CN110181888A - 基于超低反射率fbg阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料 - Google Patents

基于超低反射率fbg阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料 Download PDF

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CN110181888A
CN110181888A CN201910259778.7A CN201910259778A CN110181888A CN 110181888 A CN110181888 A CN 110181888A CN 201910259778 A CN201910259778 A CN 201910259778A CN 110181888 A CN110181888 A CN 110181888A
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ultra
composite material
low reflectance
cellular composite
sensor array
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CN110181888B (zh
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童杏林
李茂阳
张翠
陶渊
邓承伟
冒燕
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Wuhan University of Technology WUT
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，包括埋入超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的光纤蜂窝复合材料组件，光纤蜂窝复合材料组件依次连接数据处理单元、频谱分析仪、计算机。本发明将双芯超低反射率FBG阵列传感器埋入蜂窝复合材料夹层之中，采用时分波分混用解调，可以同时监测感应蜂窝复合材料自身应力和应变、温度、裂纹、振动多种参量，构建监测蜂窝复合材料状态的分布式传感网络，具有抗电磁干扰、抗腐蚀、耐高温、防爆、频带宽、损耗低、精度较高等特点，实现智能蜂窝复合材料的自感知、自评估，为蜂窝复合材料构件在高速运行器上的长期安全运行提供保障。

