CN110132817B - Constant-head multi-directional seepage test method for asphalt mixture - Google Patents
Constant-head multi-directional seepage test method for asphalt mixture Download PDFInfo
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- CN110132817B CN110132817B CN201910420727.8A CN201910420727A CN110132817B CN 110132817 B CN110132817 B CN 110132817B CN 201910420727 A CN201910420727 A CN 201910420727A CN 110132817 B CN110132817 B CN 110132817B
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- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001808 coupling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
- G01N15/0826—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample and measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. permeation rate or pressure change
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Abstract
A constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method relates to a seepage test method. The invention solves the problems that the existing asphalt mixture seepage test method can not distinguish vertical seepage, horizontal seepage and coupling seepage according to the actual condition of a road surface, and the measured permeability coefficient has limitation. Step one, preparing a Marshall test piece; step two, placing the formed Marshall test piece for 24 hours at room temperature, and then carrying out vacuum water retention on the Marshall test piece by using a vacuum pump, wherein the water retention time is 5-20 min; step three, sealing treatment: vertical seepage sealing, transverse seepage sealing and coupling seepage sealing; step four, installing a seepage device: placing the sealed Marshall test piece into a lower cavity of a seepage device, butting the upper cavity connecting piece and the lower cavity connecting piece with the Marshall test piece, ensuring sealing, and connecting the upper cavity, the connecting piece and the lower cavity; step five, water is introduced into the seepage device: and step six, calculating the total water head. The invention is used for the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an asphalt mixture seepage test method, in particular to a constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method.
Background
Asphalt pavement belongs to typical porous medium materials, and is inevitably subjected to coupling action of vehicle load, temperature and humidity during service to generate various types of diseases, wherein water damage caused by water permeating into the interior of a pavement structure from a road surface is a main cause of early damage of the asphalt pavement. The seepage of water in the asphalt mixture accelerates the peeling of asphalt from the surface of the aggregate, so that the adhesion of the asphalt and the aggregate is reduced, and finally, the asphalt pavement is damaged by pits, oil flooding, loosening and the like. Therefore, the seepage characteristic of water is an important index parameter for representing the durability of the asphalt pavement. On the other hand, in recent years, the application of drainage asphalt pavement is an important means for solving the problem of water accumulation on the pavement and relieving the urban heat island effect. Drainage pavements are widely concerned with their large pore characteristics and good drainage ability, and the same indication that characterizes their drainage ability is the seepage characteristics of water.
The pore space distribution of the asphalt mixture is related to the aggregate characteristics, the cementing material properties and the construction paving and rolling conditions, and the seepage forms of water in the mixture mainly comprise three types of vertical seepage, transverse seepage and coupling seepage. Vertical seepage mainly affects the pore water pressure inside the pavement structure, thereby causing structural damage to the base course. The transverse seepage is that water completely flows through the transverse communicating pores, and the transverse seepage is a main drainage path when the porous pavement drains water, so the transverse seepage capability of the asphalt mixture determines the drainage effect. In a general grade highway, the coupling seepage is the actual seepage form of moisture when the road surface is loaded by a vehicle.
The three seepage forms all have great influence on the design and use of the asphalt pavement in different aspects, a road surface seepage meter specified in JTG E20-2011 road engineering asphalt and asphalt mixture test regulations is mostly adopted to measure the water seepage characteristic of the asphalt mixture in the existing asphalt pavement design, however, the method can only measure the integral seepage capability of the pavement, cannot distinguish vertical, horizontal and coupling direction seepage according to the actual condition of the pavement, and the measured seepage coefficient has larger limitation and is not representative, and cannot completely represent the seepage behavior of water inside an asphalt pavement structure when the actual vehicle load is acted. In addition, when the seepage characteristic of water in the asphalt mixture is measured by using the water seepage instrument, the water head gradient can only be set at a lower level, and the high water head seepage behavior generated in the process of approaching the actual driving cannot be measured. Meanwhile, seepage testing methods attempted to be developed by some scholars have the problem that vertical direction, horizontal direction and coupling direction cannot be completely separated, and the measured result mainly takes vertical seepage as a main part. Some methods enable water to flow out of the mix both vertically and laterally, but do not address the problem of single lateral seepage.
