CN110172156B - 一种含有共轭聚合物的复合纳米粒子及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

一种含有共轭聚合物的复合纳米粒子及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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CN110172156B
CN110172156B CN201910315606.7A CN201910315606A CN110172156B CN 110172156 B CN110172156 B CN 110172156B CN 201910315606 A CN201910315606 A CN 201910315606A CN 110172156 B CN110172156 B CN 110172156B
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罗亮
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种含有共轭聚合物的复合纳米粒子及其制备方法与应用,属于纳米粒子技术领域。所述复合纳米粒子含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子部分,所述阳离子部分为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物与所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过静电作用力连接。所述的复合纳米粒子用于制备抗菌制剂和/或荧光探针的应用,广泛适用于各种抗菌环境,抗菌效果好;且能够实现原始光敏剂的荧光淬灭,当接触待测对象时,荧光增强,便于检测。

Description

一种含有共轭聚合物的复合纳米粒子及其制备方法与应用
技术领域
本发明属于纳米粒子技术领域,特别涉及一种含有共轭聚合物的复合纳米粒子及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
利用光敏剂产生的活性氧来治疗疾病的方法被称为光动力疗法。此方法在抗菌领域已获得了一些成果。光敏剂为小分子化合物,在应用环境中存在溶解性不高、代谢能力差等缺点,由此可以想到通过合适的纳米粒子负载光敏剂分子。
在实际应用中,为了实现对待处理部位的高效识别和检测,通常可以选用能够随分子聚集荧光信号增强的聚集诱导发光型光敏剂,这样有效避免传统光敏剂聚集引发淬灭的问题。然而,纳米粒子负载的光敏剂处于原始聚集荧光状态,纳米粒子负载的聚集诱导发光型光敏剂通常不能在应用环境中实现荧光的变化、或只能制备得到turn-off型荧光探针。
最有利地,检测人员期望能够获得更适于检测流程的turn-on型荧光探针,即光敏剂原始处于荧光屏蔽状态,当发现或接触待处理对象时,荧光出现或增强。更进一步地,现有技术中仅仅利用光敏剂进行杀菌强度还不够,还需要进一步增强,以及还不能实现对细菌的选择性和靶向性。
发明内容
本发明解决了现有技术中利用光敏剂进行杀菌不能在应用环境中实现荧光的变化,使得不能检测应用环境中的细菌浓度,以及聚阳离子型聚合物杀菌强度不够的技术问题。本发明利用聚阴离子型共轭聚合物负载聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/聚阳离子型聚合物,一方面能够实现纳米粒子组装体中聚集诱导发光光敏剂的荧光淬灭,另一方面还能协同聚阳离子型聚合物进行杀菌,提高杀菌效果。
按照本发明的第一方面,提供了一种复合纳米粒子,所述复合纳米粒子含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子部分,所述阳离子部分为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有共轭聚合物链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物与所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过静电作用力连接。
优选地,所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段上的阴离子修饰有靶向分子,所述靶向分子为对细菌具有靶向作用的分子;所述共轭聚合物链段上的阴离子与所述靶向分子通过亲水链段聚合物共价连接;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子与共轭聚合物链段由烷基链连接,所述烷基链的碳原子个数为2-10;所述聚阳离子型聚合物为聚赖氨酸和/或聚三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酸酯;
优选地,所述对细菌具有靶向作用的分子为叠氮化麦芽糊精、炔基化万古霉素或半胱氨酸化多粘菌素B;所述亲水链段为含有醚键或羟基的链段;进一步优选地,含有羟基的链段为聚乙二醇链段。
优选地,所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子为羧酸根或磺酸根;所述共轭聚合物链段为炔烃、苯胺或噻吩单体聚合形成的链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂中的阳离子为吡啶、吡啶盐、叔胺或季铵;
优选地,所述共轭聚合物链段为聚丁二炔链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂的结构式如式Ⅰ、式II、式III或式IV所示:
