perception. The spectral admittance of any color i viewed with and without corrective optics, YCV, is defined by equation 22.

M_YCV(λ) is used as the spectral admittance in the formula referred to YCV.

Colors used in the YCV spectral admittance may include representative Monser colors, red (2.5YR 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 2.5R 5/4, 5RP 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 10R 5/4, 10RP 5/4), green (5BG 5/4, 10G 5/4, 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 10BG 5/4), blue (5B 5/4, 10BG 5/4, 5BG 5/4, 5P 5/4, 10B 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10PB 5/4), and yellow (10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 5Y 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 10RP 3683), 10YR 5/4, 2.5YR 5/4, 10Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4). The colors used in the YCV spectral admittance may include a representative stone CVD test color. Colors used in the YCV spectral admittance may include representative colors in nature (e.g., leaves, flowers, trees).

The transmission spectrum of the yellowed lens between 380nm and 780nm can be YCV_{Crystalline form}(λ) and can be measured in situ by the functional eye or statistically tabulated from the data. The transmission spectrum of a yellow IOL between 380nm and 780nm may be YCV_IOL(λ) and can be measured directly by spectrophotometry or tabulated statistically from the data.

For safety or other reasons, a minimum transmission value of the optical device of at least 0.5% may be constructed to ensure a minimum transmission at visible wavelengths. For safety or other reasons, the optical device may be constructed to have a minimum transmission value of at least 0.5% to ensure a minimum transmission at any part of the wavelength within 500nm to 650 nm. For safety or other reasons, the minimum transmission value of the optical device may be constructed to have at least 0.5% to ensure a minimum transmission at any part of the wavelength within 400nm to 500 nm.

The key CPI of the optic may be YCV that corrects or attempts to correct the viewer's color vision by reducing the White Point Shift (WPS) of the viewer after application of the optic. Another key CPI for an optic may be YCV that corrects or attempts to correct the viewer's color by reducing the mismatch between the representative colors as observed by an observer with YCV and those colors as observed by another observer with normal color vision after application of the optic. The mismatch measurement includes summing up the color distance (over representative colors) between the color perceptions of the two observers.

Color shift in the observer's corrected color perception (previously with YCV) under various light sources or mixed light sources can be a key CPI that is controlled and/or minimized using the transmission spectrum of the constructed optical device. The aesthetic color shift of the optical device under various light sources or hybrid light sources may be a CPI that is controlled and/or minimized using its own built-up transmission spectrum. The brightness of the viewer's corrected color perception under various light sources or mixed light sources may be a key CPI to control and/or maximize using the target and constructed transmission spectrum of the optical device. The brightness of the optical device may be a CPI that is controlled and/or maximized using its own target and constructed transmission spectrum, with various light sources or hybrid light sources.

Fig. 23 illustrates a method 2300 for finding a transmission spectrum of an optical device that satisfies a minimum transmission constraint and achieves a CPI target or achieves an optimal CPI for a yellow vision (YCV) correction application within an assigned search iteration or within a predetermined time. The method 2300 is similar to the method 300 described herein above.

The method 2300 includes creating and/or selecting one or more light sources and/or a hybrid light source at step 2310. At step 2320, method 2300 includes creating and/or selecting YCV a spectrum, for example, a transmission spectrum of a yellow lens and a yellow IOL. At step 2330, the method 2300 includes creating and/or selecting an evaluation chromatogram for the remediation determination of YCV. Method 2300 includes selecting or creating a color space at step 2340. At step 2350, method 2300 includes creating a transmission spectrum for the optical device that meets minimum transmission requirements. Method 2300 includes, at step 2360, evaluating a CPI of a White Point Shift (WPS) of the corrected color vision, a color distance between an evaluation color perceived by the corrected color vision and the same color perceived by another person having normal color vision, a color shift of the corrected color vision, a color shift of the optical device, a luminance of the corrected color vision, and a luminance of the optical device.

If the CPI target is reached or the new transmission spectrum reaches a maximum iteration or there is no change in CPI after some iterations or other stop criteria are reached, method 2300 ends. Once done, the optimum output transmission spectrum of the optical device from 380nm to 780nm can be saved.

