CN110084237A - Detection model construction method, detection method and the device of Lung neoplasm - Google Patents

Detection model construction method, detection method and the device of Lung neoplasm Download PDF

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CN110084237A
CN110084237A CN201910384871.0A CN201910384871A CN110084237A CN 110084237 A CN110084237 A CN 110084237A CN 201910384871 A CN201910384871 A CN 201910384871A CN 110084237 A CN110084237 A CN 110084237A
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lung
lung neoplasm
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高敬阳
王威
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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Abstract

The present invention relates to detection model construction method, detection method and the devices of a kind of Lung neoplasm to determine region of interest area image according to the corresponding description information of lung images and lung images obtained in advance;Region of interest area image is handled, multiscale target sample set is obtained;Using multiscale target sample set, the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed is trained, Lung neoplasm detection model is obtained.Using technical solution of the present invention, by being trained to obtain Lung neoplasm detection model to integrated convolutional neural networks using multiple dimensioned sample set, using this Lung neoplasm detection model, the accuracy of testing result can be enhanced, improve the accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and the integrated convolution neural network model that the model that neural network obtains is multiple dimensioned input is accumulated by the trained integrated rolled of multiple dimensioned sample set, single input single channel can be evaded and extract the incomprehensive caused influence to recognition result of feature, misjudgement misjudgment phenomenon is avoided, recognition accuracy and detection efficiency are improved.

Description

Detection model construction method, detection method and the device of Lung neoplasm
Technical field
The present invention relates to artificial intelligence and Medical Imaging Technology field, and in particular to a kind of detection model building of Lung neoplasm Method, detection method and device.
Background technique
Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumour, and the Death Causes of Tumor for position of ranking the first in the world.Early detection lung at present Cancer presence is more highly difficult, and it is abnormal to go to a doctor in time that patient can not discover own bodies situations in time, bright until there is hemoptysis etc. Aobvious symptom.Early discovery, early intervention, early treatment have very obvious action to the survival rate for improving patients with lung cancer.Therefore, CT quilt It is considered to detect one of most effective means of lung cancer early, lung CT image is detected, determines that the position of Lung neoplasm is The necessary means of lung cancer " early discovery, early treatment ".
Computer-aided diagnosis system can carry out a series of processing to lung CT image by related algorithm, final right The classification of lung CT image is predicted.The work load that doctor can not only be greatly reduced, thereby reduces because of fatigue etc. Mistaken diagnosis caused by subjective factor, a possibility that failing to pinpoint a disease in diagnosis, more doctor provide the effective suggestion for differentiating Lung neoplasm, are the early stage of lung cancer Prevention and treatment provides powerful guarantee with monitoring, has great significance for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
But detection model used in the method for current computer aided detection and diagnosis is conventional machines mostly The method of the method for habit or the deep learning using the single pass convolutional neural networks structure of single input, conventional machines study The means that method uses manual features to extract are not suitable for the big problem of processing data volume, however the form of patient and lesion is shape Shape and color color and ever-changing, with the addition of new patient data, old feature it is possible that not applicable situation, thus Serious error is brought, and the single pass convolutional neural networks structure of single input is only capable of carrying out for the Lung neoplasm of a certain scale Feature extraction, but Lung neoplasm is not of uniform size, influences Detection accuracy.
Therefore, the detection model and detection method detected in the prior art to Lung neoplasm will lead to testing result not Accurately, the accuracy rate of diagnostic result is reduced.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm, detection method and Device, big to solve Lung neoplasm detection model error in the prior art, testing result inaccuracy reduces the accurate of diagnostic result The problem of rate.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
A kind of detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm, comprising:
According to the lung images and the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance, area-of-interest figure is determined Picture;
The region of interest area image is handled, multiscale target sample set is obtained;
Using the multiscale target sample set, the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed is trained, is obtained To Lung neoplasm detection model.
Further, in method described above, lung images and the lung images pair that the basis obtains in advance The description information answered determines region of interest area image, comprising:
Image enhancement processing is carried out to the lung images obtained in advance, obtains target image;
The corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance is analyzed, coordinate information is obtained;
According to the target image and the coordinate information, the region of interest area image is determined.
Further, in method described above, the coordinate information includes that Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-Lung neoplasm are sat Mark information;
It is described according to the target image and the coordinate information, determine the region of interest area image, comprising:
The corresponding image of the Lung neoplasm coordinate information is intercepted on the target image, obtains positive sample image;Institute It states and intercepts the corresponding image of the non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information on target image, obtain negative sample image;
The positive sample image and the negative sample image are combined, the region of interest area image is obtained.