In conclusion, the existing asphalt mixture seepage test method cannot distinguish vertical seepage, horizontal seepage and coupling seepage according to the actual condition of the pavement, and the measured permeability coefficient has limitation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method, aiming at solving the problems that the vertical seepage, the horizontal seepage and the coupling seepage cannot be distinguished according to the actual condition of a road surface by the existing asphalt mixture seepage test method, and the measured permeability coefficient is limited.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method is realized according to the following steps:
step one, preparing a Marshall test piece:
manufacturing an asphalt mixture test piece according to a test method of road engineering asphalt and asphalt mixture test procedures, and molding a hollow Marshall test piece by using a hollow Marshall test piece molding device, wherein the inner diameter range of the Marshall test piece is 7-40.8 mm, the outer diameter of the Marshall test piece is 101mm, and the height range of the Marshall test piece is 43.5-83.5 mm;
step two, vacuum water retention:
placing the formed Marshall test piece for 24 hours at room temperature, and then carrying out vacuum water retention on the Marshall test piece by using a vacuum pump, wherein the water retention time is 5-20 min;
step three, sealing treatment:
when vertical seepage is measured: the method comprises the following steps of (1) filling a hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring into an inner hole of a Marshall test piece, ensuring that one end of a rubber pad is hermetically connected with a testing device, sleeving a vertical waterproof side wall on the side wall of the Marshall test piece, enabling the vertical waterproof side wall to tightly hoop the Marshall test piece and the hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring, inserting the vertical seepage-proofing rubber ring into the hollow part of the test piece in a combined manner, and matching the inner diameter size with the outer diameter size of the seepage-proofing rubber ring to complete the test piece sealing of the vertical seepage test;
when measuring the transverse seepage flow:
installing inner hole sealing gaskets matched with the inner diameter of the Marshall test piece at the upper end and the lower end of the hollow part of the Marshall test piece, then putting the Marshall test piece into a transverse anti-seepage cover plate integrally, and arranging the cover plate sealing gaskets on the transverse anti-seepage cover plate to complete the test piece sealing of the transverse seepage test;
when measuring the coupling seepage:
inserting the coupling direction seepage-proofing device into the hollow part of the test piece to complete the test piece sealing of the coupling direction seepage test;
step four, installing a seepage device:
placing the sealed Marshall test piece into a lower cavity of a seepage device, butting the upper cavity connecting piece and the lower cavity connecting piece with the Marshall test piece, ensuring sealing, and connecting the upper cavity, the connecting piece and the lower cavity;
step five, water is introduced into the seepage device:
the water is introduced into the seepage device, the exhaust valve of the upper cavity is opened, when the water level rises to the position of the valve in the drainage period, namely no obvious air bubble exists in the water flow path, the exhaust valve is closed, and the vertical drainage valve is opened after the water is continuously introduced;
step six, calculating a total water head:
when the seepage flow passing through the Marshall test piece is stable, the indication u of the water pressure gauge is recorded w Recording the distance between the highest point of the liquid level in the make-up water tank and the central position of the vertical outflow port, namely a position water head z, and calculating the total water head difference:
where rho w Is the density of water kg/m 3 (ii) a g is gravity acceleration m/s 2 ；u w Is the water pressure; Δ H is the total head difference; z is the position head;
adopting a stopwatch and a measuring cylinder to record the flow and time when the seepage is stable, calculating the average value for many times, and obtaining the vertical permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
obtaining a transverse permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the waterhead gradient:
obtaining a coupling direction permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
the unit of permeability coefficient is m/s, Q is seepage flow, and the unit is m 3 S; Δ H is the total head difference, H is the specimen height, r 1 Is the inner radius of the specimen, r 2 Is the outer radius of the specimen in m.
