CN110128138A - The preparation method and fiber grating temperature compensator of ceramic substrate - Google Patents
The preparation method and fiber grating temperature compensator of ceramic substrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN110128138A CN110128138A CN201910428853.8A CN201910428853A CN110128138A CN 110128138 A CN110128138 A CN 110128138A CN 201910428853 A CN201910428853 A CN 201910428853A CN 110128138 A CN110128138 A CN 110128138A
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- C04B35/495—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or tungsten oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. vanadates, niobates, tantalates, molybdates or tungstates
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- C04B37/04—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with articles made from glass
- C04B37/047—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with articles made from glass by means of an interlayer consisting of an organic adhesive, e.g. phenol resin or pitch
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- C04B2235/3231—Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation method of ceramic substrate and fiber grating temperature compensators.This method comprises: by ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol ground and mixed are uniform, form slurry；When dehydrated alcohol content drops to preset threshold, slurry is placed in mold and is pressed into green body；Green body is sintered and pure cold, ceramic body is made；Ceramic body is ground so that the ceramic substrate is made.The device includes the substrate prepared using this method, and the fiber grating being fixed on the substrate, and the grating portion in fiber grating is located on the substrate.The present invention only utilizes ZrW2O8Monocrystal prepares ceramic substrate, the intermediate preparation step for not executing ceramic powder, therefore reduces preparation step, shortens the processing time, reduces production cost, the uniformity of obtained ceramic substrate is good.Compensation device of the invention can be provided by the way that the different-thickness of substrate is arranged for temperature-compensating effect different required for fiber grating.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fiber bragg grating device technical field, in particular to a kind of ceramic substrate that fiber bragg grating device uses
Preparation method and fiber grating temperature compensator.
Background technique
Fiber bragg grating (Fiber Bragg Grating, abbreviation FBG) is the refractive index of fiber core along optical fiber
Axial is in a kind of fiber optic passive device of periodic distribution, and (transmission or reflection) of a narrowband is formed substantially in fibre core
Optical filter or reflecting mirror.Since American Association technique center G.Meltz in 1989 et al. makes optical fiber cloth using holographic interferometry
Since glug grating succeeds, the production of fiber grating, demodulation, in terms of related work be largely unfolded.
Fiber bragg grating is low with its insertion loss, wavelength absolute encoding, and unrelated with polarization, wavelength, bandwidth can be flexible
It adjusts and the characteristics such as easily connect with optical fiber and be allowed to widely answer in fiber optic communication and field of sensing technologies with huge should be worth
Use prospect.But since the characteristic of optical fiber makes fiber bragg grating very sensitive to temperature and stress, central wavelength meeting
It drifts about with the variation of environment temperature and suffered stress, so needing to carry out temperature to fiber bragg grating in practical application
Degree compensation.
Under normal circumstances, the temperature-sensitivity coefficient of not compensated fiber bragg grating be about 0.01nm/ DEG C (nanometer/
Degree Celsius).For the temperature tender subject for solving fiber bragg grating, two are used in U.S. Patent No. 5,042,898
The juxtaposed metal component with the different coefficients of expansion, as the temperature compensation means of fiber bragg grating, to eliminate environment
The influence of temperature on fiber Bragg grating.However it is this using bi-material layers carry out technique for temperature compensation still have precision it is low,
Construction is complicated, manufacture is difficult and problem at high cost.Therefore it provides a kind of be easy preparation, permanently effective and have good temperature
The fiber bragg grating temperature compensation device of compensation effect still belongs to the important topic in this field.Wherein, negative thermal expansion coefficient is utilized
Material carries out temperature compensation packaging to fiber bragg grating, is exactly one such method.
There are a kind of materials for nature, with the variation of temperature, manage characteristic and present and expand with heat and contract with cold opposite show with conventional
As that is, pyrocondensation cold expanding, this material are known as negative thermal expansion material.Tungsten wire array (ZrW2O8) it is exactly a kind of typical negative expansion material
Material, has the characteristics that biggish isotropic negative expansion within the scope of -200 DEG C to 780 DEG C of very big temperature, is a kind of
The ideal material of temperature-compensating is carried out to fiber bragg grating.