Further, described that the region of interest area image is handled in method described above, it obtains multiple dimensioned Target sample collection, comprising:
Based on preset n different scale, the region of interest area image is normalized, is obtained with n The primary data sample collection of the scale, the n are the positive integer more than or equal to 2;
Data amplification processing is carried out to the primary data sample collection, obtains amplification data sample set;
The primary data sample collection and the amplification data sample set are merged, the multiscale target sample is obtained This collection.
Further, method described above, it is described to utilize the multiscale target sample set, to the target being pre-designed Integrated convolutional neural networks are trained, before obtaining Lung neoplasm detection model, further includes:
Obtain convolutional neural networks corresponding with each scale;
The n convolutional neural networks that will acquire are merged, and the target integrated rolled product neural network is obtained.
Further, described to utilize the multiscale target sample set in method described above, to the mesh being pre-designed It marks integrated convolutional neural networks to be trained, obtains Lung neoplasm detection model, comprising:
The multiscale target sample set is classified, training sample set, verifying sample set and test sample collection are obtained;
Target integrated rolled product neural network is trained using the training sample set and the verifying sample set And verifying, obtain integrated convolution neural network model;
The test sample collection is input to the integrated convolution neural network model, obtains test result;
According to the test result, test accuracy rate is determined;
Detect whether the test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate;
If so, using the integrated convolution neural network model as Lung neoplasm detection model.
The present invention also provides a kind of detection methods of Lung neoplasm, comprising:
Obtain image to be detected;
Based on Lung neoplasm detection model, described image to be detected is inputted, testing result is obtained;
The Lung neoplasm detection model is constructed by the detection model construction method of above-mentioned Lung neoplasm.
The present invention also provides a kind of detection model construction devices of Lung neoplasm, comprising:
Determining module, for determining according to the lung images and the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance Region of interest area image;
Processing module obtains multiscale target sample set for handling the region of interest area image;
Training module, for utilizing the multiscale target sample set, to the target integrated rolled product nerve net being pre-designed Network is trained, and obtains Lung neoplasm detection model.
Further, in device described above, the determining module includes: first processing units, analytical unit and figure As determination unit;
The first processing units obtain mesh for carrying out image enhancement processing to the lung images obtained in advance Logo image;
The analytical unit, for analyzing the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance, Obtain coordinate information;
Described image determination unit, for determining the region of interest according to the target image and the coordinate information Area image.
The present invention also provides a kind of detection devices of Lung neoplasm, comprising: image collection module and detection module;
Described image obtains module, for obtaining image to be detected;
The detection module inputs described image to be detected, obtains testing result for being based on Lung neoplasm detection model; The Lung neoplasm detection model is constructed by the detection model construction method of above-mentioned Lung neoplasm.
Detection model construction method, detection method and the device of Lung neoplasm of the invention are schemed according to the lung obtained in advance Picture and the corresponding description information of lung images, determine region of interest area image;Region of interest area image is handled, is obtained more Scaled target sample set;Using multiscale target sample set, the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed is trained, Obtain Lung neoplasm detection model.Using technical solution of the present invention, by utilizing multiscale target sample set to target integrated rolled Product neural network is trained to obtain Lung neoplasm detection model, and it is special that convolutional neural networks distinguish over the artificial extraction of conventional machines study Sign is to carry out deep learning to characteristics of image by convolution operation to realize the effect for automatically extracting feature, deep learning volume The domestic demand of product neural network model is exactly big data volume, is continuously added and more news suitable for data, to subtract Small error, the Lung neoplasm detection model constructed using the present invention, can enhance the accuracy of testing result, improve diagnostic result Accuracy rate, and be integrated based on multiple dimensioned input by the model that multiple dimensioned sample set training integrated rolled product neural network obtains Convolutional neural networks model can evade single input single channel and extract the incomprehensive caused influence to recognition result of feature, keep away Fault-avoidance sentences misjudgment phenomenon, improves recognition accuracy and detection efficiency.
It should be understood that above general description and following detailed description be only it is exemplary and explanatory, not It can the limitation present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this Some embodiments of invention for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with It obtains other drawings based on these drawings.
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the detection model construction method embodiment one of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of the detection model construction method embodiment two of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the precision line chart of training sample set in the detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the precision line chart that sample set is verified in the detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection method embodiment of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 6 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection model construction device embodiment one of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 7 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection model construction device embodiment two of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection device embodiment of Lung neoplasm of the invention.
Specific embodiment
To make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, technical solution of the present invention will be carried out below Detailed description.Obviously, described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Base Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained all without making creative work Other embodiment belongs to the range that the present invention is protected.
