CN110090917B - Preparation method of cast-infiltration coating and preparation method of cast-infiltration coating - Google Patents
Preparation method of cast-infiltration coating and preparation method of cast-infiltration coating Download PDFInfo
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- CN110090917B CN110090917B CN201910300628.6A CN201910300628A CN110090917B CN 110090917 B CN110090917 B CN 110090917B CN 201910300628 A CN201910300628 A CN 201910300628A CN 110090917 B CN110090917 B CN 110090917B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C3/00—Selection of compositions for coating the surfaces of moulds, cores, or patterns
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/18—Measures for using chemical processes for influencing the surface composition of castings, e.g. for increasing resistance to acid attack
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of a casting infiltration coating and a preparation method of a casting infiltration coating, wherein the casting infiltration coating comprises the following components: 1.8-2.2% of rosin resin, 0.9-1.1% of phenolic resin, 0.4-0.6% of polyvinyl butyral, 1.0-1.5% of organic bentonite, 4.0-6.0% of solvent oil, 11-13% of silicon carbide, 8-12% of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol. The casting infiltration coating prepared by the invention has the advantages of good suspension property, high strength, good air permeability and good leveling property, and meanwhile, the coating has moderate viscosity and good brushing property. Through detection, the change rate of the viscosity along with the rotating speed is more than 0.057, the suspension property within 2 hours is more than 99.9 percent, the suspension property within 24 hours reaches more than 87.6 percent, the shakeout impact quantity reaches more than 0.14, the air permeability reaches more than 2.0, and the leveling property reaches more than 510 mm.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of coatings, in particular to a preparation method of a casting infiltration coating and a preparation method of a casting infiltration coating.
Background
A composite material is a material that is composed of two or more materials, usually with distinct properties, that form states of complementary properties, and that are optimally combined. Composite materials are generally classified into three types, namely resin matrix composites (PMC), Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC), according to the matrix material. Compared with other composite materials, the metal matrix composite material has the advantages of high strength, high elastic modulus, good high-temperature performance, good fatigue resistance, good wear resistance, good dimensional stability and the like, and becomes a hot point of research in recent years.
The cast-infiltration method is an important method for preparing composite materials, and is a combined surface treatment and forming process which fixes alloy powder or ceramic particles on the surface of a casting mould in advance, and makes high-temperature molten metal infiltrate into coating micropores through pouring so as to dissolve the coating micropores, thereby forming a cast-infiltration layer with special tissues and properties on the surface of a casting. The cast-infiltration layer obtained by the cast-infiltration method generally has the special properties of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance and the like. The quality of the cast-infiltration layer directly affects the performance of the composite material, and the quality of the coating of the cast-infiltration layer is an important factor affecting the performance of the composite material, so the coating of the cast-infiltration layer is the core of the composite material. However, the general infiltration casting coating has the following defects: the casting infiltration coating is generally high-density metal particles, has larger specific gravity, is easy to precipitate, is not beneficial to ensuring that the coating has good heat resistance, suspension property, brush coating property, adhesiveness and leveling property, can be flushed away when molten iron or molten steel is poured, and simultaneously has uneven casting infiltration layer thickness on the surface of a casting; the paint is not beneficial to converting from heat-resistant type to wear-resistant type, and the surface composite paint with good performance is not convenient to obtain; it is therefore desirable to design a cast-on coating that overcomes the above-mentioned deficiencies.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of poor heat resistance, suspension, brushing property, adhesion and leveling property of the cast-infiltration coating in the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of the cast-infiltration coating and a preparation method of the cast-infiltration coating.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 1.8-2.2% of rosin resin, 0.9-1.1% of phenolic resin, 0.4-0.6% of polyvinyl butyral, 1.0-1.5% of organic bentonite, 4.0-6.0% of solvent oil, 11-13% of silicon carbide, 8-12% of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol.
Compared with the prior art, the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material has the advantages of good suspension property, high strength, good air permeability and good leveling property through the comprehensive effect of all substances, and meanwhile, the coating has moderate viscosity and good brushing property. Through detection, the change rate of the viscosity along with the rotating speed can reach below 0.060, the suspension property within 2 hours can reach above 99.9 percent, the suspension property within 24 hours can reach above 87.6 percent, the shakeout impact quantity can reach below 0.15, the air permeability can reach above 2.0, and the leveling property can reach above 510 mm; through pouring tests, the coating can be effectively combined with a base material, the surface quality of a casting is good, and the use requirement is met.