The color enhancement, red-green CVD and blue-yellow CVD correction, and YCV correction may be CPI for a single optical device or system. The design of an optical device with such a transmittance comprises two steps. The first step is to design the optics with a transmission spectrum such that YCV is fully or partially corrected. This step may be performed using method 2300 of fig. 23. The second step is to design another optical device with a different transmission spectrum such that the transmission spectrum from the first step is used as an effective light source input and color enhancement and/or CVD correction is targeted to CPI, e.g., to maximize red-green color separation. This second step may be performed using the method 300 of fig. 3. The product of the two transmission spectra from the two steps is the effective target transmission spectrum of a single optical device or system that corrects YCV, either fully or partially, and enhances color and/or corrects CVD, either fully or partially. These steps may be reversed in order. That is, the reverse order of color enhancement and/or CVD correction first, followed by YCV correction is also acceptable.

The method 200 of fig. 2 can be used to construct an optical device having a target transmission spectrum resulting from a combination of two methods, namely a spectral absorption method using a colorant and a spectral reflection method using a thin film. For example, colorants mixed into and/or applied to the optical substrate and/or thin films applied to the optical substrate may be used to construct an optical device having a target transmission spectrum that corrects YCV and/or enhances color and/or fully or partially corrects CVD.

The transmission spectrum of a naturally yellow lens or similarly yellow intraocular lens (IOL) and the transmission spectrum of the optic used to correct YCV are shown in graph 2400. The curve denoted by 2410 is the transmission spectrum of a naturally yellow lens or similar yellow IOL. The curve represented by solid line 2420 is the transmission spectrum of the optical device of correction YCV.

Fig. 25 shows the color vision gamut present in the graph 2500. A color vision gamut is a subset of the complete color, e.g. a subset of colors that can be accurately represented in a color space or by optical means. Fig. 2500 illustrates a color vision gamut surrounded by munsell colors of red, green, blue, yellow, and derivative colors selected in the CIE LUV color space with a CIE D65 light source. The yellow WP according to etiolated lens or IOL includes the corresponding YCV 2515, showing YCV 2510. A normal color perception 2520 of the corresponding neutral WP with color perception 2525 is shown. A corrected color vision 2530 of a respective neutral WP 2535 with corrected color vision is shown from a fit of the optical device to the respective transmission spectrum 2420 of fig. 24. Also shown is the fancy blue WP of optical device 2540.

Referring also to fig. 24, the transmission spectrum 2420 of the optical device has at least three

pass bands

2430, 2440, 2450 between 380nm and 780 nm. Curve 2420 may show a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 560nm and 610nm and have peak transmission values between 380nm and 510nm or 650nm and 780 nm. A bimodal absorbing dye with peak absorption at 500nm (2460) and 520nm (2470) was used, as well as one dye with peak absorption at 590nm (2480) and the final dye at 663nm (2490). The blue or cool WP (hue) of the optic and its set of pass and stop band corrections in the transmission spectrum YCV and/or eliminates or reduces the mismatch between the colors and/or color gamut shown in fig. 25 as observed by an observer with YCV and those observed by another observer with normal color vision after application of the optic. The corrective optical device may be configured in any ophthalmic form, including spectacles, sunglasses, and contact lenses.

Optical glass or plastic can form the substrate used to construct eyeglasses or sunglasses, 2mm thick and 68mm in diameter. For dye-infused optical substrates, the concentration of these dyes ranges between 1 micromolar to 90 micromolar.