In one embodiment, the Marshall specimen in step one has an inside diameter ranging from 10mm to 30mm and a height ranging from 50 to 80 mm.
In one embodiment, the Marshall specimen in step one has an inner diameter in the range of 15mm to 25mm and a height in the range of 55 mm to 70 mm.
In one embodiment, the Marshall specimen in step one has an inner diameter in the range of 20mm and a height in the range of 60 to 65 mm.
In one embodiment, the water retention time in the second step is 8-15 min.
In one embodiment, the water retention time in step two is 10 min.
In one embodiment, the inner hole sealing gasket and the cover plate sealing gasket in the third step are both silica gel sealing gaskets.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method adopts the hollow Marshall test piece, has simple forming method, does not need to design a special test piece independently, and ensures that the measurement method has universal applicability;
the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method adopts a vertical, transverse and coupling direction separation mode, and measures the permeability coefficient in a single direction each time to separate the transverse flow and the vertical flow of water;
the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method adopts a high water head condition for testing, so that the test result is consistent with the actual load condition of the road surface, and the seepage characteristic of water in the road surface can be reflected more truly;
the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method is simple and convenient to test and change, the vertical permeability coefficient, the horizontal permeability coefficient and the coupling permeability coefficient of the same test piece can be measured in sequence, the spatial distribution of the pore structure of the test piece is not influenced in the test process in different directions, and the test result is real and accurate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the whole structure of a constant head asphalt mixture multi-directional seepage test method according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a hollow impermeable rubber ring in a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a vertical waterproof sidewall structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a transverse impermeable cover plate according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a coupling anti-seepage device in the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a vertical seepage testing apparatus used in a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a lateral seepage testing apparatus used in a first embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a coupling direction seepage testing apparatus used in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows: as shown in fig. 1 to 8, the constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to the present embodiment includes the following steps:
step one, preparing a Marshall test piece:
manufacturing an asphalt mixture test piece according to a test method of road engineering asphalt and asphalt mixture test procedures, and molding a hollow Marshall test piece by using a hollow Marshall test piece molding device, wherein the inner diameter range of the Marshall test piece is 7-40.8 mm, the outer diameter of the Marshall test piece is 101mm, and the height range of the Marshall test piece is 43.5-83.5 mm;
step two, vacuum water retention:
placing the formed Marshall test piece for 24 hours at room temperature, and then carrying out vacuum water retention on the Marshall test piece by using a vacuum pump, wherein the water retention time is 5-20 min;
step three, sealing treatment:
when vertical seepage is measured: the method comprises the following steps of (1) filling a hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring into an inner hole of a Marshall test piece, ensuring that one end of a rubber pad is hermetically connected with a testing device, sleeving a vertical waterproof side wall on the side wall of the Marshall test piece, enabling the vertical waterproof side wall to tightly hoop the Marshall test piece and the hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring, inserting the vertical seepage-proofing rubber ring into the hollow part of the test piece in a combined manner, and matching the inner diameter size with the outer diameter size of the seepage-proofing rubber ring to complete the test piece sealing of the vertical seepage test;
when measuring the transverse seepage flow:
installing inner hole sealing gaskets matched with the inner diameter of the Marshall test piece at the upper end and the lower end of the hollow part of the Marshall test piece, then putting the Marshall test piece into a transverse anti-seepage cover plate integrally, and arranging the cover plate sealing gaskets on the transverse anti-seepage cover plate to complete the test piece sealing of the transverse seepage test;
when measuring the coupling seepage:
inserting the coupling direction seepage-proofing device into the hollow part of the test piece to complete the test piece sealing of the coupling direction seepage test;
step four, installing a seepage device:
placing the sealed Marshall test piece into a lower cavity of a seepage device, butting the upper cavity connecting piece and the lower cavity connecting piece with the Marshall test piece, ensuring sealing, and connecting the upper cavity, the connecting piece and the lower cavity;
step five, water is introduced into the seepage device:
the water is introduced into the seepage device, the exhaust valve of the upper cavity is opened, when the water level rises to the position of the valve in the drainage period, namely no obvious air bubble exists in the water flow path, the exhaust valve is closed, and the vertical drainage valve is opened after the water is continuously introduced;
step six, calculating a total water head:
when the seepage flow passing through the Marshall test piece is stable, the indication u of the water pressure gauge is recorded w Recording the distance between the highest point of the liquid level in the make-up water tank and the center position of the vertical outflow port, namely the positionHead z, calculating the total head difference:
where rho w Is the density of water kg/m 3 (ii) a g is gravity acceleration m/s 2 ；u w Is the water pressure; Δ H is the total head difference; z is the position head;
adopting a stopwatch and a measuring cylinder to record the flow and time when the seepage is stable, calculating the average value for many times, and obtaining the vertical permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
obtaining a transverse permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the waterhead gradient:
obtaining a coupling direction permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
the unit of permeability coefficient is m/s, Q is seepage flow, and the unit is m 3 S; Δ H is the total head difference, H is the specimen height, r 1 Is the inner radius of the specimen, r 2 Is the outer radius of the specimen in m.