The rosin resin and the phenolic resin are compounded and used as the adhesive according to a specific proportion, so that the coating has high viscosity, the coating is firmly attached to a mould wall and is not dispersed when high-temperature metal liquid is poured, the defects of sand sticking, burrs, deformation and the like are avoided, meanwhile, the rosin resin and the phenolic resin are compounded, and the preferable adding amount of the rosin resin and the phenolic resin is selected, so that the rosin resin and the phenolic resin can be fully combusted and gasified after the metal liquid is poured, no residue is left, no cavity is formed in the coating layer, the strength of the coating layer can be enhanced after the coating is dried, and the coating layer is prevented from falling off or cracking; the organic bentonite is used as a suspending agent, the refractoriness of the silicon carbide and the ferrochromium powder can not be obviously reduced, the gas evolution is low, and the improvement of the quality of castings is facilitated; the polyvinyl butyral is used as a thickening agent, so that the suspension property and viscosity of the coating can be rapidly improved, the coating still has high cohesiveness at a low temperature, and the suspension property of the enhanced particles in the coating is effectively improved through the synergistic cooperation of the organic bentonite and the polyvinyl butyral, so that the coating has high low-temperature strength. And when the addition amount of the ferrochrome powder is 8-12%, the wettability between the coating and the molten metal is favorably increased when the high-temperature molten metal is poured, and the silicon carbide reinforced particles are favorably and uniformly dispersed in a composite layer on the surface of the casting, so that the surface quality of the casting and the wear resistance of the casting are improved.
Preferably, the phenolic resin is a resole phenolic resin.
The optimized phenolic resin and the rosin resin are matched in a specific proportion, so that the coating has proper viscosity, silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder in the coating can be tightly bonded together at high temperature for a long time, the coating strength of the coating on the surface of molding sand is ensured, the continuous high-temperature scouring of molten steel is resisted, the defect of sand sticking caused by the direct contact of the molten steel and a sand mold is prevented, and the surface quality of a casting is ensured.
Preferably, the solvent oil is No. 120 solvent oil.
The No. 120 solvent oil can fully swell the organic bentonite, has good compatibility with absolute ethyl alcohol, can effectively expand and disperse the organic bentonite in the ethyl alcohol, and ensures the stability of the organic bentonite suspension colloid; and the addition amount of the 120# solvent oil is preferably selected, so that the viscosity and the colloid rate of the dispersion colloid of the organic bentonite in the ethanol are favorably improved, the heat productivity during combustion is ensured, and the coating is favorably dried.
Preferably, the silicon carbide has a particle size of 70 to 100 mesh.
Preferably, the ferrochrome powder is low-carbon ferrochrome, the chromium content is 22-26%, and the particle size is 100-250 meshes.
The preferable ferrochrome powder can enhance the wettability of the pouring metal liquid (high chromium alloy liquid) and each component in the coating, and a casting with good surface quality is obtained.
The preferred particle sizes of the silicon carbide and the ferrochrome powder are beneficial to the penetration of molten metal into the coating, the thickness of the composite layer is increased, and simultaneously, the melting of two kinds of reinforced particles is facilitated. The ferrochrome powder with the size of 100 plus 250 meshes can enhance the infiltration effect of the metal mother solution on the enhanced particles, the silicon carbide with the size of 80-100 meshes and the ferrochrome powder with the size of 100 plus 250 meshes are mixed according to a specific proportion for use, the gaps among the silicon carbide particles with the size of 70-100 meshes can be partially filled with the ferrochrome powder, and the capillary action can be enhanced by the ferrochrome powder with the size of 100 plus 250 meshes, so that the gaps are not blocked after the ferrochrome powder is filled among the silicon carbide particles, the flow resistance is not increased, the better capillary action can be played to promote the penetration of the metal liquid, and the surface bonding quality of the composite.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material, which at least comprises the following steps:
step a, weighing the components according to the design proportion of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material, adding the weighed phenolic resin into 4-7 wt% of absolute ethyl alcohol, uniformly mixing to obtain a phenolic resin solution, grinding the weighed rosin resin into powder, adding the powder into the phenolic resin solution, and uniformly mixing to obtain a resin solution;
b, adding the weighed polyvinyl butyral into 2-5 wt% of absolute ethanol, and uniformly mixing to obtain a polyvinyl butyral solution;
step c, adding the weighed organic bentonite into the solvent oil, stirring for 8-10min, adding 5-10 wt% of absolute ethyl alcohol, and continuously stirring for 3-5min to obtain an organic bentonite suspension;
d, adding the organic bentonite suspension into the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol, uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the resin solution and the polyvinyl butyral solution, and uniformly mixing to obtain a first material;
and e, uniformly mixing the weighed silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder, adding the mixture into the first material, and uniformly mixing to obtain the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material.