For such a device having the transmission characteristics of spectrum 2420 shown in fig. 24, the CPI listed in CIE LUV color space evaluation table 10 was used. The dye may be injected into the optical substrate or coated onto the surface of the substrate using well-known mixing/molding or coating methods such as dipping, spin coating, spray coating or vapor deposition. The transmission spectrum of the optical device can be constructed using a thin film coating that substantially matches the spectrum 2420 and is coated/deposited on the optical substrate. With YCV and various light sources, a correction of YCV can be achieved for a normal observer. The optical device controls the corrected color shift of color vision by limiting the luminance variation to less than 6, the WP tone to be kept neutral, and the WPs range to less than 0.002 (imperceptible chromaticity). The optical device is a blue WP/tinted sunglass or an optical device with a darker brightness. The device controls the color shift by limiting the luminance variation to less than 5, the WP tone to remain blue, and the WPs range to less than 0.015 (equivalent to 13.6% of the average WPs).

Table 10 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 24.

Table 10: colorimetric performance of optical device having transmission characteristics shown in fig. 24

FIG. 26 shows a graph 2600 of transmission versus wavelength for a configuration of the present invention. In this configuration, the transmission spectrum 2610 of the naturally yellow lens or similarly yellow IOL and the transmission spectrum of the optic can be at least partially corrected YCV 2620. Graph 2600 shows a transmission spectrum 2620 of a constructed optical device having at least two passbands between 380nm and 780 nm. Curve 2620 shows a minimum transmission constraint of 1% between 560nm and 610nm and has a peak transmission value between 380nm and 510nm (2630) or between 620nm and 780nm (2640). A bimodal absorbing dye with a peak absorption at 639nm (2650) and a peak absorption at 664nm (2660) and one dye with a peak absorption at 582nm (2670) were used. The blue or cool WP (hue) of the optic, and its set of pass and stop bands in the transmission spectrum, partially corrects YCV the WP and/or reduces the mismatch between the colors observed by an observer with YCV and those observed by another observer with normal color vision after application of the optic. The corrective optical device may be configured in any ophthalmic form, including spectacles, sunglasses, and contact lenses.

Optical glass or plastic can be used as an optical substrate for constructing eyeglasses or sunglasses. The substrate may be 2mm thick and 68mm in diameter. For dye-infused optical substrates used to mold and blend resins, the concentration of these dyes ranges between 0.1 micromolar and 70 micromolar.

For an optical device exhibiting the transmission curve (2620) in fig. 26, the CPI listed in CIE LUV color space estimate table 11 may be used. The dye may be applied to the surface of the substrate using known coating methods, such as dipping, spin coating, spray coating or vapor deposition. The transmission spectrum of the optical device can be constructed using thin film coatings to provide the transmission spectrum of curve 2620. With YCV and various light sources, partial correction of YCV is achieved by reducing the yellowness of vision while maintaining the high brightness of the vision and optics themselves for indoor and outdoor use. The optical device controls color shift for partially corrected color perception by limiting the luminance variation to less than 5, the WP tone to remain yellowish, and the WPs range to less than 0.022. If the CIE F2 illuminant is excluded from the evaluation, the WPS range is less than 0.009 because the WPS of the partially rectified solution is only 0.008 by itself. The optical device may have a blue WP/tone. The optical device controls color shift by limiting the change in luminance to less than 5, the WP tone to remain blue, and the WPs range to less than 0.016 (corresponding to 26% of the average WPs).

Table 11 shows the colorimetric performance of the optical device having the transmission characteristics shown in fig. 26.

Table 11: colorimetric performance of optical device having transmission characteristics shown in fig. 26

Interference-based layered film coatings can be used to create the transmission spectra described herein. Interference-based layered film coatings may be referred to as thin film coatings and multilayer coatings. Film coatings may be used herein to refer to these interference-based layered film coatings and other ways to refer to interference-based layered film coatings. Such film coatings may include anti-reflective coatings, dichroic filters, and bandpass filters.

Film coatings have a variety of geometric designs, covering a wide range of possibilities, such as alternating layers of high and low refractive index materials and variable optical and/or physical thicknesses between layers and within a layer as a function of distance location on the film. For example, a Linear Variable Filter (LVF) has a linearly varying optical thickness in one or more layers of a film coating as a function of a linear distance dimension. RVF based film coatings may define optical devices in which the optical or physical thickness of one or more layers is a function of the radial distance dimension from at least one center for applications of color enhancement, CVD correction, and YCV correction.