In the existing technology for carrying out temperature-compensating to fiber bragg grating using tungsten wire array, prepared with solid state reaction
Tungsten wire array ceramic powders, then be sintered to prepare tungsten wire array ceramic body.In Yamamura et al. in Solid State
Comm., 114, in the method disclosed in 453,2000, first by the ZrO of metering2(zirconium dioxide) and WO3(tungstic acid, wolframic acid
Acid anhydride) powder is pressed into round pie, and it is calcined at 1200 DEG C about 12 hours and obtains tungsten wire array, immediately rapid cooling to room temperature, by gained
Tungsten wire array small cake be ground into ceramic powder and repressurization molding, be sintered at 1200 DEG C 12 hours with densify, then with
It is cooling i.e. in liquid nitrogen, the tungsten wire array ceramic body of single-phase can be obtained.But wolframic acid zircon ceramic is prepared with this solid-state sintering
Body usually requires tens of hours, and if tungsten wire array powder diameter is inappropriate or mixing is uneven, it is difficult to obtain uniform pure phase
Tungsten wire array ceramic body, and then influence tungsten wire array ceramic body applicability.
Sleight et al., which is then proposed in Science, 272,90,1996, synthesizes pure phase tungsten wire array with chemical method.It is so-called
Chemical method synthesizes tungsten wire array, is exactly the solution that first heating contains Zr (zirconium) ion and W (tungsten) ion, after solution loss evaporation,
To sediment, then thermally treated obtain containing ZrO2And WO3Or ZrW2O8Mixture, ground again later, it is finally right again
The mix powder is heat-treated, and the tungsten wire array ceramic powder of single-phase can be obtained.It has been proved that chemical synthesis can be with
The effective ways that control powder granule size is provided and is uniformly mixed.However, chemical method synthesis tungsten wire array must adjust solution
PH value is to obtain containing Zr4+With W6+Sediment, but also sediment need to be heat-treated, therefore preparation time is tediously long and numerous
It is trivial.
It can be seen that being all through pertungstic acid in the existing technology for carrying out temperature-compensating to fiber bragg grating using tungsten wire array
The preparation step of zircon ceramic powder, preparation time is long, and the uniformity and preparation process of final tungsten wire array ceramic body obtained
Complexity between be difficult to take into account.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the present invention provides the preparation method and fiber grating temperature compensator of a kind of ceramic substrate, with logical
It crosses simple process step and prepares the high tungsten wire array ceramic substrate of the uniformity, to shorten the preparation time of ceramic substrate, reduce pottery
The production cost of porcelain substrate, and utilize the temperature of ceramic substrate fiber grating temperature compensator raising fiber grating produced
Spend compensation effect.
The technical scheme of the present invention is realized as follows:
A kind of preparation method of ceramic substrate, comprising:
By tungsten wire array ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol ground and mixed are uniform, form slurry；
When the dehydrated alcohol content in the slurry drops to preset threshold, the slurry is placed in mold simultaneously
It is pressed into green body；
The green body is sintered and pure cold, ceramic body is made；
The ceramic body is ground so that the ceramic substrate is made.
Preferably, by the ZrW2O8When monocrystal is mixed with the dehydrated alcohol, the ZrW2O8Monocrystal and institute
The proportion for stating dehydrated alcohol is mass ratio 1:0.8~1:1.2.
Preferably, the preset threshold is the 10% to 15% of slurry quality.
It is preferably, described that the slurry is placed in mold and is pressed into green body, comprising:
The slurry is placed in the mold of chromium steel material and is pressed into green body under the pressure of 35~50MPa.
It preferably, is 1105 DEG C to 1257 DEG C to the sintering temperature of the green body.