The preparation method is simple to operate, free of complex procedures, free of special equipment, low in cost and suitable for industrial large-scale production, and the prepared cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material is high in permeability, good in high-temperature strength and stability, small in gas evolution, good in high-temperature strength and stability, capable of effectively preventing sand-sticking defects caused by direct contact of molten steel and a sand mold, and wide in market prospect.
Preferably, in step c, the organobentonite is added to the mineral spirit at a rate of 8 to 12 g/min.
Preferably, in step c, the stirring speed is 150-200 r/min.
The preferable adding speed, stirring speed and stirring time of the organic bentonite can ensure that the organic bentonite is fully expanded and highly dispersed in the absolute ethyl alcohol, thereby ensuring that the ferrochrome powder and the silicon carbide are uniformly dispersed and suspended, endowing the coating with good thixotropy, improving the brushing performance, improving the surface quality of a coating and a casting, and simultaneously providing good storage stability of the coating. Meanwhile, the optimal stirring speed can avoid generating excessive bubbles on the premise of ensuring the full expansion of the organobentonite, and the stability and the brushing property of the coating are improved.
The invention also provides a method for preparing a cast-infiltration coating by using the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material, which is characterized by at least comprising the following steps of:
coating the paint on the surface of a casting mold cavity or a mold core, igniting the paint after 15-20min, coating a second layer of paint on the surface of the casting mold cavity or the mold core after the paint is completely combusted, igniting the paint after 15-20min, pouring the smelted molten metal into the mold cavity or the mold core after the paint is completely combusted, and obtaining the casting infiltration coating on the surface of a casting after solidification and cooling.
The coating suitable for the iron-based composite material is prepared by combining a specific coating with a specific cast-infiltration technology, so that the reinforced particles (silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder) and the matrix material can be effectively combined, the surface of the obtained casting has good quality, no surface defect and smooth and flat surface, and the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance of the casting are obviously improved.
Coating the coating on the surface of a casting mold cavity or a mold core for 15-20min and then igniting, so that the quality of a composite layer on the surface of a casting can be effectively improved, and if the ignition time is too early, bubbles appear in the coating layer to influence the quality of the coating; the solvent can excessively permeate into the sand mold or volatilize after the ignition is too late; the preferred ignition time of the invention can ensure the strength of the coating and improve the surface quality of the casting.
Preferably, the casting temperature is 1420-.
Preferably, the casting temperature is 1450 ℃.
The pouring temperature is too low, the fluidity of the molten metal is poor, the permeability is reduced, the defects of slag inclusion, air holes and the like are easily generated, and the melting of the alloy coating is not facilitated, so that the thickness of the composite coating is reduced; the pouring temperature is too high, so that the molten metal is easy to scatter the coating, and the thickness of the composite layer is reduced, even the composite layer can not be generated. The preferable casting temperature is favorable for the penetration of molten metal into the coating, the melting and the decomposition of the coating, the discharge of gas and inclusions, the thickness of a composite layer and the distribution of reinforced particles.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
The embodiment of the invention provides a cast-infiltration coating for an iron-based composite material, which comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 1.8% of rosin resin, 1.1% of phenolic resin, 0.5% of polyvinyl butyral, 1.0% of organic bentonite, 5.0% of No. 120 solvent oil, 11% of silicon carbide, 10% of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol.
Wherein the granularity of the silicon carbide is 80 meshes, the ferrochrome powder is low-carbon ferrochrome powder, the content of chromium is 22-26%, and the granularity is 200 meshes.
The preparation steps of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material are as follows:
step a, preparing a resin solution: adding the weighed resol into 4 wt% of ethanol, stirring for 3-5min to obtain a phenolic resin solution, grinding the weighed rosin resin into powder, adding the powder into the phenolic resin solution at the speed of 10g/min, and dissolving for 12 hours to obtain a resin solution;
b, preparing a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) solution: adding the weighed PVB into 2 wt% ethanol at a speed of 10g/min, and stirring for 10-20min to dissolve to obtain a PVB solution;
step c, preparing an organic bentonite suspension: firstly, adding the organobentonite into the weighed 120# solvent oil at the speed of 10g/min, stirring for 8-10 minutes, adding 5 wt% of ethanol, and stirring for 3-5 minutes to obtain an organobentonite suspension;
d, under the stirring condition of 150r/min, adding the organic bentonite suspension into the residual anhydrous ethanol at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the resin solution at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the PVB solution at the speed of 20ml/min, and continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished to obtain a first material;
and e, uniformly mixing the weighed silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder, adding the mixture into the first material at the speed of 50-60g/min, and slowly stirring until the addition is completed for 5min, and then stopping stirring to obtain the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material.