Figure BDA0002032969750000031
优选地,所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物为聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供了任一所述的复合纳米粒子的制备方法,将聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和带正电荷的分子溶解于有机溶剂中,充分混匀后形成均相溶液;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有共轭聚合物链段,所述带正电荷的分子为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;向所述均相溶液中加水,使所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和所述带正电荷的分子自组装形成复合纳米粒子;然后对水透析,即得到所述复合纳米粒子;
优选地,所述均相溶液中的负电荷与正电荷的数量相等;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子型聚合物的电荷量之比为9:(1-81);
优选地,向经过透析得到的复合纳米粒子水溶液中加入磷酸盐形成等渗溶液。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供了一种靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物,所述靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有靶向基团和聚阴离子型共轭聚合物;所述靶向基团与聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过亲水链段连接;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子与共轭聚合物链段由烷基链连接,所述烷基链的碳原子个数为2-10。
优选地,所述靶向基团为对细菌具有靶向作用的基团。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供了所述的一种靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物的制备方法,含有以下步骤:
S1:将末端连接有叠氮、炔基或马来酰亚胺基的亲水链段聚合物溶解于有机溶剂中,所述亲水链段的另一端连接有氨基;然后加入聚羧基共轭聚合物,使所述聚羧基共轭聚合物与亲水链段聚合物发生缩合反应;所述聚羧基共轭聚合物含有共轭聚合物链段;所述聚羧基共轭聚合物中的羧基与共轭聚合物链段由烷基链连接,所述烷基链的碳原子个数为2-10;
S2:向步骤S1所得产物中加入靶向分子,通过点击化学反应或加成反应将靶向分子偶联至亲水链段聚合物的末端,即得到靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物。
优选地,步骤S2所述靶向分子为对细菌具有靶向作用的分子;步骤S1所述聚羧基共轭聚合物的链段为炔烃、苯胺或噻吩单体聚合形成的链段;
优选地,所述靶向分子为叠氮化麦芽糊精、炔基化万古霉素或半胱氨酸化多粘菌素B;所述聚羧基共轭聚合物的链段为聚丁二炔链段;所述聚羧基共轭聚合物为聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供了一种荧光探针或抗菌制剂,含有任一所述的复合纳米粒子。
按照本发明的另一方面,提供了任一所述的复合纳米粒子用于荧光探针和/或制备抗菌制剂的应用。
总体而言,通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比,主要具备以下的技术优点:
(1)本发明利用共轭聚合物负载聚集诱导发光光敏剂,能够实现纳米粒子组装体中聚集诱导发光光敏剂的荧光淬灭。其荧光淬灭的机理利用了共轭聚合物中的共轭链段对聚集诱导发光光敏剂分子激发态产生的能量转移作用导致。当本发明所述的共轭聚合物与光敏剂分子在纳米粒子组装体中处于聚集态时,两者能够有效的发生激发态能量共振转移,使得光敏剂分子将激发态能量转移给共轭聚合物分子,而不能以荧光发射的形式回到基态,从而产生荧光淬灭的效果。在待测对象存在时,由于待测对象对阳离子的竞争性静电相互作用导致初始纳米组装体解离,共轭聚合物与光敏剂分子从组装体中分离,两者距离增大,能量转移的效率大大降低,此时,光敏剂分子聚集于待测对象产生强荧光发射。基于以上原理,本发明得到的荧光探针具有随待测物存在荧光turn-on的性能,即光敏剂处于原始荧光淬灭状态,当接触待测对象时,荧光增强。本发优选地选用聚丁二炔作为共轭聚合物的共轭聚合物链段,聚丁二炔具有较宽波段的吸收光谱,能够很好地淬灭荧光分子。
(2)本发明的复合纳米粒子尤其适用于抗菌体系,提供了一种非抗生素手段的抗菌方式,广泛适用于各种抗菌环境,如污水处理、医疗器械消毒、人体细菌感染等。基于光敏剂分子与聚阳离子抗菌剂的协同抗菌具有更高效杀灭细菌的效果。其主要原理在于聚阳离子杀灭细菌的过程中伴随着静电相互作用对细菌膜结构的破坏作用。随着聚阳离子与细菌的作用,细菌膜结构的屏障作用减弱,通透性增加,有利于光敏剂分子的进入,从而增强其对细菌的杀伤效果。因此在抗菌应用中使用合适的纳米粒子结构将两种抗菌方式结合起来实现协同抗菌一种高效的抗菌策略