Existing designs of film coatings are not robust to increases in angle of incidence (AOI) from 0 degrees. Specifically, as the AOI increases, the transmission spectral characteristics shift to shorter wavelengths. This phenomenon is called blue shift. For example, a bandpass filter with a passband centered at 600nm at 0 degree AOI may experience a passband center shift to <600nm at higher AOI.

When applying the film coating to the eyewear, the optical device is considered to be secured in front of the wearer's eye. Depending on the geometry of the ophthalmic lens setup, the AOI depends heavily on the curvature of the optical device. For example, as shown in fig. 27, the geometry of the lenses (optical device 12710 and optical device 22720) for eye 2730 is depicted. Fig. 27 shows an eye 2730 (or another receiver) as a substantially fixed position optical receiver relative to an optical device (e.g., eyeglasses), and an optical device 12710 and an optical device 22720, respectively, serve as examples of device shapes. For optical device 12710, the AOI ranges from 0 degrees to greater than 60 degrees when swept across a flat or relatively flat device shape. For optical device 22720, the AOI remains closer to 0 degrees or substantially 0 degrees as the more curved device shape is swept. Reducing AOI by curved device shape is one way to control the colorimetric and spectral property shifts from variable AOI.

To maintain near zero or zero blue shift, the AOI may approach 0 degrees at a location on the optical device 2710, 2720. To achieve this result, the radius of curvature (ROC) of the optical devices 2710, 2720 is the actual radial distance from the eye 2730 to the viewing position on the eyewear. The result is a non-zero AOI because the ROC of the optical devices 2710, 2720 deviates from the prescription. This non-zero AOI results in a blue shift. For the centered eye 2730, the difference of AOI from 0 degrees can be reduced by increasing or decreasing the ROC of the optical devices 2710, 2720. However, if the blue shift is relatively small, e.g., less than 15nm, the wearer may have little to no ability to notice or otherwise tolerate a slight deviation in the CPI of the optics 2710, 2720.

In many cases, a small ROC spherically curved lens is undesirable, for example, for aesthetic, geometric and/or performance reasons. From the perspective of the wearer of the optical device, RVF can be used to substantially maintain similar performance of the CPI of the optical device over a wide range of AOI.

The RVF can be constructed as a function of radial distance from the viewing center of the optical device by varying the optical or physical thickness of each film coating to substantially compensate for performance deviations of the CPI due to AOI variations. Figure 28 shows a top cross-sectional view of an optical device with an RVF 2800. Eye 2810 (or another receiver) is a substantially fixed position optical receiver relative to an optical device (e.g., eyeglasses) having RVF 2800. The entire RVF 2820 can be coated onto substrate 2830. RVF 2820 may contain one or more layers of materials suitable for use as a thin film layer (e.g., layer 12824 through layer n 2828). Layer i 2850 is an exemplary thin film layer, enlarged in the y-dimension to show its radially variable thickness. x is the radial distance 2860 from the viewing center of the film coating 2870, and y is the optical or physical thickness 2880 at x 2860 of layer i 2850. For example, x 2860 may be much larger than y 2880, e.g., x 2860 in millimeters and y 2880 in hundreds of nanometers. This utility makes dy/dx ≈ 0, i.e., the slope of y 2880 with respect to x 2860 is very small. Thus, the AOI on any RVF layer is approximately equal to the AOI on substrate 2830. Although not shown, the substrate 2830 can be any curved shape, including a flat shape.

Fig. 29 shows a top cross-sectional view of an optical device 2900, which is exploded to show the optical or physical thickness of layer i of the RVF as a function of radial distance x 2920 from the viewing center of y 2910, where yo 2930 is the optical or physical thickness of layer i of the RVF at the viewing center of the optical device 2900. y 2910 and yo 2930 as the thickness of a point on the RVF (exaggerated in fig. 29), and may be for the entire RVF or a combination of multiple layers of the RVF, rather than just for a single layer. The center of view may be aligned with the position of the eye 2940 or other fixed position optical receiver. The RVFs may be located between the top layer 2950 and the bottom layer 2960 (both shaded). The two