Through detection, the change rate of the viscosity along with the rotating speed is 0.059, the suspension property in 2 hours is 99.90 percent, the suspension property in 24 hours is 87.67 percent, the shakeout washing-off quantity is 0.14, the air permeability is 2.02, and the leveling property is 510.31 mm.
Example 2
The embodiment of the invention provides a cast-infiltration coating for an iron-based composite material, which comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 2.0 percent of rosin resin, 0.9 percent of phenolic resin, 0.4 percent of polyvinyl butyral, 1.2 percent of organic bentonite, 6.0 percent of No. 120 solvent oil, 12 percent of silicon carbide, 12 percent of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol.
Wherein the granularity of the silicon carbide is 70 meshes, the ferrochrome powder is low-carbon ferrochrome powder, the content of chromium is 22-26%, and the granularity is 100 meshes.
The preparation steps of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material are as follows:
step a, preparing a resin solution: adding the weighed resol into 5 wt% of ethanol, stirring for 3-5min to obtain a phenolic resin solution, grinding the weighed rosin resin into powder, adding the powder into the phenolic resin solution at the speed of 10g/min, and dissolving for 12 hours to obtain a resin solution;
b, preparing a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) solution: adding the weighed PVB into 3 wt% ethanol at a speed of 10g/min, and stirring for 10-20min to dissolve to obtain a PVB solution;
step c, preparing an organic bentonite suspension: firstly, adding the organobentonite into the weighed 120# solvent oil at the speed of 8g/min, stirring for 8-10 minutes, adding 7 wt% of ethanol, and stirring for 3-5 minutes to obtain an organobentonite suspension;
d, under the stirring condition of 180r/min, adding the organic bentonite suspension into the residual anhydrous ethanol at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the resin solution at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the PVB solution at the speed of 20ml/min, and continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished to obtain a first material;
and e, uniformly mixing the weighed silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder, adding the mixture into the first material at the speed of 50-60g/min, and slowly stirring until the addition is completed for 5min, and then stopping stirring to obtain the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material.
Through detection, the change rate of the viscosity along with the rotating speed is 0.060, the suspension property in 2h is 99.92%, the suspension property in 24h is 87.84%, the shakeout flushing quantity is 0.15, the air permeability is 2.03, and the leveling property is 510.34 mm.
Example 3
The embodiment of the invention provides a cast-infiltration coating for an iron-based composite material, which comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 2.2% of rosin resin, 1.0% of phenolic resin, 0.6% of polyvinyl butyral, 1.5% of organic bentonite, 4.0% of No. 120 solvent oil, 13% of silicon carbide, 8% of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol.
Wherein the granularity of the silicon carbide is 100 meshes, the ferrochrome powder is low-carbon ferrochrome powder, the content of chromium is 22-26%, and the granularity is 250 meshes.
The preparation steps of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material are as follows:
step a, preparing a resin solution: adding the weighed resol into 7 wt% ethanol, stirring for 3-5min to obtain a phenolic resin solution, grinding the weighed rosin resin into powder, adding the powder into the phenolic resin solution at the speed of 10g/min, and dissolving for 12 hours to obtain a resin solution;
b, preparing a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) solution: adding the weighed PVB into 5 wt% ethanol at a speed of 10g/min, and stirring for 10-20min to dissolve to obtain a PVB solution;
step c, preparing an organic bentonite suspension: firstly, adding the organobentonite into the weighed 120# solvent oil at the speed of 12g/min, stirring for 8-10 minutes, adding 10 wt% of ethanol, and stirring for 3-5 minutes to obtain an organobentonite suspension;
d, under the stirring condition of 200r/min, adding the organic bentonite suspension into the residual anhydrous ethanol at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the resin solution at the speed of 20ml/min, continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished, adding the PVB solution at the speed of 20ml/min, and continuing to stir for 3-5min after the addition is finished to obtain a first material;
and e, uniformly mixing the weighed silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder, adding the mixture into the first material at the speed of 50-60g/min, and slowly stirring until the addition is completed for 5min, and then stopping stirring to obtain the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material.