It preferably, is 1 hour to 7 hours to the sintering time of the green body.
A kind of fiber grating temperature compensator, comprising:
Substrate, the substrate are using ceramic base prepared by the as above preparation method of described in any item ceramic substrates
Plate；
Fiber grating, the fiber grating are fixed on the substrate, and the grating portion in the fiber grating is located at institute
It states on substrate.
Preferably, the grating portion both ends exterior portion that is located at of the fiber grating is fixed on the substrate by adhesive.
Preferably, described adhesive is epoxy resin.
Preferably, the substrate with a thickness of 1mm to 4mm.
From above scheme as can be seen that in the preparation method of ceramic substrate of the invention, only by ZrW2O8Monocrystal and nothing
Water-ethanol grinding is mixed, it is ensured that wherein ZrW2O8The purity of monocrystal, so that in obtained ceramic substrate
ZrW2O8Purity reach most preferably, meanwhile, in the preparation method of ceramic substrate of the invention, not execute ceramic powder preparation
Step, therefore reduce preparation step, the processing time is shortened, production cost is reduced, final obtained ceramic substrate
The uniformity is good.In the preparation method of ceramic substrate of the invention, different-thickness purpose is carried out to ceramic body as needed
Grinding can be in fiber grating temperature compensator of the invention to fiber grating with the ceramic substrate of different-thickness obtained
Temperature play different compensation effects, so as to provide in fiber grating temperature compensator for required for fiber grating
Different temperature-compensating effects.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the preparation method flow chart of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the overlooking structure diagram of the fiber grating temperature compensator of the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, hereinafter, referring to the drawings and the embodiments,
Invention is further described in detail.
As shown in Figure 1, the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention, mainly comprises the steps that
Step 1, by ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol ground and mixed are uniform, form slurry；
When step 2, the dehydrated alcohol content in slurry drop to preset threshold, slurry is placed in mold and is pressed into
Green body；
Step 3 is sintered green body and pure cold, ceramic body is made；
Step 4 grinds so that ceramic substrate is made ceramic body.
Wherein, in embodiments of the present invention, in step 1, only by ZrW2O8Monocrystal is mixed with dehydrated alcohol grinding
It closes, in addition to this, is not mixed into except ZrW2O8Any ingredient other than monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol, such as be not mixed into such as Zr
Compound (such as ZrO2) and/or W compound (such as WO3) etc. substances, to ensure wherein ZrW2O8The purity of monocrystal.Optional
In embodiment, ZrW2O8Existing commercially available ZrW can be used in monocrystal2O8Monocrystal product.For example, not being mixed into any has
Machine perhaps inorganic binder to ensure not being mixed with any organic or inorganic binder in final obtained ceramic substrate
Ingredient.
The volatility of dehydrated alcohol is high, in forming the processing step after slurry, it will volatilization totally, will not influence most
Ceramic substrate degree of purity and uniformity made of end.
In an alternative embodiment, in step 1, by ZrW2O8When monocrystal is mixed with dehydrated alcohol, ZrW2O8Monocrystalline powder
The proportion of end and dehydrated alcohol is mass ratio 1:0.8~1:1.2, it is preferable that mass ratio 1:1.
In an alternative embodiment, in step 1, ZrW can be executed in dry pot2O8The grinding of monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol
Mixing.
In an alternative embodiment, the preset threshold in step 2 can be the 10% to 15% of slurry quality, preferably default
Threshold value is the 10% of slurry quality.
In the embodiment of the present invention, slurry is placed in mold simultaneously in step 2 by the grinding tool of used mold such as chromium steel material
It is pressed into green body, comprising:
Slurry is placed in the mold of chromium steel material and is pressed into green body under the pressure of 35~50MPa (megapascal).Wherein,
Preferably, slurry is pressed into green body under the pressure of 40MPa in the mold of chromium steel material.