layers

2950, 2960 may be any material used for any purpose, such as a scratch resistant layer and a substrate. The two

layers

2950, 2960 can be any kind of front and back coatings. Additional distance variables include D2970 representing the virtual distance between the notional non-refracted incident ray and the eye 2940, E2980 representing the distance between the optical device 2900 and the eye 2940, D representing the average thickness of the anterior layer 2950_s12990, d representing the average thickness of the back layer 2960_s22995. Refractive Index (RI) n₁(external Environment), n_s1(front layer 2950), n_s2(rear layer 2960) and n_t(RVF layer or interlayer average or overall RVF average). The optical angle is θ₁ (AOI)、θ₂(angle of refracted ray in front layer) and θ₃(angle of refracted ray in back layer).

In the configuration of the optical device in fig. 29, the dimensional and optical parameters correspond to the sum of the multiple RVF layers. The thickness y of at least one film coating is defined in equation 23.

Wherein x is θ₁(AOI), and thus y and x are parametric functions of AOI. In the presence of a greater magnitude of the distance dimension, ignoring y when the formula is convenient and does not sacrifice precision, equation 23 reduces to an equation24。

x＝tanθ₁(E+d_s1+d_s2) D equation 24.

Wherein D ═ D_s1(tanθ₁-tanθ₂)+d_s2(tanθ₁-tanθ₃) Is provided with

y may be monotonically non-decreasing with increasing x to reduce or eliminate performance deviations of CPI due to increasing AOI of the optical device (e.g., an ophthalmic lens). In addition to certain values of x, y may generally not decrease with increasing x to reduce or eliminate performance deviations of the CPI due to increasing AOI of the optical device.

A computer system can be used to calculate the transmission spectrum of a film used to determine the optical or physical thickness y of one or more RVF film layers, y does not decrease monotonically with increasing x, or y generally does not decrease with increasing x except for certain values of x, to reduce or eliminate performance deviations of the CPI due to increased AOI of the optical device.

Figure 30 shows an example 3000 of an optical or physical thickness profile of one or more layers of an RVF as a function of radial distance from the viewing center of an optical device described herein. The RVF coating may comprise alternating layers of ZnS and cryolite. In one embodiment, a total of seven layers may be used. Since the radial distance of ZnS 3030 and cryolite 3020 is increased to reduce or eliminate the performance bias of CPI due to the increase of AOI, the analytical design requires a monotonic increase in layer thickness. Since ZnS 3040 has a higher Refractive Index (RI), its thickness can increase at a rate that is generally slower than the rate of cryolite 3010, which has a lower RI. Because the radial distance between ZnS and cryolite is increased to reduce or eliminate the performance bias of CPI due to increased AOI, there may be designs that include layer thicknesses that do not decrease but do not necessarily increase monotonically. Again, because ZnS has a higher Refractive Index (RI), its thickness can increase at a rate that is generally slower than the rate of cryolite with a lower RI. In one embodiment, the geometric surface curvature of the optical device substrate is less than or equal to the base curvature 8 applied in an ophthalmic lens.

Fig. 31 shows 3100 radial distance relative to AOI. 3100 shows the result from fig. 29 with E-1.2 cm and d_s1＝d_s2An embodiment of 0 and provides a direct relationship that the radial distance x from the viewing center on the optic is a strictly correlated increase in AOI. That is, as the radial distance increases, the AOI increases monotonically. The relationship between radial distance x from the viewing center on the optical device and AOI is typically a related increase. That is, in addition to a particular value for the radial distance measurement, the AOI generally increases as the radial distance increases.

Four sample relationships between the physical or optical thickness ratio of the RVFs and the AOI are shown in figure 30, and one sample relationship between the AOI and the radial distance from the viewing center is shown in figure 31, the relationships contained in both figures being used to directly determine the relationship between the physical or optical thickness ratio and the radial distance from the viewing center for the RVFs, or any single layer or multi-layer combination thereof.