(3)本发明优选地在聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段上连接有靶向基团,聚阳离子抗菌剂及阳离子型光敏剂的抗菌能力较强,然而,受限于两者本身的分子特性,阳离子型分子能够与带有负电荷的多种生物分子产生非特异性的静电相互作用,导致其难以有效作用于细菌产生针对性的杀伤力。因此,本发明中将两种选择性较差的抗菌分子通过聚离子复合物纳米粒子的形式结合在一起,通过对整体纳米组装体的靶向分子修饰,并利用细菌的静电相互作用实现两种抗菌分子针对细菌的靶向作用和可控释放,有效提升了抗菌作用的靶向性和选择性,降低了非特异性的作用,降低毒副作用。
(4)本发明通过将末端连接有叠氮、炔基或马来酰亚胺基的亲水链段聚合物与聚羧基共轭聚合物发生缩合反应,再加入靶向分子,通过点击化学反应或加成反应将靶向分子偶联至亲水链段聚合物的末端,即得到靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物,靶向分子的修饰使得聚阴离子型共轭聚合物具有了对细菌的靶向选择作用。
附图说明
图1为自组装得到复合纳米粒子的示意图。
图2为光散射法表征纳米粒子组装体粒径分布。
图3和图4分别为不含光敏剂分子和含光敏剂分子的三组分纳米粒子透射电镜图。
图5为纳米粒子自组装和抗菌释放示意图。
图6为协同抗菌效果图。
图7、图8、图9和图10分别为空白对照、单独光敏剂分子、单独聚阳离子抗菌剂和纳米粒子抗菌剂的抗菌结果平板计数。
图11为聚离子复合物纳米粒子中光敏剂分子被淬灭的效果图。
图12和图13分别为细菌存在时荧光增强过程的荧光光谱和荧光强度定量变化趋势。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。此外,下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。
本发明中实验仪器及数据测定方法:
(1)动态光散射测定纳米粒子粒径使用马尔文粒度仪进行测试。样品终浓度为0.2mg/mL的纯水中,散射角度为0-90°,激光光源波长为633nm。
(2)透射电镜表征采用Tecnai G220系统进行测试,测试电压200kV。样品溶液0.2mg/mL,10uL滴涂至碳支持膜铜网表面并自然晾干后进行TEM测试。
(3)荧光光谱测试使用日立F-4600进行测试,聚离子复合物浓度固定为0.2mg/mL,使用450nm波长激发,收集470-800nm范围内的荧光发射,激发发射狭缝宽度设置为5,检测器光电倍增管电压设定为700V。
本发明中含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物可以选自来源于炔烃、苯胺、噻吩等单体的聚合物,优选来源于炔烃的共轭聚合物,最优选来源于丁二炔的共轭聚合物。聚阴离子型共轭聚合物在复合纳米粒子中含量为10~90%,优选30~70%,最优选40~60%,所述百分含量为电荷百分数。聚阴离子型共轭聚合物的数均分子量为(10kDa-100kDa,优选为40kDa)。
本发明中含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物优选带有靶向基团,由此可以实现对待处理部位的高效识别。含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物结合靶向基团得到靶向共轭聚合物。靶向基团可以根据应用环境选择本领域已知的对细菌具有靶向性的基团。如叠氮化麦芽糊精、炔基化万古霉素、半胱氨酸化多粘菌素B等。靶向基团相对于共轭聚合物链段的含量为0%-20%,优选为10%。靶向基团可以通过化学键与共轭聚合物链段上的阴离子连接,优选通过亲水性聚合物链段和共轭聚合物上的阴离子连接。可选的亲水性聚合物链段可以是含有醚键或羟基的柔性链段,优选聚乙二醇链段。亲水性链段在含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的含量为0%-50%,优选为20%,亲水性链段数均分子量为500Da-20000Da,优选为2000Da-5000Da。
本发明中含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子用于调节在复合纳米粒子制备时的组装。阴离子为在水中具有带有负电荷的基团,优选羧酸根或磺酸根。
本发明中一种靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物的制备方法,含有以下步骤:
S1:将末端连接有叠氮、炔基或马来酰亚胺基的亲水链段聚合物溶解于有机溶剂中,所述亲水链段的另一端连接有氨基;然后加入聚羧基共轭聚合物,使所述聚羧基共轭聚合物与亲水链段聚合物发生缩合反应;所述聚羧基共轭聚合物含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段;
S2:向步骤S1所得产物中加入靶向分子,通过点击化学反应或加成反应将靶向分子偶联至亲水链段聚合物的末端,即得到靶向分子修饰的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物。
步骤S2所述靶向分子为叠氮化麦芽糊精、炔基化万古霉素或半胱氨酸化多粘菌素B;步骤S1所述聚羧基共轭聚合物链段为炔烃、苯胺或噻吩单体聚合形成的链段;步骤S1所述聚羧基共轭聚合物中的羧基与共轭聚合物链段由烷基链连接;步骤S2所述靶向分子为对细菌具有靶向作用的分子。
所述聚羧基共轭聚合物链段为聚丁二炔链段;所述烷基链的碳原子个数为2-10;优选地,所述聚羧基共轭聚合物为聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)。
步骤S1所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物上的羧基物质的量与末端连接有叠氮、炔基或马来酰亚胺基的亲水链段聚合物的物质的量之比为1:(0.1-0.5);步骤S2所述靶向分子与步骤S1中末端连接有叠氮、炔基或马来酰亚胺基的亲水链段聚合物的物质的量之比为1:(1-10)。