The second embodiment is as follows: in the first step of the embodiment, the inner diameter of the marshall test piece ranges from 10mm to 30mm, and the height of the marshall test piece ranges from 50 mm to 80 mm. By the design, the inner diameter range and the height range of the Marshall test piece are both in the range of the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture, and the Marshall test piece meets the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture for highway engineering. Other components and operation steps are the same as those of the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: in the first step of the embodiment, the inner diameter of the marshall test piece ranges from 15mm to 25mm, and the height of the marshall test piece ranges from 55 mm to 70 mm. By the design, the inner diameter range and the height range of the Marshall test piece are both in the range of the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture, and the Marshall test piece meets the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture for highway engineering. The other components and operation steps are the same as those of the second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: in the first step of the embodiment, the inner diameter range of the marshall test piece is 20mm, and the height range of the marshall test piece is 60-65 mm. By the design, the inner diameter range and the height range of the Marshall test piece are both in the range of the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture, and the Marshall test piece meets the test procedures of asphalt and asphalt mixture for highway engineering. Other components and operation steps are the same as those of the third embodiment.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: in the second step of the present embodiment, the water retention time is 8-15 min. By the operation, the standard concrete sample can be placed into the water saturation equipment for full-automatic vacuum water retention, so that the Marshall sample vacuum water retention meets the standard requirements. The other components and operation steps are the same as those of the first, second, third or fourth embodiment.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the water retention time in step two of the present embodiment is 10 min. By the operation, the standard concrete sample can be placed into the water saturation equipment for full-automatic vacuum water retention, so that the Marshall sample vacuum water retention meets the standard requirements. The other components and operation steps are the same as those of the fifth embodiment.
The seventh embodiment: in the third step of the embodiment, the inner hole sealing gasket and the cover plate sealing gasket are both silica gel sealing gaskets. By the operation, the silica gel sealing effect is good, and the service life is long. Other components and operation steps are the same as those of the sixth embodiment.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and equivalents can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended that all such modifications and equivalents fall within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.