RVFs can be made from two or more layers of at least two different film materials. RVFs can be made from two or more alternating layers of at least two different film materials. Figure 32 shows transmission spectra 3200 for a 7-layer structure of RVF at various AOIs. A transmission spectrum 3200 is shown at 0 degree AOI (3210), 20 degree AOI (3220), 40 degree AOI (3230) and 60 degree AOI (3240). High RI materials (e.g., ZnS and TiO)₂) And low RI materials (e.g., SiO)₂And cryolite) for the construction of optical devices with each layer having a physical thickness between 80nm and 1400 nm. The blue-shift of the transmission spectrum from increased AOI is substantially reduced or eliminated by this structure having RVFs substantially similar to the optical or physical thickness profile shown in figure 30.

Fig. 33 shows a color gamut 3300 obtained for the structure of RVF. Gamut 3300 is a substantially invariant gamut surrounded by representative munsell colors of red, green, blue, yellow, and derivative colors, and a substantially invariant white point across multiple AOIs. The inner color gamut comprises light colors and the outer color gamut comprises saturated colors. Sample RVF includes TiO₂And SiO₂A total of 15 layers. Each TiO 2₂The physical thickness of the layer is between 150nm and 1450nm, and each SiO₂The thickness of the layer is between 100nm and 1340 nm. In addition to a specific AOI above 40 degrees, the optical or physical thickness profile generally increases with increasing radial distance from the viewing center of the optical device, wherein the corresponding layer thickness remains substantially constant for a specific radial distance measurement. On average, for every 10 degrees increase in AOI, SiO₂Increases at a rate of 1% to 30%. For every 10 degrees increase in AOI, TiO₂The thickness distribution of (a) grows at a rate of 0.2% to 20%.

For color perception deficits, a red group containing one or more munsell colors is described: 2.5yr 5/4, 7.5r 5/4, 2.5r 5/4, 5rp 5/4, 10p 5/4, 10yr 5/4, 10r 5/4, 10rp 5/4, green group containing one or more munsell colors: 5bg 5/4, 10g 5/4, 5g 5/4, 10gy 5/4, 5gy 5/4, 10bg 5/4, a blue group containing one or more munsell colors: 5b 5/4, 10bg 5/4, 5bg 5/4, 5p 5/4, 10b 5/4, 10p 5/4, 10pb 5/4, and the yellow group containing one or more munsell colors: 10gy 5/4, 5gy 5/4, 5y 5/4, 10yr 5/4, 2.5yr 5/4, 10y 5/4, 10yr 5/4. Red-green color separation may be evaluated using any one or more colors from the red set and any one or more colors from the green set. Blue-yellow color separation can be evaluated using any one or more colors in the blue set and any one or more colors in the yellow set.

For optics with a luminance below 65 (when applicable only to the illuminant CIE D65), the formulas described in the 1976CIE LUV color space and text are used, and for any two single or any mixed illuminant of the CIE D55, D65 or D75 illuminants, the red-green color separation of the corrected/enhanced color perception may be 10% or more higher than the uncorrected/unenhanced color perception for normal, green-blind and/or red-blind, the blue-yellow color separation of the corrected/enhanced color perception may be 2% or more higher than the uncorrected/unenhanced color perception for normal, green-blind and/or red-blind, and the white point of the optics may be shifted to within 0.35 of the neutral color for normal, green-blind and/or red-blind.

For optics with a brightness equal to or higher than 65 (when only applicable to the light source CIE D65), using the formulas described in the 1976CIE luv color space and text, and for CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, or any two single light sources or any mixed light source of the L-series LED light sources, the red-green color separation of the corrected/enhanced color vision may be 4% or more higher than the uncorrected/unenhanced color vision for normal, green-blind, and/or blind, the blue-yellow color separation of the corrected/enhanced color vision may be 2% or more higher than the uncorrected/unenhanced color vision for normal, green-blind, and/or red blind, the white point of the optics may shift to within 0.30 of the neutral color.

For yellow vision using the formula described in the 1976CIE LUV color space and text, and for any single light source or any mixed light source of CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, or L-series led light sources, the white point shift for yellow vision for an observer employing optics may be less than for an observer not employing optics.