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the detection model construction method embodiment one of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in Figure 1, this reality The detection model construction method for applying the Lung neoplasm of example can specifically include following steps:
The lung images and the corresponding description information of lung images that S101, basis obtain in advance, determine area-of-interest figure Picture;
The detection model construction method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment is corresponding firstly the need of acquisition lung images and lung images Description information, wherein lung images are preferably lung CT image, and the corresponding description information of lung images is preferably XML format Markup information, then the present embodiment can obtain lung CT image and lung CT from LIDC-IDRI Lung neoplasm public database The corresponding XML markup information of image, the amount of images obtained in the present embodiment are the lung CT image of 300 patients, XML mark Information includes the corresponding XML markup information of lung CT image of 300 patients, and the present embodiment is not intended to limit the lung of acquisition The quantity of image and description information.After getting lung CT image and the corresponding XML markup information of lung CT image, according to the figure Picture and information determine region of interest area image.
S102, region of interest area image is handled, obtains multiscale target sample set;
Through the above steps, after determining region of interest area image, which is handled, will be handled Image afterwards is as multiscale target sample set.
S103, using multiscale target sample set, the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed is trained, is obtained To Lung neoplasm detection model.
Through the above steps, after obtaining multiscale target sample set, using the multiscale target sample set to being pre-designed Target integrated rolled product neural network be trained, will be most afterwards through the obtained integrated convolutional Neural of multiscale target sample set training Network model is as Lung neoplasm detection model.
The detection model construction method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment, according to the lung images and lung images pair obtained in advance The description information answered determines region of interest area image;Region of interest area image is handled, target sample collection is obtained;It utilizes Multiscale target sample set is trained the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed, obtains Lung neoplasm detection model. In this way by being trained to obtain Lung neoplasm detection model to target integrated rolled product neural network using multiscale target sample set, Convolutional neural networks distinguish over the artificial extraction feature of conventional machines study, are to carry out depth to characteristics of image by convolution operation It practises to realize the effect for automatically extracting feature, the domestic demand of deep learning convolutional neural networks model is exactly big data Amount is continuously added and more news suitable for data, thus reduce error, then, the Lung neoplasm constructed through this embodiment Detection model just can enhance the accuracy of testing result, improve the accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and assemble for training by multiple dimensioned sample Practice the integrated convolution neural network model that the model that integrated convolutional neural networks obtain is multiple dimensioned input, single input list can be evaded Channel extract feature it is incomprehensive caused by influence to recognition result, avoid misjudgement misjudgment phenomenon, improve recognition accuracy and Detection efficiency.
Fig. 2 is the flow chart of the detection model construction method embodiment two of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in Fig. 2, this reality The detection model construction method for applying the Lung neoplasm of example can specifically include following steps:
S201, image enhancement processing is carried out to the lung images obtained in advance, obtains target image;
The detection model construction method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment obtains lung images first, and wherein lung images are preferably Lung CT image can be obtained from LIDC-IDRI Lung neoplasm public database, after getting lung CT image, be carried out to it Image enhancement processing, to obtain target image.
The method of image enhancement processing includes histogram equalization and median filtering.Histogram equalization is enhancing image pair Than a kind of method of degree, its basic thought is that the grey level histogram of piece image flattens, and is made each in transformed image The distribution probability of gray value is all identical.The histogram of original image is obtained by Cumulative Distribution Function first, then histogram is repaired It is changed to equally distributed histogram, the image after being equalized;The basic principle of median filtering is will be each in image The gray value of a pixel is set as the intermediate value of all gray values in its neighborhood, and then eliminates isolated noise spot, to reach figure The purpose of image intensifying, the present embodiment can choose 3 × 3 median filters and be filtered operation to original image to be enhanced Image afterwards.
S202, the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance is analyzed, obtains coordinate information;
Wherein, coordinate information includes Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information;
First while obtaining lung images, the corresponding description information of the lung images, each lung images are also obtained All correspond to a set of description information.If lung images are lung CT image, description information can be corresponding for the lung CT image XML markup information, XML markup information can be obtained from LIDC-IDRI Lung neoplasm public database, and XML markup information is by passing through Test iconography expert mark abundant.It after getting description information, analyzes it, obtains coordinate information, wherein coordinate Information includes Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information, and non-Lung neoplasm herein is that similar Lung neoplasm is not but lung knot The part of section.
If description information is XML markup information, the basic procedure for obtaining coordinate information is as follows:
(1) sufferer number is obtained, is located at<seriesInstanceUid></SeriesInstanceUid>between character String is the number information of patient.