本发明中含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物可采用主客体识别共晶拓扑聚合的方法制备得到(可参考Li,Z.(2008).TopochemicalPolymerization of Novel Diacetylenes;Synthesis and Characterization ofSoluble Polydiacetylenes(Doctoral dissertation,The Graduate School,StonyBrook University:Stony Brook,NY.).)。制备方法包括以下几个步骤:
a)聚合含有共轭基团的单体得到共轭聚合物链段;
b)步骤a的产物进行靶向改性。
作为优选方案的羧基改性聚丁二炔,采取以下方法进行聚合得到。
制备方法如下:所用原料为4,6-二炔基癸二酸,模板分子为双吡啶基草酰胺。将4,6-二炔基癸二酸1.96g(10mmol)溶解于约10mL甲醇中。将双吡啶基草酰胺10mmol-50mmol溶解于甲醇中,形成饱和溶液。以上两种溶液混合所得溶液在0-35℃的环境中自然挥发,析出晶体为4,6-二炔基癸二酸与模板分子双吡啶基草酰胺的共晶。所得共晶在100-150℃的范围内进行加热聚合,可观察到固体颜色转变(白至红)。经过3-48h加热聚合反应,优选12h,冷却至室温,得到聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)共晶。除去模板分子后得到暗红色固体产物纯品。
对共轭聚合物链段的靶向改性分为PEG修饰和靶向基团偶联两步:
a)PEG修饰:将一端为氨基的PEG(另一端为叠氮、炔基、马来酰亚胺等基团)溶解于DMSO中得到1mg/mL的溶液。聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)在DMSO中配制为1mg/mL的溶液,以羧基摩尔当量计,投入5当量EDC和1当量DMAP,反应30分钟后,加入前述氨基PEG溶液,反应24h时后透析。聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)与PEG的质量比为1:1至1:100。
b)靶向基团偶联:上述PEG修饰后的产物在透析纯化后在水溶液中加入靶向分子,分别用一价铜催化的点击化学反应和巯基-马来酰亚胺加成反应将靶向分子偶联至PEG链段的末端。投料比为靶向分子:PEG(1:10-1:1),优选1:1。
本发明中的阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂中的阳离子更容易和带有负电荷的细菌表面结合。所述阳离子包括含有氮原子的基团,如吡啶及其盐、叔胺、季铵等。所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂优选地为结构式如式Ⅰ、式II、式III或式IV所示:
Figure BDA0002032969750000101
式Ⅰ、式II、式III和式IV所示的光敏剂的制备方法可参照公开号为CN108727256A的专利。
本发明中的复合纳米粒子含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子部分,所述阳离子部分为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物与所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过静电作用力连接。实现了对光敏剂的负载,负载了光敏剂的纳米载体为纳米复合物。得到的纳米粒子具有环境响应性,以期能够在应用环境中可控释放光敏剂。本发明选用含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物作为纳米载体负载光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物,减小了治疗副作用,对环境友好。
具体而言,阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物通过自组装在溶剂中形成具有可以用来负载光敏剂的内核,含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物具有靶向性的外壳/臂。聚阳离子型聚合物优选地为聚赖氨酸、聚三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酸酯等,聚阳离子抗菌剂与细菌作用过程中能造成细菌胞膜的通透性改变,减弱屏障作用,进而辅助光敏剂协同抗菌。聚阳离子型聚合物的数均分子量为(5kDa-100kDa)。含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物与聚阳离子型聚合物的含量比为10:9~10:1(以静电荷计)。
实施例1:聚羧酸根阴离子聚丁二炔的合成
聚羧酸根阴离子聚丁二炔的合成可采用主客体识别共晶拓扑聚合的方法制备得到(可参考Li,Z.(2008).Topochemical Polymerization of Novel Diacetylenes;Synthesis and Characterization of Soluble Polydiacetylenes(Doctoraldissertation,The Graduate School,Stony Brook University:Stony Brook,NY.).)。