For wearable optics, such as ophthalmic lenses, sunglasses, and contact lenses, the white point of the optics may be a blue, cyan, green, or violet tint when viewed from the perspective of the device wearer, and the white point shift may be at least 0.001.

The optical device absorbs, reflects and/or scatters light between 500nm and 650 nm. Such spectral characteristics may be designed and constructed in or on an intraocular lens (IOL) or other ocular implant for reducing the colorimetric effects of implant yellowness.

A radially variable optical filter is described, which comprises an optical device, wherein the optical thickness of at least one material layer of the interference film coating varies radially starting from at least one center on the material layer. For at least one layer of material in the optical device, an optical or physical thickness of at least one location having an angle of incidence (AOI) between 20 degrees and 85 degrees is greater than an optical or physical thickness of at least one location having an AOI between 0 degrees and 19.99 degrees. The brightness of the optical device may be between 5 and 95 when evaluated with CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11, or L-series led, or any mixture of these light sources.

In general, the optical devices described herein provide a 0.5% minimum transmission from 575nm to 585nm, one or more stop bands substantially centered between 380nm to 780nm, at least one stop band substantially centered between 550nm to 605nm, at least one additional stop band substantially centered between 450nm to 505nm, and/or at least one additional stop band substantially centered between 400nm to 449 nm. For green amblyopia, the evaluation may have a peak green cone sensitivity shifted from the CIE 19312 ° standard observer (as modeled by CMFx) to longer wavelengths by at least 1 nm. For red amblyopia, the evaluation may have a peak red cone sensitivity that is shifted from the CIE 19312 ° standard observer (as modeled by CMFy) to shorter wavelengths of at least 1 nm.

At least one color in the red group may maintain a warm hue of yellow, orange, red, pink or violet and at least one color in the green group may maintain a cool hue of green, cyan, blue or violet before and after use of the optical device under any two single light sources or any mixed light source of CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, F11 or L-series led light sources.

Methods of construction of optical devices having desired transmission spectra include injecting colorants into or laminating colorants onto a substrate and/or coating colorants onto a substrate. The total thickness of the substrate may be between 0.1mm and 10 cm.

Methods of construction of optical devices having desired transmission spectra include thin film deposition with at least three film layers, two film materials, at least one layer having an optical or physical thickness of less than 1500 nm.

Color shift control of optical devices including external and internal implants of the eye, when evaluated with any two of the listed light sources, is limited to differences in white point shift of less than 0.1 and differences in brightness of less than 30.

Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone, or in any combination with or without other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be performed by a computer or processor, embodied in a computer program, software, or firmware, combined with a computer-readable medium. Examples of computer readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over a wired or wireless connection) and computer readable storage media. Examples of computer readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (e.g., internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (e.g., CD-ROM disks), and Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs).

Claims

1. An optical device for enhancing human color vision, the device comprising:

a substrate; and

one or more colorant layers applied at least one of on and among the substrate, the one or more colorant layers including at least one colorant that creates a colorant-specific absorption spectrum based on a selected concentration; and

providing one or more thin film layers on the substrate and the one or more colorant layers in combination, the one or more thin film layers comprising a plurality of materials that create a thin film specific reflection spectrum based on the refractive indices that each of the selected plurality of materials has;

constructing an overall transmission spectrum of an optical device by combining the transmission spectra from the absorbing colorant and the reflective thin film coating, the color of the optical device being represented by a color space coordinate < u, v > of a particular evaluation color, the color space coordinate < u, v > being defined by equation 7 and equation 8 as follows:

the luminance difference of the optical device for normal, green-blind and/or red-blind persons is less than 30 with any two single CIE D55, D65 or D75 light sources with a white point shift neutral color within 0.35.

2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein at least one color in the red set retains a warm hue of yellow, orange, red, pink or violet and at least one color in the green set retains a cool hue of green, cyan, blue or violet before and after use of the optical device under any two single light sources.

3. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein red-green color separation is evaluated using any one or more colors from a red set comprising one or more munsell colors and any one or more colors from a green set comprising: 2.5YR 5/4, 7.5R 5/4, 2.5R 5/4, 5RP 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 10R 5/4, 10RP 5/4, the green group comprising one or more munsell colors: 5BG 5/4, 10G 5/4, 5G 5/4, 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 10BG 5/4, and evaluating blue-yellow color separation using any one or more colors of a blue group and any one or more colors of a yellow group, the blue group comprising one or more munsell colors: 5B 5/4, 10BG 5/4, 5BG 5/4, 5P 5/4, 10B 5/4, 10P 5/4, 10PB 5/4, the yellow group comprising a yellow colorant comprising one or more munsell colors: 10GY 5/4, 5GY 5/4, 5Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4, 2.5YR 5/4, 10Y 5/4, 10YR 5/4.

4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the minimum transmission from 575nm to 585nm is 0.5%, and color shift control of the optical device is limited to a difference in white point shift of the optical device of less than 0.1 and a difference in brightness of less than 30, when under any two single ones of the CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, or F11 light sources.

5. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein its transmission spectrum contains at least one stop band substantially centered between 550nm and 605 nm.

6. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein its transmission spectrum contains at least one stop band substantially centered between 450nm and 505 nm.

7. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein its transmission spectrum contains at least one stop band substantially centered between 400nm and 449 nm.

8. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the optical device red-green color separation enhancement is more than 7%.

9. The optical device of claim 1, wherein a luminance of 65 or less is exhibited and the optical device enhances red-green color separation of normal, green-blind or red-blind persons by at least 10% over that of non-enhanced under any two single light sources of CIE D55, D65 or D75 light sources.

10. The optical device of claim 1, exhibiting a luminance of 65 or greater, said optical device enhancing red-green color separation of normal, green-blind or red-blind persons at least 4% higher than unenhanced with any two single light sources of CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7 or F11 light sources, and said optical device having a white point shift neutral color within 0.30.

11. The optical device of claim 1, which enhances blue-yellow color separation of normal, green blind, or red blind persons by at least 2% higher than unenhanced under any two single sources of CIE D55, D65, or D75 light sources.

12. The optical device of claim 1, having a white point shift for yellow vision of a person employing the optical device that is less than a white point shift for yellow vision of a person not employing the optical device under any single one of CIE D55, D65, or D75 light sources.

13. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the optical device is at least one of an optic, glasses, a filter, a display, a windshield, an intraocular lens, and a window pane.

14. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the optical device is sunglasses and/or contact lenses.

15. The optical device of claim 1, wherein color shift is controlled by limiting the luminance variation of the optical device to less than 20 and the white point shift range to less than 0.025.

16. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the optical device uses two dyes that absorb at 575nm and 595 nm.

17. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more thin film layers is at least one of a reflective film, an anti-reflective film, and an anti-scratch film.

18. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the one or more thin film layers are abrasion resistant films.

19. An optical device for enhancing human color vision, the device comprising:

a substrate; and

constructing a total transmission spectrum of an optical device by combining transmission spectra from an absorbing colorant and a reflective thin film coating, wherein the color of the optical device is represented by a color space coordinate < u, v > of a particular evaluation color, the color space coordinate < u, v > being defined by equation 7 and equation 8:

with any two of the CIE D55, D65, D75, F2, F7, or F11 light sources alone, color shift control of the optical device is limited by the difference in white point shift of the optical device being less than 0.1 and the difference in luminance being less than 30.

20. The optical device of claim 19, wherein its transmission spectrum contains at least one stop band substantially centered between 550nm and 605 nm.

21. The optical device of claim 19, wherein the one or more thin film layers is at least one of a reflective film, an anti-reflective film, and an anti-scratch film.

22. The optical device of claim 19, wherein the one or more thin film layers are abrasion resistant films.

23. A transmissive optical device for enhancing human color vision, the device comprising:

a substrate; and

the color of the optical device is represented by color space coordinates < u, v > of a particular evaluation color, which are defined by equation 7 and equation 8: