CN110232651A - A kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting - Google Patents
A kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting Download PDFInfo
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- CN110232651A CN110232651A CN201910503610.6A CN201910503610A CN110232651A CN 110232651 A CN110232651 A CN 110232651A CN 201910503610 A CN201910503610 A CN 201910503610A CN 110232651 A CN110232651 A CN 110232651A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/0085—Time domain based watermarking, e.g. watermarks spread over several images
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0061—Embedding of the watermark in each block of the image, e.g. segmented watermarking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0065—Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0203—Image watermarking whereby the image with embedded watermark is reverted to the original condition before embedding, e.g. lossless, distortion-free or invertible watermarking
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting, belong to digital watermarking and Information hiding field, the method of the present invention divides the image into the image block of 4*4 first, then three partition neighborhoods are carried out, every four pixels are one group, choose three pixels an of pixel He its periphery, predicted value is generated using three, periphery pixel, it is compared using predicted value with the pixel of selection, generate difference, difference is rounded downwards, four differences is generated in an image block, then setting value histogram.The present invention improves the embedding capacity of watermark, under the premise of keeping image visual effect, algorithm steps is simplified, before insertion and extraction watermark, it is only necessary to carry out piecemeal；Reversible water mark not only may be implemented in this method, but also watermark invisibility is preferable, and experiment is simple and easy, is embedded in the PSNR high of image after watermark, and image visual effect is good, has practical value.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to digital watermarkings and Information hiding field, and in particular to one kind is based on block prediction and difference value histogram
The reversible information hidden method of translation.
Background technique
With the raising of people's awareness of safety and intellectual property right consciousness, people are also increasingly heavier to the degree of safety of self information
Depending on the use of digital watermark technology is also more and more.Can digital image watermarking restore point according to the watermarking images of insertion
For reversible and irreversible digital watermark.In order to protect the integrality of image, reversible water mark using more and more.Reversible water mark is again
Claim lossless watermark, belong to Fragile watermarks, it can obviously reflect whether signal is tampered, and can be discharged extracting
Nondestructively restore original image after print, is suitble to the certification of image integrity.Therefore, reversible Image Watermarking Technique is mainly used for curing
It learns, the special dimensions such as in terms of the military and science of law, the reservation storage work of picture is carried out, for guaranteeing not losing for important image information
It loses.
Document " NI Z, SHI Y Q, ANSARI N, et al.Reversible data hiding " (IEEE Trans
On Circuits and Systems for Video Tech-nology, 2006,16:(3) 354-362.) watermark insertion
Method, algorithm, which is realized, to be easy, and the capacity of insertion also depends primarily on peak point, but the image for pixel value equilibrium when
It waits, peak point do not protrude, therefore the effect of the algorithm and bad.Document " THODI D M, RODRUGUEZ J J.Expansion
embedding techniques for reversible watermarking”(IEEE Trans-actions on Image
Processing, 2007,16 (3): 721-730) it proposes that generation predicted value can be calculated by adjacent pixel, it can by predicted value
To carry out difference with initial value, the insertion of watermark is carried out, the surrounding pixel of dependence is relatively more, accounts for embedding capacity.