Through detection, the change rate of the viscosity along with the rotating speed is 0.057, the suspension property in 2 hours is 99.93 percent, the suspension property in 24 hours is 87.72 percent, the shakeout impact quantity is 0.14, the air permeability is 2.01, and the leveling property is 510.29 mm.
The coatings prepared in examples 1-3 above were cast according to the following procedure:
step one, coating a composite material coating: brushing the paint on a sand box and a mold core by using a brush, brushing a first layer of paint for 15 minutes, igniting, brushing for the second time after the first layer of paint is completely combusted, and igniting after 15 minutes;
step two, mould assembling and pouring: the casting molten metal is high-chromium alloy (chromium content is 22-26%) and the casting temp. is 1450 deg.C. In order to reduce the risk during pouring and prevent the metal liquid from spraying out due to the moisture in the sand box during pouring of the metal liquid with overhigh temperature, the sand box and the mold core need to be dried before the mold closing, then the mold core of the dried sand box is subjected to mold closing, and then pouring is carried out;
step three, shakeout cleaning: and after solidification and cooling for a certain time, performing box turning and sand falling and shot blasting treatment, taking out the casting, and observing the surface recombination condition of the casting.
The casting results show that the reinforcing particle coating which is brushed can be fully combined with the high-chromium cast iron which is the matrix material, the surface quality of the casting is good, and the defects of air holes, residues and the like are avoided. And compared with the base material, the wear resistance is improved by 1.8 to 2.5 times.
When the content of the coating components is out of the range of the invention, the quality of the surface of the obtained casting cannot achieve good quality effect, and defects such as air holes or residues can occur; when the granularity of the silicon carbide is not in the range of 70-100 meshes or the granularity of the ferrochrome powder is not in the range of 100-250 meshes, the wear resistance of the casting is improved compared with that of the base material, but the improvement effect of 1.8-2.5 times cannot be achieved.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents or improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The method for preparing the cast-infiltration coating by using the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material is characterized by comprising the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 1.8-2.2% of rosin resin, 0.9-1.1% of phenolic resin, 0.4-0.6% of polyvinyl butyral, 1.0-1.5% of organic bentonite, 4.0-6.0% of No. 120 solvent oil, 11-13% of silicon carbide, 8-12% of ferrochrome powder and the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol; the granularity of the silicon carbide is 70-100 meshes, the ferrochrome powder is low-carbon ferrochrome powder, and the granularity is 100-250 meshes;
the method comprises at least the following steps:
coating the coating on the surface of a casting mold cavity or a mold core, igniting the coating after 15-20min, coating a second layer of coating on the surface of the casting mold cavity or the mold core after the coating is completely combusted, igniting the coating after 15-20min, pouring the smelted metal liquid into the mold cavity or the mold core after the coating is completely combusted, wherein the pouring temperature is 1420-.
2. The method of making a infiltration coating using an iron-based composite infiltration coating of claim 1, wherein the phenolic resin is a resole phenolic resin.
3. The preparation method of the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material is characterized by at least comprising the following steps of:
step a, weighing the components according to the design proportion of the method for preparing the cast-infiltration coating by using the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material as defined in any one of claims 1-2, adding the weighed phenolic resin into 4-7 wt% of absolute ethyl alcohol, uniformly mixing to obtain a phenolic resin solution, grinding the weighed rosin resin into powder, adding the powder into the phenolic resin solution, and uniformly mixing to obtain a resin solution;
b, adding the weighed polyvinyl butyral into 2-5 wt% of absolute ethanol, and uniformly mixing to obtain a polyvinyl butyral solution;
step c, adding the weighed organic bentonite into the solvent oil, stirring for 8-10min, adding into 5-10 wt% of absolute ethyl alcohol, and continuously stirring for 3-5min to obtain an organic bentonite suspension;
d, adding the organic bentonite suspension into the balance of absolute ethyl alcohol, uniformly mixing, sequentially adding the resin solution and the polyvinyl butyral solution, and uniformly mixing to obtain a first material;
and e, uniformly mixing the weighed silicon carbide and ferrochrome powder, adding the mixture into the first material, and uniformly mixing to obtain the cast-infiltration coating for the iron-based composite material.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein in the step c, the organobentonite is added to the mineral spirit at a rate of 8-12 g/min.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the stirring speed in step c is 150-.
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