(2) circulation extracts markup information.XML file includes<readingSession></readingSession>, respectively Correspond to the markup information of each expert.Each<readingSession></readingSession>between carry out it is following Operation:
1. searching for<unblindedReadNodule></unblindedReadNodule>.This tag memory stores up Lung neoplasm Information.If the label includes<characteristics></characteristics>label, then it is straight for representing this Lung neoplasm Lung neoplasm of the diameter between 3mm-30mm, each<roi></roi>in in store Lung neoplasm all coordinate informations.Its In,<imageZposition></imageZposition>corresponding CT image corresponds to frame number;Every a pair<edgeMap></ EdgeMap>storage<xCoord>and<yCoord>information are the profile coordinates of Lung neoplasm.If do not include < Characteristics></characteristics>label then illustrates that the tubercle is lesser tubercle, only needs to extract<roi></ Roi>in coordinate<imageZposition>,<xCoord>and<yCoord>information, which represents brief summary The centre coordinate of section.
2. searching for<nonNodule></nonNodule>.What the label saved is the non-Lung neoplasm information of mark, the label It only needs to extract down<imageZposition>information and<locus></locus>in a coordinate<xCoord>with<yCoord> Information, the coordinate information represent the centre coordinate of non-Lung neoplasm tissue.
By the above-mentioned analyzing step to XML file, available Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information.
S203, according to target image and coordinate information, determine area-of-interest;
Through the above steps, after obtaining target image and coordinate information, lung in coordinate information is intercepted on target image The corresponding image of tubercle coordinate information, using the image as positive sample image;Non- lung in coordinate information is intercepted on target image The corresponding image of tubercle coordinate information, using the image as negative sample image.
After obtaining positive sample image and negative sample image, combine positive sample image and negative sample image, after combination All images include positive sample image and negative sample image as region of interest area image, i.e. region of interest area image.
S204, it is based on preset n different scale, region of interest area image is normalized, obtained with n The primary data sample collection of scale, n are the positive integer more than or equal to 2;
Through the above steps, after obtaining region of interest area image, region of interest area image is normalized, In, normalized can realize that it is in two-dimensional space that bicubic interpolation, which is called bi-cubic interpolation, using bicubic interpolation algorithm Most common interpolation method.In this approach, function f can pass through in rectangular mesh nearest 16 in the value of point (x, y) The weighted average of a sampled point obtains, and is needed herein using two polynomial interopolation cubic functions, each direction uses one. Data are normalized, all pictures are normalized to n scale respectively and obtain primary data sample collection.Wherein, n is Positive integer more than or equal to 2.In the present embodiment, n is preferably 3, and data are normalized, and all pictures are distinguished normalizing Change to 32 × 32,64 × 64 and 128 × 128 3 scales and obtains primary data sample collection.
S205, data amplification processing is carried out to primary data sample collection, obtains amplification data sample set;
Through the above steps, it after obtaining primary data sample collection, needs to carry out data amplification to the primary data sample collection Processing, obtains amplification data sample set.Wherein, carrying out data amplification processing to primary data sample collection includes to initial data sample All images of this concentration carry out left and right overturning and spin upside down, so that many transformed images are obtained, by transformed institute There is image as amplification data sample set.
S206, primary data sample collection and amplification data sample set are merged, obtains multiscale target sample set;
Through the above steps, after obtaining primary data sample collection and amplification data sample set, by primary data sample collection It is merged with amplification data sample set, so that multiple dimensioned sample set is obtained, using multiple dimensioned sample set as multiscale target sample This collection.It include all images in primary data sample collection and amplification data sample set i.e. in multiscale target sample set.
S207, convolutional neural networks corresponding with each scale are obtained;
It learns through the above steps, by area-of-interest image normalization to n scale, therefore, it is necessary to obtain n convolution Neural network, each convolutional neural networks are corresponding with each scale.
Convolutional neural networks are generally made of convolutional layer, pond layer, full articulamentum etc..Convolutional layer is responsible for obtaining the office of image Portion's feature, and local feature is transmitted backward from network;Pond layer carries out down-sampling on Spatial Dimension, is responsible for reducing data Amount;Full articulamentum will calculate classification scoring, and loss function can carry out network weight according to classification scoring and the gap of target Adjustment.
S208, the n convolutional neural networks that will acquire are merged, and target integrated rolled product neural network is obtained;
Through the above steps, after obtaining n convolutional neural networks, n independent convolutional neural networks are merged, from And integrated convolutional neural networks are obtained, using the integrated convolutional neural networks as target integrated rolled product neural network.This implementation N is preferably 3 in example, and table 1 is 3 independent convolutional neural networks CNN structures, as shown in table 1:
Table 1
Wherein, convolutional neural networks CNN1 shares 1 input layer, 2 convolutional layers, 2 pond layers, 2 full articulamentums, and 1 A output layer, the convolution nuclear volume of two of them convolutional layer are respectively 8,16, and pondization is using maximum pondization strategy;Convolutional Neural net Network CNN2 shares 1 input layer, 3 convolutional layers, 3 pond layers, 2 full articulamentums, 1 output layer, wherein three convolutional layers Convolution nuclear volume be respectively 8,16,32, pondization is tactful using maximum pondization;Convolutional neural networks CNN3 shares 1 input layer, 4 convolutional layers, 4 pond layers, 2 full articulamentums, 1 output layer, wherein the convolution nuclear volume of four convolutional layers be respectively 8, 16,32,64;Pondization is using maximum pondization strategy.