Summary of the invention
For the above-mentioned technical problems in the prior art, it is straight based on block prediction and difference that the invention proposes one kind
The reversible information hidden method of side's figure translation, design rationally, overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, have good effect.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
A kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting, includes the following steps:
Step 1: setting original image as the gray level image of M*N, original image is divided into the image block of 4*4, is denoted as Bk, wherein k
=1,2,3... [M/4] * [N/4]；
Step 2: to the image block B of each 4*4kIt carries out piecemeal processing and is denoted as b using every four pixels as one groupkm, m
=1,2,3,4；bkmInterior pixels are expressed asN=1,2,3,4；It is denoted asWhich k representative is
A bulk, m represent the fritter in big piecemeal, and n represents specific pixel；It will be including unmarked, horizontal line, oblique line and vertical line
Four pixels as one group, centre marks that black pixel is used to and itself pixel does difference, and marking black pixel is exactly the embedding of watermark
Access point；
Step 3: willThree pixels, which are rounded downwards, to be predictedThe predicted value of pixel
Step 4: willTrue value and predicted valueIt is found out as differenceAnd so on, it willTrue value and pre-
Measured valueIt is found out as difference
Step 5: utilizing differenceSetting value histogram；
Step 6: translation processing is carried out to difference value histogram, 0 part is greater than for pixel value in difference value histogram, it is whole
To one unit of right translation, will leave some space on the position that difference value histogram pixel value is 1；
Step 7: according to difference value histogram, judging embedding capacity, choose watermark picture, be embedded in watermark；It specifically includes as follows
Step:
Step 7.1: carrying out watermark insertion since first piecemeal, judge whether first insertion point is embeddable watermark
Pixel；If differenceIt is 0, then illustrates that this pixel is embeddable point, be embedded in watermark；If differenceIt is not 0,
It is not embedded in watermark then, continues to judge second insertion point in piecemeal, until successively sentencing to four points in 4*4 piecemeal
It is disconnected to complete, it then proceedes to proceed as described above next piecemeal, then carry out in order；
Step 7.2: watermarking images being handled, binary bitmap is made into watermark sequence and is used to be embedded in, according to water
The stop value that a watermark is embedded in is arranged in the size of watermark image, this stop value is exactly the size of watermark picture, after being embedded in watermark
Image pixel value it is as follows:
Wherein, I (i, j) (0≤I (i, j)≤255) is the gray value of original image, and W is watermark sequence, IW(i, j) indicates embedding
The pixel value of image after entering watermark；
Step 8: watermark extracting and image restore；Specifically comprise the following steps:
Step 8.1: carrying out watermark extracting since first piecemeal, each insertion point is judged；IfDifference is
1, illustrate that the watermark value of insertion is 1, extracts 1；If differenceIt is 0, illustrates that the watermark value of insertion is 0, extract 0；It then proceedes to
Second insertion point in piecemeal is judged, until successively judge to complete to four points in 4*4 piecemeal, is then proceeded to pair
Next piecemeal proceeds as described above, and then carries out in order；
Step 8.2: after extracting watermark, image being restored, the pixel by difference in difference value histogram greater than 1 is to the left
Translation one, obtains original image；The gray value of original image is as follows:
Advantageous effects brought by the present invention:
The invention discloses a kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting, for can
Print algorithm steps are cumbersome against the current, realize troublesome problem, while improving the embedding capacity of watermark, keeping image visual effect
Under the premise of, it simplifies algorithm steps and does not need to carry out complicated pretreatment, it is only necessary to carry out piecemeal before insertion and extraction watermark
It is achieved that and in difference value histogram algorithm increase watermark embedding capacity；The piecemeal of traditional selection 3*3 is compared,
The method that eight pixels predict center pixel around use, can be improved the number of embeddable pixel, to increase
Add some embedding capacities；Relative to the mode for directlying adopt histogram translation, the abruptness of watermark histogram can be improved, it is prominent
The number of peak point pixel, can be avoided occur pixel value be evenly distributed so as to cause histogram translate insertion watermark capacity it is few
Problem；Meanwhile, it is capable to improve PSNR value, improve the visual effect containing watermarking images；Present applicant proposes three partition neighborhoods
Method makes block prediction according to the smoothness of image, and carrier image is carried out 4*4 piecemeal, and then piecemeal is four pixels one
Group is finally implemented prediction difference histogram in piecemeal and is translated, and realizes watermark insertion, then certainly by the insertion of reversible water mark technology
Oneself markup information, judges whether ciphertext wrecks by the integrity degree of watermark, may finally undistorted recovery original image；
Reversible water mark not only may be implemented in the method for the present invention, but also watermark invisibility is preferable, and experiment is simple and easy, schemes after being embedded in watermark
The PSNR high of picture；The method of the present invention both can increase embedding capacity or can guarantee the accuracy of adjacency prediction, image visual effect
It is good, there is practical value.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is 4*4 block image schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is block image schematic diagram of the invention.
Fig. 3 is that watermark is embedded in flow chart.
Fig. 4 is watermark extracting flow chart.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment invention is further described in detail:
A kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting, includes the following steps:
Step 1: setting original image as the gray level image of M*N, original image is divided into the image block of 4*4, is denoted as Bk, wherein k
=1,2,3... [M/4] * [N/4]；As shown in Figure 1.
Step 2: to the image block B of each 4*4kIt carries out piecemeal processing and is denoted as b using every four pixels as one groupkm, m
=1,2,3,4；bkmInterior pixels are expressed asN=1,2,3,4；It is denoted asMakeIt is in four
The middle position of a pixel, which bulk k representative is, m represents the fritter in big piecemeal, and n represents specific pixel.Every kind
Mark four pixels of (unmarked, horizontal line, oblique line, vertical line) as one group, centre marks black pixel and is used to do with itself pixel
Difference marks the insertion point that black pixel is exactly watermark, as shown in Figure 2.