聚羧酸根阴离子聚丁二炔的合成:所用原料为4,6-二炔基癸二酸,模板分子为双吡啶基草酰胺。将4,6-二炔基癸二酸1.96g(10mmol)溶解于约10mL甲醇中。将双吡啶基草酰胺10mmol-50mmol溶解于甲醇中,形成饱和溶液。以上两种溶液混合所得溶液在0-35℃的环境中自然挥发,析出晶体为4,6-二炔基癸二酸与模板分子双吡啶基草酰胺的共晶。所得共晶在100-150℃的范围内进行加热聚合,可观察到固体颜色转变(白至红)。经过3-48h加热聚合反应,优选12h,冷却至室温,得到聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)共晶,除去模板,得到聚羧酸根阴离子聚丁二炔。
实施例2:含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物的靶向修饰
将实施例1得到的产物进行靶向修饰。分为PEG修饰和靶向基团偶联两步。
PEG修饰:将一端为氨基的PEG(另一端为叠氮、炔基、马来酰亚胺等基团)溶解于DMSO中得到1mg/mL的溶液。聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)在DMSO中配制为1mg/mL的溶液,以羧基摩尔当量计,投入5当量EDC和1当量DMAP,反应30分钟后,加入前述氨基PEG溶液,反应24小时后透析。聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)与PEG的物质的量之比为1:1至1:100。
靶向基团偶联:上述PEG修饰后的产物在透析纯化后在水溶液中加入靶向分子,分别用一价铜催化的点击化学反应和巯基-马来酰亚胺加成反应将靶向分子偶联至PEG链段的末端。投料比的物质的量之为为:靶向分子:PEG为(1:10-1:1),优选为1:1。
实施例3:复合纳米粒子的制备
图1为自组装得到复合纳米粒子的示意图。由图1可知,复合纳米粒子含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子部分,所述阳离子部分为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子型聚合物;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子型聚合物与所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过静电作用力连接。图2为光散射法测得纳米粒子组装体的粒径分布,由图2可知,其纳米粒子的流体力学直径约为43nm。图3为不含光敏剂分子的纳米粒子,图4为三组份纳米粒子组装体的透射电镜表征结果,由图4可知,三组分纳米离子为粒径在10-200nm之间的球状粒子形貌。
将实施例2制备的含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物,阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子分别溶解于DMSO中,混合形成均相溶液(比例为静电荷计,阴离子等于阳离子,阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子的电荷比例为1:9-9:1,优选1:9)。向上述DMSO混合溶液中缓慢加入9倍体积的纯水,随后所得纳米粒对水透析完全除去DMSO和残余小分子。向经过透析的纳米粒子水溶液中加入磷酸盐形成pH7.4的等渗缓冲溶液,得到可以直接应用于生理环境的制剂。
实施例4:不含光敏剂纳米粒子的制备
将实施例2制备的含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和聚阳离子分别溶解于DMSO中,混合形成均相溶液(比例为静电荷计,阴离子等于阳离子)。向上述DMSO混合溶液中缓慢加入9倍体积的纯水,随后所得纳米粒对水透析完全除去有机溶剂。向经过透析的纳米粒子水溶液中加入磷酸盐形成pH 7.4的等渗缓冲溶液,得到可以直接应用于生理环境的制剂。
实施例5:不含聚阳离子纳米粒子的制备
将实施例2制备的含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段的聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂分别溶解于DMSO中,混合形成均相溶液(比例为静电荷计,阴离子等于阳离子)。向上述DMSO混合溶液中缓慢加入9倍体积的纯水,随后所得纳米粒对水透析完全除去有机溶剂。向经过透析的纳米粒子水溶液中加入磷酸盐形成pH 7.4的等渗缓冲溶液,得到可以直接应用于生理环境的制剂。
实施例6:抗菌效果
图5为纳米粒子自组装和抗菌释放示意图。由图5可知,在细菌表面高密度负电荷的竞争作用下,纳米粒子组装体中带有正电荷的聚阳离子抗菌聚合物和阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂通过静电作用与细菌结合,导致纳米粒子的解组装。图6为协同抗菌效果图。在细菌表面,聚阳离子抗菌聚合物能够对细菌膜结构产生破坏,提升其通透性,增强光敏剂分子对细菌的杀伤力。在对其抗菌性能进行评估的实验中,以大肠杆菌为模型菌,在含菌水溶液中,以0.1mg/mL的纳米抗菌剂进行抗菌测试,在施加1min光照的条件下,纳米抗菌剂能够杀灭90%以上的细菌。对比同等剂量的光敏剂分子本身和聚阳离子抗菌剂分子,我们发现其抗菌能力均显著弱于纳米抗菌剂。通过对比两种抗菌剂的对照实验组,可以得出结论,两种抗菌剂协同作用的纳米抗菌剂中,两种抗菌方式产生协同作用,抗菌效果大于两者单独相加。图7、图8、图9和图10分别为空白对照、单独光敏剂分子、单独聚阳离子抗菌剂和纳米粒子抗菌剂的抗菌结果平板计数,可知,单独光敏剂分子和单独的聚阳离子抗菌剂均能够对细菌起到一定程度的杀伤作用,使培养生成的菌落数减少,但在较低剂量下不能完全彻底的杀灭细菌。而利用两者协同作用的纳米抗菌剂,能产生极强的杀菌效果,达到90%以上的杀菌能力。