Three separate network convolution nuclear volumes are incremented by successively, because as network depth increases, more convolution kernels can be with Extract more profound characteristics of image.After all convolution operations access batch normalization Batch Normalization and with Machine inactivates Dropout, the generalization ability of further lift scheme.Using nonlinear activation function ReLU as activation letter in network Number can prevent data the phenomenon that both ends generate saturation, to avoid weight that from can not carrying out compared to traditional Sigmoid function The situation of update.Wherein, Batch Normalization is the skill of neural metwork training, it can not only accelerate model Convergence rate, and more importantly in alleviating deep layer network to a certain degree the problem of " gradient disperse " so that Training deep layer network model is more easier and stablizes.Dropout just refers in each trained batch, can significantly reduce Fitting phenomenon keeps model generalization stronger.
S209, multiscale target sample set is classified, obtains training sample set, verifying sample set and test sample Collection;
After obtaining multiscale target sample set by step S206, classifies to multiscale target sample set, be divided into Training sample set, verifying sample set and three kinds of test sample collection, and training sample set, verifying sample set and test sample collection are Multiple dimensioned sample set.
S210, target integrated rolled product neural network is trained and is verified using training sample set and verifying sample set, Obtain integrated convolution neural network model;
Through the above steps, it after obtaining target integrated rolled product neural network, training sample set and verifying sample set, utilizes Training sample set is trained target integrated rolled product neural network, recycles verifying sample set to the target after training after training Integrated convolutional neural networks are verified, so that integrated convolution neural network model is obtained, due to training sample set and verifying sample This collection is multiple dimensioned sample set, so the integrated rolled obtained after training sample set training and verifying sample set verifying Product neural network model is the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input.
Lung neoplasm picture is subjected to multiple dimensioned input, difference can be excavated using the detection identification of integrated convolutional neural networks The characteristics of image of Lung neoplasm and regular information, can evade single input single channel most possibly in this way and extract feature under scale Influence caused by incomprehensive to recognition result, to achieve the purpose that promote Detection accuracy.
Wherein, training sample set is the data sample for carrying out models fitting, directly takes part in the process of model tune ginseng;Verifying Sample set is the sample set that model training individually reserves in the process, it can be used for adjusting the hyper parameter of model and the energy to model Power carries out entry evaluation.In neural network, optimal network depth is looked for validation data set, or determine backpropagation The halt of algorithm or the quantity that hidden layer neuron is selected in neural network.
It is by the way of train in batches that target integrated rolled product neural network, which is trained and is verified, and a round is completed The penalty values of the round training process can be returned afterwards, and by loss late, backpropagation carries out network weight to loss function from network again The adjustment of parameter makes it possible to obtain lower loss late.Verifying and deconditioning after training loss convergence, and preservation model For .h5 file, as final training result, i.e. the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input, herein integrated Convolutional neural networks model is integrated study model.
Integrated study understands the machine learning method for exactly gathering multiple learners from letter, sometimes also by For multi-classifier system.Compared with single learning model, can get for integrated study model is significantly more excellent than single learning model Generalization Capability more.Integrated convolutional neural networks by the sample data of three kinds of scales be respectively fed in CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3 into Row detection, finally carries out integrating final result to the testing result of three networks.In integrated study theory CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3 is Weak Classifier, and the method that Weak Classifier integrates strong classifier has averaging, ballot and weighted sum etc..The present embodiment It is middle select ballot device mode integrated, i.e., only there are three types of classification results be all 1 when final output be just 1, otherwise tie Fruit is 0.
S211, test sample collection is input to integrated convolution neural network model, obtains test result;
Through the above steps, after obtaining integrated convolution neural network model and test sample collection, test sample collection is defeated Enter into integrated convolution neural network model, obtain test result, i.e., whether is Lung neoplasm.Due to multiscale target sample set packet Image containing n scale, integrating convolution neural network model is the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input, institute With test sample concentrates image also comprising n scale, integrates in convolution neural network model also comprising n and multiple dimensioned mesh The corresponding convolutional neural networks of standard specimen this concentration graphical rule are input to integrated convolution neural network model in test sample collection In the process, the image that test sample is concentrated is input in corresponding convolutional neural networks according to scale correspondence, convolutional Neural Each convolutional neural networks that network model includes can export a recognition result, also wrap in integrated convolution neural network model Containing a voting mechanism, i.e., n convolutional neural networks for including in integrated convolution neural network model can all export an identification As a result, can then obtain n recognition result, when only n recognition result is expressed as Lung neoplasm, the test result be just be lung knot Section, as long as having an expression in n recognition result is not Lung neoplasm, test result be just be not Lung neoplasm.The original done so Confirm three times because being to do true tubercle, guarantees the accuracy of strong disaggregated model.