Step 3: utilizingThree pixels, which are rounded downwards, to be predictedThe predicted value of pixel
Step 4: willTrue value and predicted valueIt is found out as differenceAnd so on, it willTrue value with
Predicted valueIt is found out as difference
Step 5: utilizing differenceSetting value histogram；
Step 6: piecemeal, judgement are carried out to original imageWhether be embeddable watermark pixel, if difference be 0,
Illustrate that this pixel is embeddable point, the watermark of insertion 1bit；If difference is not 0, be not embedded in watermark, execute step 1,
2, continue to judge next pixel；
Watermark insertion, process as shown in figure 3,
If image size is M × N, gray value is I (i, j) (0≤I (i, j)≤255), and watermarking images are converted to water
Sequence W is printed, what the application chose is the binary watermarking picture of 64*64, the watermark sequence of 1*4096 is converted into, after being embedded in watermark
The pixel value I of imageW(i, j) is indicated；
Detailed process is as follows for watermark insertion:
Carry out piecemeal processing in the way of Fig. 1, Fig. 2 to original image first, after piecemeal it is known that original image it is embedding
Access point.
Then the block of pixels after piecemeal calculate and find out difference, the difference setting value histogram that then will be obtained.
Translation processing is carried out to difference value histogram, 0 part is greater than for pixel value in difference value histogram, it is whole to one list of right translation
Position will leave some space on the position that difference value histogram pixel value is 1 in this way.
Watermark insertion is carried out since first piecemeal, and whether difference, which is zero, difference zero is judged to insertion point,
Then it is embedded in watermark；Difference is not zero, and continues to judge second insertion point in piecemeal, to four points in 4*4 piecemeal
After the completion of successively judging, continues to proceed as described above next piecemeal, then carry out in order.Formula is as follows:
Watermarking images are handled, binary bitmap is made into watermark sequence and is used to be embedded in, according to watermarking images
The stop value that a watermark is embedded in is arranged in size, this stop value is exactly the size of watermark picture.
Watermark extracting and image restore, process as shown in figure 4,
Watermark extracting is carried out first, the image after insertion watermark is handled, partitioned mode is still according to Fig. 1, Fig. 2
Mode carries out piecemeal processing.
It is still to utilizeThree pixel predictions go outThe predicted value of pixel, then using predicted value withTrue value do difference.
Then a difference value histogram is generated using difference, because being to carry out insertion watermark when difference is 0,
Difference is that the watermark value of 1 proof insertion is 1, and then as the sequence of same insertion watermark, watermark is carried out since first piecemeal
It extracts, each insertion point is judged, if difference is 1, illustrates that the watermark value of insertion is 1, extract 1；If difference is 0, explanation
The watermark value of insertion is 0, extracts 0.It then proceedes to judge second insertion point in piecemeal, to four in 4*4 piecemeal
After the completion of a point successively judges, continues to proceed as described above next piecemeal, then carry out in order.
Because being shifted a unit to the right greater than 0 pixel to difference value histogram when watermark is embedded in, to be embedded in
Before watermark, the pixel number that pixel value is 1 is 0, is judged when so extracting watermark obtained difference, if obtained difference
Value point be 0, illustrate insertion watermark value be 0, difference be 1 illustrate insertion watermark value be 1.Formula is as follows:
After finally extracting watermark, then image is restored, the pixel difference in difference value histogram greater than 1 is put down to the left
One is moved, original image is obtained.
Since reversible water mark algorithm is usually relatively complex, block prediction difference value histogram proposed by the present invention, for gray scale
For image, realization is fairly simple, and the capacity compared to the standard insertion watermark using eight neighborhood as prediction improves, but generally
The embedding capacity of watermark is fewer, and the insertion and extraction of watermark are easily understood, PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio, Y-PSNR) value is all 56 or more.It is minimum to the modification of the pixel value of image, and after proposing watermark, it can be without mistake
It is true to restore image, realize reversible water mark.