实施例7:荧光检测
在荧光检测的实验中,我们固定纳米抗菌剂的浓度为0.1mg/mL,并向其中加入不同量的细菌,对所得溶液进行荧光光谱测试和荧光强度的定量分析。图11为聚离子复合物对光敏剂分子的淬灭效果图,由图11可知,相比于单分子状态下的光敏剂分子在纳米粒子中的光敏剂分子产生单线态氧的速率显著降低(比较两条线性拟合斜率对应为产生活性氧的速率)。图12和图13分别为细菌存在时荧光增强过程的荧光光谱和荧光强度定量变化趋势,可知,随着细菌量的增加,体系荧光逐渐增强,归属于光敏剂分子在565nm处的荧光发射峰逐渐上升,根据定量分析结果表明,在低浓度下,细菌量与荧光强度存在一定的线性区间。以其荧光变化10%处的细菌量为标准,可以计算得到体系荧光检测细菌的检测限为105~106CFU/mL。
本领域的技术人员容易理解,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (11)

1.一种复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述复合纳米粒子含有聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和阳离子部分,所述阳离子部分为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有共轭聚合物链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物与所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物通过静电作用力连接;
所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物链段上的阴离子修饰有靶向分子,所述靶向分子为对细菌具有靶向作用的分子;所述共轭聚合物链段上的阴离子与所述靶向分子通过亲水链段聚合物共价连接;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子与共轭聚合物链段由烷基链连接,所述烷基链的碳原子个数为2-10;所述聚阳离子型聚合物为聚赖氨酸和/或聚三甲基铵乙基甲基丙烯酸酯。
2.如权利要求1所述的复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述对细菌具有靶向作用的分子为叠氮化麦芽糊精、炔基化万古霉素或半胱氨酸化多粘菌素B;所述亲水链段为含有醚键或羟基的链段。
3.如权利要求2所述的复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述含有羟基的链段为聚乙二醇链段。
4.如权利要求1所述的复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物中的阴离子为羧酸根或磺酸根;所述共轭聚合物链段为炔烃、苯胺或噻吩单体聚合形成的链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂中的阳离子为吡啶、吡啶盐、叔胺或季铵。
5.如权利要求4所述的复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述共轭聚合物链段为聚丁二炔链段;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂的结构式如式Ⅰ、式II、式III或式IV所示:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
6.如权利要求4所述的复合纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物为聚(4,6-二炔基癸二酸)。
7.如权利要求1-6任一所述的复合纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于,将聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和带正电荷的分子溶解于有机溶剂中,充分混匀后形成均相溶液;所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物含有共轭聚合物链段,所述带正电荷的分子为阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和/或聚阳离子型聚合物;向所述均相溶液中加水,使所述聚阴离子型共轭聚合物和所述带正电荷的分子自组装形成复合纳米粒子;然后对水透析,即得到所述复合纳米粒子。
8.如权利要求7所述的复合纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于,所述均相溶液中的负电荷与正电荷的数量相等;所述阳离子型聚集诱导发光光敏剂和聚阳离子型聚合物的电荷量之比为9:(1-81)。
9.如权利要求7所述的复合纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于,向经过透析得到的复合纳米粒子水溶液中加入磷酸盐形成等渗溶液。
10.一种荧光探针或抗菌制剂,其特征在于,含有权利要求1-6任一所述的复合纳米粒子。
11.如权利要求1-6任一所述的复合纳米粒子用于荧光探针和/或制备抗菌制剂的应用。
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