Test sample collection is used to assess the generalization ability of mould final mask, but cannot function as adjusting ginseng, selection feature scheduling algorithm The foundation of relevant selection.Test sample collection is that network training completes final inspection data, and network is accurate from test set Degree can be seen that the quality of this model.
S212, according to test result, determine test accuracy rate;
Through the above steps, after obtaining test result, test result and correct result are compared, so that it is determined that test Accuracy rate.Wherein, the calculation of test accuracy rate is that test result sample size identical with correct result is divided by test specimens The total quantity of this concentration sample.
Whether S213, detection test accuracy rate are greater than default accuracy rate;
Through the above steps, after obtaining test accuracy rate, whether detection test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate, wherein in advance If accuracy rate is pre-set numerical value, if test accuracy rate can be more than default accuracy rate, in expression above-mentioned steps Obtained integrated convolution neural network model is the model of accuracy rate qualification.
If S214, test accuracy rate are greater than default accuracy rate, detected integrated convolution neural network model as Lung neoplasm Model.
Through the above steps, if detecting that test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate, by integrated convolutional neural networks Model is as Lung neoplasm detection model.If detecting that test accuracy rate is not more than default accuracy rate, then need to reacquire lung Portion's image and description information, and integrated convolution Artificial Neural Network Structures are adjusted, to continue to integrated convolutional neural networks Model is trained and verifies, after test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate, then deconditioning.
Fig. 3 is the precision line chart of training sample set in the detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm of the invention;
Fig. 4 is the precision line chart that sample set is verified in the detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm of the invention.This implementation Example in, to target integrated rolled product neural network be trained and verification process in, training sample set and verifying sample set training and The precision (i.e. accuracy rate) of verifying is as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.Wherein, epoch when abscissa is model training, an epoch refer to The process of completing a forward calculation and backpropagation is sent into network for all data.Since an epoch is usually too big, Computer can not load, we can divide it into several lesser batches.Batch is exactly that each be sent into network is trained A part of data, and batch Size is exactly the quantity of training sample in each batch.Iterations is to complete once Batch number needed for epoch.For example, there are 2000 data, it is divided into 4 batch, then batch size is exactly 500.Fortune All data of row are trained, and are completed 1 epoch, are needed to carry out 4 iterations.It, can before convolutional neural networks training With the number of the size of self-setting batch size and epoch;Ordinate is accuracy rate.
In the present embodiment, it is not intended to limit the sequence that executes of step S207-S208, step S207-S208 can be in step It is executed between either step before S209.
The detection model construction method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment carries out at image enhancement the lung images obtained in advance Reason, obtains target image;The corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance is analyzed, coordinate information is obtained;In mesh The corresponding image of Lung neoplasm coordinate information is intercepted in logo image, obtains positive sample image;Upper non-Lung neoplasm is intercepted in target image The corresponding image of coordinate information, obtains negative sample image;Positive sample image and negative sample image are combined, area-of-interest is obtained Image;Based on preset n different scale, region of interest area image is normalized, obtains the original with n scale Beginning set of data samples;Data amplification processing is carried out to primary data sample collection, obtains amplification data sample set;It will be multiple dimensioned original Set of data samples and amplification data sample set merge, and obtain multiscale target sample set;It obtains corresponding with each scale Convolutional neural networks;The n convolutional neural networks that will acquire are merged, and target integrated rolled product neural network is obtained;It will be more Scaled target sample set is classified, and training sample set, verifying sample set and test sample collection are obtained;Using training sample set and Verifying sample set is trained and verifies to target integrated rolled product neural network, obtains integrated convolution neural network model;It will survey Examination sample set is input to integrated convolution neural network model, obtains test result;According to test result, test accuracy rate is determined; Whether detection test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate;If so, detecting mould for integrated convolution neural network model as Lung neoplasm Type.In this way by the way that target integrated rolled product neural network is trained, verifies and is tested using multiscale target sample set, obtain Lung neoplasm detection model, convolutional neural networks distinguish over the artificial extraction feature of conventional machines study, are by convolution operation to figure As feature progress deep learning to realize the effect for automatically extracting feature, the inherent of deep learning convolutional neural networks model is needed Asking is exactly big data volume, is continuously added and more news suitable for data, thus reduce error, then, by this implementation The Lung neoplasm detection model of example building, just can enhance the accuracy of testing result, improve the accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and this Target sample collection used in the examples is multiple dimensioned sample set, and the convolutional neural networks used are integrated convolutional neural networks, The obtained Lung neoplasm detection model of training is the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input, by Lung neoplasm picture into The multiple dimensioned input of row can excavate the characteristics of image of Lung neoplasm under different scale using the detection identification of integrated convolutional neural networks With regular information, single input single channel can be evaded most possibly in this way and extract the incomprehensive caused to identification knot of feature The influence of fruit, network it is last determine when be integrated with the judgement of three networks as a result, can be to avoiding showing for misjudgement erroneous judgement as far as possible As to keep recognition accuracy higher.And concurrent operation may be implemented in three networks, is promoted while saving computing resource Detection efficiency.