Wherein, chromium steel has many advantages, such as that quality is hard, wear-resisting, corrosion-resistant, non-corrosive, can be protected using the mold of chromium steel material
Card bears higher pressure, and formation is not easy fragmentary green body after guaranteeing slurry compacting.In addition, the chromium steel of hard quality can also be kept away
Exempt from the uniformity that the mold ingredient in pressing process is pressed into green body and influences finally obtained ceramic substrate.
In an alternative embodiment, in step 3, the sintering temperature to green body is 1105 DEG C to 1257 DEG C, preferably 1150 DEG C
To 1200 DEG C.
In an alternative embodiment, in step 3, the sintering time to green body is 1 hour to 7 hours, preferably 2 hours to 6
Hour, more preferably hour 3 to 5 hours.In general, sintering temperature is higher, required sintering time is shorter.
In an alternative embodiment, in step 3, after oversintering, green body is placed in air to pure cold, pure cold environment temperature
It is 15 DEG C~25 DEG C, can be preferably carried out under room temperature (25 DEG C) pure cold.
The preparation method of ceramic substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention, in the mistake of heating (such as the sintering for executing step 3)
Cheng Zhong, the remaining dehydrated alcohol of institute can gradually volatilize in green body, the ZrW in green body2O8ZrO can be decomposed into when reaching 770 DEG C2
And WO3, ZrW is generated again in subsequent persistently overheating Shi Zehui2O8.Using method of the invention, ceramic powder is not executed
Preparation step, due to but by ZrW2O8With dehydrated alcohol ground and mixed it is uniform after be pressed into green body and ceramics are made in direct sintering
Body, therefore reduce preparation step, the processing time is shortened, production cost is reduced, final obtained tungsten wire array ceramic body
It is good with the uniformity of ceramic substrate.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of fiber grating temperature compensators, as shown in Fig. 2, the optical fiber grating temperature
Compensation device includes substrate 1 and fiber grating 2.Wherein, substrate 1 uses the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of above-mentioned every embodiment
Prepared ceramic substrate, the material of substrate 1 are tungsten wire array.Fiber grating 2 is fixed on substrate 1, and the light in fiber grating 2
Grid portion 21 is located on substrate 1.
In an alternative embodiment, as shown in Fig. 2, the 21 both ends exterior portion of grating portion that is located at of fiber grating 2 passes through bonding
Substrate 1 is fixed in agent 3.
In an alternative embodiment, organic bond or inorganic bond can be used in adhesive 3, it is preferred to use organic
Agent, further, more preferably, adhesive 3 uses epoxy resin.
In an alternative embodiment, substrate 3 with a thickness of 1mm (millimeter) to 4mm, it is preferable that substrate 3 with a thickness of 1.5mm,
2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm etc..The thickness of substrate 3 can be needed according to application and be set, and the substrate 3 of different wolframic acid zirconia materials can be real
Now to the function of temperature compensation control purpose of the central wavelength of fiber grating 2.
In embodiments of the present invention, fiber grating 2 can be light Bragg grating.
Hereinafter, to the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention, and being utilized respectively with 4 specific embodiments
The effect of the temperature-compensating of fiber grating is further described in ceramic substrate prepared by this method.It should be noted that
The following terms embodiment is only to implement the reference of technical solution of the present invention for being familiar with technique personnel, not to limit this hair
Bright protection scope.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of tungsten wire array ceramic substrate: ceramic substrate thickness 1.5mm.
By ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol are matched with 1: 1 mass ratio, are ground and are mixed in crucible, to
It when contained amount of alcohol drops to 10% in uniformly mixed slurry, puts it into chromium steel mold, is pressed into the pressure of 40MPa
The plate green compact of 50mm × 10mm, reaction-sintered 4 hours at 1185 DEG C, are placed in quenching in air immediately, obtain single-phase
ZrW2O8Ceramic body.Obtained ZrW is measured with low form thermal dilatometer2O8Thermal expansion system of the ceramic body at -20 DEG C to 60 DEG C
Numerical value is -10.02 × 10-6K-1(1/ Kelvin, or DEG C-1, i.e., 1/ degree Celsius).By ZrW2O8(plate is raw on the two sides of ceramic body
ZrW made from base2O8Ceramic body is also plate, referred to herein as the two sides of plate) grind flat and thickness reach 1.5mm thickness,
Ceramic substrate is made, later, with diamond cutter by ceramic substrate cutting at required size when encapsulation to be packaged.20
When DEG C to 60 DEG C, the absolute value of the average rate of change of the center wavelength with temperature of the fiber grating after encapsulation is 0.008nm/ DEG C
(nanometer/degree Celsius).
Embodiment 2
The preparation of tungsten wire array ceramic substrate: ceramic substrate thickness 2mm.
By ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol are matched with 1: 1 mass ratio, are ground and are mixed in crucible, to
Contained amount of alcohol drops to 10% in uniformly mixed slurry, puts it into chromium steel mold, is pressed into 50mm with the pressure of 40MPa
The plate green compact of × 10mm, reaction-sintered 4 hours at 1185 DEG C, are placed in quenching in air immediately, single-phase can be obtained
ZrW2O8Ceramic body.Obtained ZrW is measured with low form thermal dilatometer2O8Thermal expansion system of the ceramic body at -40 DEG C to 80 DEG C
Numerical value is -10.02 × 10-6K-1.By ZrW2O8The two sides of ceramic body grinds flat and thickness and reaches 2mm thickness, pottery is made
Porcelain substrate, later, with diamond cutter by ceramic substrate cutting at required size when encapsulation to be packaged.At 20 DEG C to 60 DEG C
When, the absolute value of the average rate of change of the center wavelength with temperature of the fiber grating after encapsulation is 0.005nm/ DEG C.
Embodiment 3
The preparation of tungsten wire array ceramic substrate: ceramic substrate thickness 2.5mm.
By ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol are matched with 1: 1 mass ratio, are ground and are mixed in crucible, to
Contained amount of alcohol drops to 10% in uniformly mixed slurry, puts it into chromium steel mold, is pressed into 50mm with the pressure of 40MPa
The plate green compact of × 10mm, reaction-sintered 4 hours at 1185 DEG C, are placed in quenching in air immediately, single-phase can be obtained
ZrW2O8Ceramic body.Obtained ZrW is measured with low form thermal dilatometer2O8Thermal expansion system of the ceramic body at -40 DEG C to 80 DEG C
Numerical value is -10.02 × 10-6K-1.By ZrW2O8The two sides of ceramic body grinds flat and thickness and reaches 2.5mm thickness, to be made
Ceramic substrate, later, with diamond cutter by ceramic substrate cutting at required size when encapsulation to be packaged.At 20 DEG C to 60
DEG C when, the absolute value of the average rate of change of the center wavelength with temperature of the fiber grating after encapsulation is 0.0025nm/ DEG C.
Embodiment 4
The preparation of tungsten wire array ceramic substrate: ceramic substrate thickness 3mm.
By ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol are matched with 1: 1 mass ratio, are ground and are mixed in crucible, to
Contained amount of alcohol drops to 10% in uniformly mixed slurry, puts it into chromium steel mold, is pressed into 50mm with the pressure of 40MPa
The plate green compact of × 10mm, reaction-sintered 4 hours at 1185 DEG C, are placed in quenching in air immediately, single-phase can be obtained
ZrW2O8Ceramic body.Obtained ZrW is measured with low form thermal dilatometer2O8Thermal expansion system of the ceramic body at -40 DEG C to 80 DEG C
Numerical value is -10.02 × 10-6K-1.By ZrW2O8The two sides of ceramic body grinds flat and thickness and reaches 3mm thickness, pottery is made
Porcelain substrate, later, with diamond cutter by ceramic substrate cutting at required size when encapsulation to be packaged.At 20 DEG C to 60 DEG C
When, the absolute value of the average rate of change of the center wavelength with temperature of the fiber grating after encapsulation is 0.001nm/ DEG C.