PSNR, that is, Y-PSNR is a kind of objective standard for measuring image fault or noise level.Between 2 images
PSNR value is bigger, and image fault is smaller.Universal benchmark is 30dB, and 30dB image deterioration below is more obvious.The following institute of formula
Show:
MAX indicates the greatest measure of color of image, MSE, that is, m × between n monochrome image I and K mean square error, defined formula
It is as follows:
The quality that the watermark quality extracted and the carrier image recovered are evaluated using PSNR, by table 1 and in fact
Testing result can be seen that the watermark that 64*64 is embedded in gray level image, by PSNR it is found that being embedded in the image PSNR after watermark
Generally larger than 56, good visual effect can be reached, ensure that the invisibility of watermark and the effect of image, and extract water outlet
It, being capable of undistorted recovery original image and watermarking images after print.
1 embedding capacity of table and the PSNR comparing result for being embedded in watermark
Certainly, the above description is not a limitation of the present invention, and the present invention is also not limited to the example above, this technology neck
The variations, modifications, additions or substitutions that the technical staff in domain is made within the essential scope of the present invention also should belong to of the invention
Protection scope.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of reversible information hidden method based on block prediction and difference histogram shifting, it is characterised in that: including as follows
Step:
Step 1: setting original image as the gray level image of M*N, original image is divided into the image block of 4*4, is denoted as Bk, wherein k=1,
2,3... [M/4] * [N/4]；
Step 2: to the image block B of each 4*4kIt carries out piecemeal processing and is denoted as b using every four pixels as one groupkm, m=1,
2,3,4；bkmInterior pixels are expressed asIt is denoted asK representative is which is a big
Block, m represent the fritter in big piecemeal, and n represents specific pixel；By four including unmarked, horizontal line, oblique line and vertical line
A pixel as one group, mark black pixel and be used to do difference with itself pixel by centre, marks the insertion point that black pixel is exactly watermark；
Step 3: willThree pixels, which are rounded downwards, to be predictedThe predicted value of pixel
Step 4: willTrue value and predicted valueIt is found out as differenceAnd so on, it willTrue value and predicted valueIt is found out as difference
Step 5: utilizing differenceSetting value histogram；
Step 6: translation processing being carried out to difference value histogram, 0 part is greater than for pixel value in difference value histogram, entirety is to the right
A unit is translated, will be left some space on the position that difference value histogram pixel value is 1；
Step 7: according to difference value histogram, judging embedding capacity, choose watermark picture, be embedded in watermark；Specifically comprise the following steps:
Step 7.1: since first piecemeal carry out watermark insertion, judge first insertion point whether be embeddable watermark picture
Vegetarian refreshments；If differenceIt is 0, then illustrates that this pixel is embeddable point, be embedded in watermark；If differenceIt is not 0, then not
It is embedded in watermark, continues to judge second insertion point in piecemeal, until successively having judged four points in 4*4 piecemeal
At then proceeding to proceed as described above next piecemeal, then carry out in order；
Step 7.2: watermarking images being handled, binary bitmap is made into watermark sequence and is used to be embedded in, according to watermark figure
The stop value that a watermark is embedded in is arranged in the size of picture, this stop value is exactly the size of watermark picture, the figure after being embedded in watermark
The pixel value of picture is as follows:
Wherein, I (i, j) (0≤I (i, j)≤255) is the gray value of original image, and W is watermark sequence, IW(i, j) indicates insertion water
The pixel value of image after print；
Step 8: watermark extracting and image restore；Specifically comprise the following steps:
Step 8.1: carrying out watermark extracting since first piecemeal, each insertion point is judged；IfDifference is 1, is said
The watermark value of bright insertion is 1, extracts 1；If differenceIt is 0, illustrates that the watermark value of insertion is 0, extract 0；Then proceed to point
Second insertion point in block is judged, until successively judging to complete to four points in 4*4 piecemeal, is then proceeded to next
A piecemeal proceeds as described above, and then carries out in order；
Step 8.2: after extracting watermark, image being restored, the pixel by difference in difference value histogram greater than 1 is to left
One, obtain original image；The gray value of original image is as follows:
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| CN113938574B (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2023-06-16 | 西安邮电大学 | Reversible information hiding method based on center prediction |
| CN114466113A (en) * | 2022-01-11 | 2022-05-10 | 山东师范大学 | Reversible information hiding method and system for perception encrypted image |
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| CN115393151A (en) * | 2022-08-19 | 2022-11-25 | 淮阴工学院 | Reversible watermarking algorithm based on IWT and prediction difference value histogram translation |
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