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection method embodiment of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in figure 5, the present embodiment The detection method of Lung neoplasm can specifically include following steps:
S301, image to be detected is obtained;
In the present embodiment, if patient wants detection lung and whether there is Lung neoplasm, the detection method of Lung neoplasm firstly the need of Obtain image to be detected of user.Wherein, morphological segment is carried out by the lung images to patient, will owned in lung images The image of similar Lung neoplasm is split, as image to be detected.In addition, image to be detected can also be directed to lung by doctor Portion's image is manually marked, and by the image labeling of similar Lung neoplasms all in lung images and is split.In the present embodiment, Lung images are preferably lung CT image, are shot by CT machine.
S302, it is based on Lung neoplasm detection model, inputs image to be detected, obtains testing result.
Through the above steps, after obtaining image to be detected, image to be detected is input to and is obtained through the foregoing embodiment In Lung neoplasm detection model, thus the testing result exported, obtained in testing result include indicate be Lung neoplasm and Expression is not Lung neoplasm.
The detection method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment obtains image to be detected;Based on Lung neoplasm detection model, input to be checked Altimetric image obtains testing result.Lung neoplasm detection model be target convolutional neural networks are trained using target sample collection, What verifying and test obtained, wherein convolutional neural networks distinguish over the artificial extraction feature of conventional machines study, are grasped by convolution Make to carry out deep learning to characteristics of image to realize the effect for automatically extracting feature, deep learning convolutional neural networks model Domestic demand is exactly big data volume, is continuously added and more news suitable for data, thus reduce error, then, this reality The Lung neoplasm detection model that the detection method of the Lung neoplasm of example constructs through the foregoing embodiment is applied to detect image to be detected, The accuracy that testing result can be enhanced, improves the accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and the Lung neoplasm detection used in the present embodiment Model is the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input, and Lung neoplasm picture is carried out multiple dimensioned input, utilizes collection The characteristics of image of Lung neoplasm and regular information can be excavated under different scale at convolutional neural networks detection identification, it in this way can be with Evade the incomprehensive caused influence to recognition result that single input single channel extracts feature most possibly, network is last The judgement of three networks is integrated with when judgement as a result, can be to the phenomenon that misjudging erroneous judgement is avoided as far as possible, to make recognition accuracy It is higher.And concurrent operation may be implemented in three networks, improves detection efficiency while saving computing resource.
In order to which more comprehensively, corresponding to the detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm provided in an embodiment of the present invention, the application is also Provide the detection model construction device of Lung neoplasm.
Fig. 6 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection model construction device embodiment one of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in fig. 6, The detection model construction device of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment comprises determining that module 11, processing module 12 and training module 13.
Determining module 11, for determining sense according to the lung images and the corresponding description information of lung images obtained in advance Interest area image;
Processing module 12 obtains multiscale target sample set for handling region of interest area image;
Training module 13, for utilizing multiscale target sample set, to the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed It is trained, obtains Lung neoplasm detection model.
The detection model of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment constructs model, determining module 11 according to the lung images obtained in advance and The corresponding description information of lung images, determines region of interest area image;Processing module 12 handles region of interest area image, Obtain multiscale target sample set;Training module 13 utilizes multiscale target sample set, to the target integrated rolled product being pre-designed Neural network is trained, and obtains Lung neoplasm detection model.In this way by utilizing multiscale target sample set to target integrated rolled Product neural network is trained to obtain Lung neoplasm detection model, and it is special that convolutional neural networks distinguish over the artificial extraction of conventional machines study Sign is to carry out deep learning to characteristics of image by convolution operation to realize the effect for automatically extracting feature, deep learning volume The domestic demand of product neural network model is exactly big data volume, is continuously added and more news suitable for data, to subtract Small error, then, the Lung neoplasm detection model constructed through this embodiment just can enhance the accuracy of testing result, improve The accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and be multiple dimensioned input by the model that multiple dimensioned sample set training integrated rolled product neural network obtains Integrated convolution neural network model, can evade single input single channel extract feature it is incomprehensive caused by the shadow of recognition result It rings, avoids misjudgement misjudgment phenomenon, improve recognition accuracy and detection efficiency.