Description

基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料
技术领域
本发明涉及航空航天蜂窝复合材料领域，更具体地说，涉及一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料。
背景技术
随着复合材料科学的发展，复合材料应用的领域越来越广泛，尤其在航空航天领域，由于蜂窝复合材料具有结构设计性好、高强度、高刚度、质轻、成本低等优点，目前大部分航空航天器机身都采用蜂窝复合材料来替代传统的金属合金，飞机长期受到复杂的高速动态载荷与气候条件的交变影响下，复合材料机身的薄弱部位容易累积产生疲劳损伤，其形成时间长、难发现、破坏具有突发性等特点，使得在线动态监测复合材料疲劳特性一直是世界各国研究的难点和热点，它对保障飞机等高速运行器的运行安全性具有重要的意义。
目前，有关复合材料监测方面的文献较少，现有的监测方法主要采用电类传感器进行监测，由于电类传感器本身易受电磁干扰，不具备防爆功能且在恶劣的环境中工作困难，分布式测量困难，使得信号的及时处理受限。
光纤传感技术具有在恶劣环境长期工作、灵敏度高、本征安全、抗电磁干扰、组网能力强等优点，在复合材料在线监测方面具有独特优势，通过对机身复合材料的薄弱部位裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展的声发射频谱信息与高速动载荷及环境交变作用下的综合动力特性分析，探索复杂动态载荷与恶劣气候环境下复合材料机身薄弱部位的劳损伤机理与自动诊断方法，为复合材料构件在高速运行器上的长期安全运行提供保障，具有巨大的经济价值和重要的社会价值，研究成果具有十分广泛的应用前景。
发明内容
为克服现有技术存在的缺陷，本发明提供一种基于超低反射率光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
本发明设计一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，包括埋入超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的光纤蜂窝复合材料组件，所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件依次连接光缆、数据处理单元、频谱分析仪、计算机。
在上述方案中，所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件由下而上依次包括45°内表面预浸料、-45°内表面预浸料、蜂窝芯体、第一0°外表面预浸料、-45°外表面预浸料、第二0°外表面预浸料、45°外表面预浸料，相邻预浸料之间通过胶粘层固定超低反射率FBG阵列传感器，所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器尾部的光纤从所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件的侧面引出连接解调仪和电脑。其中，超低反射率FBG阵列传感器埋入相邻预浸料之间，将超低反射率FBG阵列传感器作为轴向纱，在编织蜂窝复合材料夹层板过程中始终保持平直，其他织纱则结织在周围，此方法可以保证光纤在蜂窝复合材料内不会受到应力作用。
在上述方案中，所述胶粘层为硅橡胶胶粘剂。
在上述方案中，四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器分别为压力传感器、温度传感器、振动传感器和声学传感器，分别用于监测感应光纤蜂窝复合材料组件自身应力和应变、温度、裂纹、振动参量，上述四个传感器均选用双芯超低反射率FBG阵列传感器。
在上述方案中，四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的敏感单元为定制光栅间距的超低反射率光纤布拉格光栅。弱光栅FBG阵列光纤无焊接点，可根据实际监测要求定制光栅间距，光纤用量较传统FBG传感器大大减少，对蜂窝复合材料本身强度性能影响可减少到最低，可以在蜂窝夹层材料中构成大规模的网状传感结构。
每个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的传感光纤采用碳纤维缠丝，保证埋入光纤敏感探头与蜂窝复合材料的相容及强度的一致性，消除因超低反射率FBG阵列传感器埋入后产生的应力影响以及对蜂窝复合材料性能的降低。
四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器形成的分布式光纤传感网络为波分时分混合复用传感网络，增加了传感器复用容量，形成应力与温度准分布式测量、振动与声学分布式测量。
每个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的光纤传感网络采用柔性光纤接头。消除因超低反射率FBG阵列传感器埋入后对阵列光纤产生的应力影响。
在上述方案中，所述数据处理单元处理数据的方法为超低反射率FBG全同弱光栅差分频移干涉解调方法。差分频移干涉是在传统单臂频移干涉基础上对干涉仪中的顺时针和逆时针两路探测光分别设置移频器，通过两个干涉臂的频移完成对于特定光程差产生的拍频频率的控制，最终实现对任意位置反射单元的拍频频率进行调节。相对于传统的单臂频移干涉，差分频移干涉的寻址不需要作大量的傅里叶变换运算，可以直接获取拍频功率信号。该方法克服了传统频移干涉法需要作快速傅里叶变换带来的计算量大的缺点，同时系统具有较低的拍频频率和较小的数据量，大幅降低了系统对光电探测器和数据采集器的性能要求，具有高速实时、结构简单的优势。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
本发明将双芯超低反射率FBG阵列传感器埋入蜂窝复合材料夹层之中，采用时分波分混用解调，可以同时监测感应蜂窝复合材料自身应力和应变、温度、裂纹、振动多种参量，构建监测蜂窝复合材料状态的分布式传感网络，具有抗电磁干扰、抗腐蚀、耐高温、防爆、频带宽、损耗低、精度较高等特点，实现智能蜂窝复合材料的自感知、自评估，为蜂窝复合材料构件在高速运行器上的长期安全运行提供保障，具有巨大的经济价值和重要的社会价值，研究成果具有十分广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明，附图中：
图1为一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料的示意图；
图2为光纤蜂窝复合材料组件的结构示意图；
图3为图2中R处的放大示意图。
图中：光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1(其中：45°内表面预浸料1.1、-45°内表面预浸料1.2、蜂窝芯体1.3、第一0°外表面预浸料1.4、-45°外表面预浸料1.5、第二0°外表面预浸料1.6、超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7、光纤1.71、45°外表面预浸料1.8、胶粘层1.9)、光缆2、数据处理单元3、频谱分析仪4、计算机5。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。
本发明提供一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，如图1所示，主要包括依次连接的光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1、光缆2、数据处理单元3、频谱分析仪4、计算机5。
如图2所示，光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1由下而上依次包括45°内表面预浸料1.1、-45°内表面预浸料1.2、蜂窝芯体1.3、第一0°外表面预浸料1.4、-45°外表面预浸料1.5、第二0°外表面预浸料1.6、45°外表面预浸料1.8，相邻预浸料之间通过胶粘层1.9固定一个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7。四个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7尾部的光纤1.71从光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1的侧面引出连接解调仪和电脑。在本实施例中，胶粘层1.9选用硅橡胶胶粘剂。
四个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7分别为压力传感器、温度传感器、振动传感器和声学传感器，分别用于监测感应光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1自身应力和应变、温度、裂纹、振动参量，上述四个传感器均选用双芯超低反射率FBG阵列传感器。四个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的敏感单元为定制光栅间距的超低反射率光纤布拉格光栅；每个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的传感光纤采用碳纤维缠丝；四个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7形成的分布式光纤传感网络为波分时分混合复用传感网络；每个超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的光纤传感网络采用柔性光纤接头。
光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1的制备过程如下所示：使用丙酮将不锈钢模板擦拭干净，并在其内表面均匀刷涂脱模剂，便于固化结束之后脱模。同时，为避免固化过程中溢出的粘结材料与模型框架粘连，用胶带在模框表面均匀缠绕，并包裹玻璃纸，然后按照所需尺寸及碳纤维方向提前裁剪碳纤维预浸料，将预浸料按照预先设计好的铺层顺序分别铺覆在模具上，每铺一层用刮板刮平，去除层间的空气，同时确定光栅区域的位置并进行标记，将超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7铺设在所需位置并轻压光纤部分，利用预浸料本身的粘性(即胶粘层1.9)对阵列传感器进行固定。重复此步骤完成所有超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的铺设和后续预浸料的铺覆，然后将尾端光纤从复合材料层合板的侧面引出，且光纤保护套管应进入预浸料铺层5-10mm，并将引出部分用耐高温胶带固定在模型框架上，从而保证在后续操作中超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7位置不发生偏移。完成铺覆后合上模具，放入平板硫化机中采用树脂传递模塑成型技术进行固化成型，整理光纤引线并连接解调仪和电脑，以便实时观测超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的工作情况。树脂传递模塑成型技术，是航空航天复合材料低成本制造技术的主要发展方向之一，该固化成型技术具有产品质量好、生产效率高、模具和产品设计灵活、带芯材的复合材料能够一次成型等优点。复合材料的夹层板固化完成后打开硫化机，待其冷却后进行开模，最后将埋入超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.7的复合材料夹层板和蜂窝芯体1.3通过胶粘层1.9粘接，合成光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1。
本发明的智能监测方法包括以下步骤：光纤蜂窝复合材料组件1中的超低反射率FBG阵列传感器1.1实时拾取航空航天器运行中振动、应力、温度信号，并通过光缆2送入数据处理单元3中进行处理，处理后的数据再送入频谱分析仪4分析，最后将结果显示在计算机5中的专家系统中，自动检测了航空航天器中蜂窝复合材料的状态情况。其中，数据处理单元处理数据的方法为超低反射率FBG全同弱光栅差分频移干涉解调方法。本发明建立了监测蜂窝复合材料应力、应变、裂纹萌生、温度、振动、形变等多参数分布式传感网络，实现智能蜂窝复合材料的自感知、自评估，增强了航天航空器的运行安全性。
附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可做出很多形式，这些均属于本发明的保护之内。

Claims (6)

1.一种基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，包括埋入超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)的光纤蜂窝复合材料组件(1)，所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件(1)依次连接光缆(2)、数据处理单元(3)、频谱分析仪(4)、计算机(5)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件(1)由下而上依次包括45°内表面预浸料(1.1)、-45°内表面预浸料(1.2)、蜂窝芯体(1.3)、第一0°外表面预浸料(1.4)、-45°外表面预浸料(1.5)、第二0°外表面预浸料(1.6)、45°外表面预浸料(1.8)，相邻预浸料之间通过胶粘层(1.9)固定一个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)；四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)尾部的光纤(1.71)从所述光纤蜂窝复合材料组件(1)的侧面引出连接解调仪和电脑。
3.根据权利要求2所述的基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，所述胶粘层(1.9)为硅橡胶胶粘剂。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)分别为压力传感器、温度传感器、振动传感器和声学传感器，分别用于监测感应光纤蜂窝复合材料组件(1)自身应力和应变、温度、裂纹、振动参量，上述四个传感器均选用双芯超低反射率FBG阵列传感器。
5.根据权利要求2所述的基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)的敏感单元为定制光栅间距的超低反射率光纤布拉格光栅；每个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)的传感光纤采用碳纤维缠丝；四个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)形成的分布式光纤传感网络为波分时分混合复用传感网络；每个所述超低反射率FBG阵列传感器(1.7)的光纤传感网络采用柔性光纤接头。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的基于超低反射率FBG阵列传感器的智能蜂窝复合材料，其特征在于，所述数据处理单元(3)处理数据的方法为超低反射率FBG全同弱光栅差分频移干涉解调方法。
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