In the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention, only by ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol grind into
Row mixing, it is ensured that wherein ZrW2O8The purity of monocrystal, so that the ZrW in obtained ceramic substrate2O8Purity reach
Most preferably, meanwhile, in the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention, the preparation step of ceramic powder is not executed, therefore
Reduce preparation step, shorten the processing time, reduce production cost, the uniformity of final obtained ceramic substrate is good
It is good.In the preparation method of the ceramic substrate of the embodiment of the present invention, different-thickness purpose is carried out to ceramic body and is ground as needed
Mill can be in the fiber grating temperature compensator of the embodiment of the present invention to optical fiber with the ceramic substrate of different-thickness obtained
The temperature of grating plays different compensation effects, is directed to fiber grating institute so as to provide in fiber grating temperature compensator
The different temperature-compensating effects needed.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all in essence of the invention
Within mind and principle, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. done be should be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of preparation method of ceramic substrate, comprising:
By tungsten wire array ZrW2O8Monocrystal and dehydrated alcohol ground and mixed are uniform, form slurry；
When the dehydrated alcohol content in the slurry drops to preset threshold, the slurry is placed in mold and is suppressed
At green body；
The green body is sintered and pure cold, ceramic body is made；
The ceramic body is ground so that the ceramic substrate is made.
2. the preparation method of ceramic substrate according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
By the ZrW2O8When monocrystal is mixed with the dehydrated alcohol, the ZrW2O8Monocrystal and the dehydrated alcohol
Proportion is mass ratio 1:0.8~1:1.2.
3. the preparation method of ceramic substrate according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The preset threshold is the 10% to 15% of slurry quality.
4. the preparation method of ceramic substrate according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described that the slurry is placed in mould
In tool and it is pressed into green body, comprising:
The slurry is placed in the mold of chromium steel material and is pressed into green body under the pressure of 35~50MPa.
5. the preparation method of ceramic substrate according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Sintering temperature to the green body is 1105 DEG C to 1257 DEG C.
6. the preparation method of ceramic substrate according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Sintering time to the green body is 1 hour to 7 hours.
7. a kind of fiber grating temperature compensator characterized by comprising
Substrate, the substrate are ceramics prepared by the preparation method using ceramic substrate as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6
Substrate；
Fiber grating, the fiber grating are fixed on the substrate, and the grating portion in the fiber grating is located at the base
On plate.
8. fiber grating temperature compensator according to claim 7, it is characterised in that:
The grating portion both ends exterior portion that is located at of the fiber grating is fixed on the substrate by adhesive.
9. fiber grating temperature compensator according to claim 8, it is characterised in that:
Described adhesive is epoxy resin.
10. fiber grating temperature compensator according to claim 7, it is characterised in that:
The substrate with a thickness of 1mm to 4mm.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1406905A (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2003-04-02 | 钜频光电股份有限公司 | Preparation of zirconium tungstate ceramic body products thereby and optical fiber grating temperature compensator |
| CN1594207A (en) * | 2004-07-01 | 2005-03-16 | 上海交通大学 | Negative thermal-expansion coefficient adjustable laminated ceramic matrix composite and preparing method thereof |
| CN109437898A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-03-08 | 安徽升鸿电子有限公司 | A kind of preparation process of negative thermal expansion material tungsten wire array |
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2019
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| CN1406905A (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2003-04-02 | 钜频光电股份有限公司 | Preparation of zirconium tungstate ceramic body products thereby and optical fiber grating temperature compensator |
| CN1594207A (en) * | 2004-07-01 | 2005-03-16 | 上海交通大学 | Negative thermal-expansion coefficient adjustable laminated ceramic matrix composite and preparing method thereof |
| CN109437898A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-03-08 | 安徽升鸿电子有限公司 | A kind of preparation process of negative thermal expansion material tungsten wire array |
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