Claims (7)
1. A constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, preparing a Marshall test piece:
manufacturing an asphalt mixture test piece according to a test method of road engineering asphalt and asphalt mixture test procedures, and molding a hollow Marshall test piece by using a hollow Marshall test piece molding device, wherein the inner diameter range of the Marshall test piece is 7-40.8 mm, the outer diameter of the Marshall test piece is 101mm, and the height range of the Marshall test piece is 43.5-83.5 mm;
step two, vacuum water retention:
placing the formed Marshall test piece for 24 hours at room temperature, and then carrying out vacuum water retention on the Marshall test piece by using a vacuum pump, wherein the water retention time is 5-20 min;
step three, sealing treatment:
when vertical seepage is measured: the method comprises the following steps of (1) filling a hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring into an inner hole of a Marshall test piece, ensuring that one end of a rubber pad is hermetically connected with a testing device, sleeving a vertical waterproof side wall on the side wall of the Marshall test piece, enabling the vertical waterproof side wall to tightly hoop the Marshall test piece and the hollow seepage-proofing rubber ring, inserting the vertical seepage-proofing rubber ring into the hollow part of the test piece in a combined manner, and matching the inner diameter size with the outer diameter size of the seepage-proofing rubber ring to complete the test piece sealing of the vertical seepage test;
when measuring the transverse seepage flow:
installing inner hole sealing gaskets matched with the inner diameter of the Marshall test piece at the upper end and the lower end of the hollow part of the Marshall test piece, then putting the Marshall test piece into a transverse anti-seepage cover plate integrally, and arranging the cover plate sealing gaskets on the transverse anti-seepage cover plate to complete the test piece sealing of the transverse seepage test;
when measuring the coupling seepage:
inserting the coupling direction seepage-proofing device into the hollow part of the test piece to complete the test piece sealing of the coupling direction seepage test;
step four, installing a seepage device:
placing the sealed Marshall test piece into a lower cavity of a seepage device, butting the upper cavity connecting piece and the lower cavity connecting piece with the Marshall test piece, ensuring sealing, and connecting the upper cavity, the connecting piece and the lower cavity;
step five, water is introduced into the seepage device:
the water is introduced into the seepage device, the exhaust valve of the upper cavity is opened, when the water level rises to the position of the valve in the drainage period, namely no obvious air bubble exists in the water flow path, the exhaust valve is closed, and the vertical drainage valve is opened after the water is continuously introduced;
step six, calculating a total water head:
when the seepage flow passing through the Marshall test piece is stable, the indication u of the water pressure gauge is recorded w Recording the distance between the highest point of the liquid level in the make-up water tank and the central position of the vertical outflow port, namely a position water head z, and calculating the total water head difference:
where rho w Is the density of water kg/m 3 (ii) a g is gravity acceleration m/s 2 ；u w Is the water pressure; Δ H is the total head difference; z is the position head;
adopting a stopwatch and a measuring cylinder to record the flow and time when the seepage is stable, calculating the average value for many times, and obtaining the vertical permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
obtaining a transverse permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the waterhead gradient:
obtaining a coupling direction permeability coefficient according to the relation between the permeability coefficient and the water head gradient:
the unit of permeability coefficient is m/s, Q is seepage flow, and the unit is m 3 S; Δ H is total head difference, H is specimen height, r 1 Is the inner radius of the specimen, r 2 Is the outer radius of the specimen in m.
2. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the inner diameter of the Marshall test piece ranges from 10mm to 30mm, and the height of the Marshall test piece ranges from 50 mm to 80 mm.
3. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 2, wherein in the first step, the inner diameter of the Marshall test piece ranges from 15mm to 25mm, and the height of the Marshall test piece ranges from 55 mm to 70 mm.
4. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 3, wherein in the first step, the inner diameter range of a Marshall test piece is 20mm, and the height range of the Marshall test piece is 60-65 mm.
5. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the water retention time in the second step is 8-15 min.
6. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the water retention time in the second step is 10 min.
7. The constant head asphalt mixture multidirectional seepage test method according to claim 6, wherein in the third step, the inner hole sealing gasket and the cover plate sealing gasket are both silica gel sealing gaskets.
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| CN110672493B (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2022-03-29 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for extracting microscopic seepage path of asphalt mixture |
| CN116840125B (en) * | 2023-07-05 | 2024-06-07 | 长安大学 | Device and method for testing water permeability anisotropy of road base granule |
| CN118688070A (en) * | 2024-08-26 | 2024-09-24 | 中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Full-automatic open graded asphalt concrete penetration test device and method |
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| CN108613914A (en) * | 2018-06-19 | 2018-10-02 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of multidirectional seepage flow test device of the asphalt of constant head |
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| CN110132817A (en) | 2019-08-16 |
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