About the device in above-described embodiment, wherein modules execute the concrete mode of operation in related this method Embodiment in be described in detail, no detailed explanation will be given here.
Fig. 7 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection model construction device embodiment two of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in fig. 7, Determining module 11 in the detection model construction device of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment specifically includes: first processing units 111, analysis Unit 112 and image determination unit 113, image determination unit 113 include: interception subelement 1131 and combination subelement 1132.
First processing units 111 obtain target figure for carrying out image enhancement processing to the lung images obtained in advance Picture;
Analytical unit 112 obtains coordinate letter for analyzing the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance Breath;
Image determination unit 113, for determining the region of interest area image according to target image and coordinate information.
Wherein, coordinate information includes Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information;Image determination unit 113 is first First, the corresponding image of Lung neoplasm coordinate information is intercepted on target image, obtains positive sample image;It is intercepted on target image non- The corresponding image of Lung neoplasm coordinate information, obtains negative sample image;Secondly, combining positive sample image and negative sample image, obtain To region of interest area image.
Further, the processing module 12 of the present embodiment specifically includes: the second processing unit 121, third processing unit 122 With combining unit 123.
The second processing unit 121 is normalized region of interest area image for being based on preset n different scale Processing, obtains the primary data sample collection with n scale, and n is the positive integer more than or equal to 2;
Third processing unit 122 obtains amplification data sample for carrying out data amplification processing to primary data sample collection Collection;
Combining unit 123 obtains multiple dimensioned mesh for merging primary data sample collection and amplification data sample set Mark sample set.
Further, the detection model construction device of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment further includes that neural network obtains 14 He of module Fusion Module 15.
Neural network obtains module 14, for obtaining convolutional neural networks corresponding with each scale;
Fusion Module 15, the n convolutional neural networks for will acquire are merged, and target integrated rolled product nerve net is obtained Network.
Further, the training module 13 of the present embodiment specifically includes: sample classification unit 131, model treatment unit 132, model measurement unit 133, the first determination unit 134, detection unit 135 and the second determination unit 136.
Sample classification unit 131 obtains training sample set, verifying sample for multiscale target sample set to be classified This collection and test sample collection;
Model treatment unit 132, for utilizing training sample set and verifying sample set to target integrated rolled product neural network It is trained and verifies, obtain integrated convolution neural network model;
Model measurement unit 133 obtains test knot for test sample collection to be input to integrated convolution neural network model Fruit;
First determination unit 134, for determining test accuracy rate according to test result;
Detection unit 135, for detecting whether test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate;
Second determination unit 136, if being greater than default accuracy rate for test accuracy rate, by integrated convolution neural network model As Lung neoplasm detection model.
The detection model construction device of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment, by first processing units 111 to the lung obtained in advance Portion's image carries out image enhancement processing, obtains target image;It is corresponding to the lung images obtained in advance by analytical unit 112 Description information is analyzed, and coordinate information is obtained;By image determination unit 113 according to target image and coordinate information, obtain Region of interest area image;It is based on preset n different scale by the second processing unit 121, region of interest area image is carried out Normalized obtains the primary data sample collection with n scale;By third processing unit 122 to primary data sample Collection carries out data amplification processing, obtains amplification data sample set;By primary data sample collection and number is expanded by combining unit 123 It is merged according to sample set, obtains multiscale target sample set;Module 14 is obtained by neural network to obtain and each scale phase Corresponding convolutional neural networks;It is merged by the n convolutional neural networks that Fusion Module 15 will acquire, it is integrated to obtain target Convolutional neural networks;Multiscale target sample set is classified by sample classification unit 131, training sample set is obtained, tests Demonstrate,prove sample set and test sample collection;It is integrated to target using training sample set and verifying sample set by model treatment unit 132 Convolutional neural networks are trained and verify, and obtain integrated convolution neural network model;It will be tested by model measurement unit 133 Sample set is input to integrated convolution neural network model, obtains test result;It is tied by the first determination unit 134 according to test Fruit determines test accuracy rate;Detect whether test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate by detection unit 135;If so, passing through the Three determination units 136 are using integrated convolution neural network model as Lung neoplasm detection model.In this way by utilizing multiscale target Sample set is trained, verifies and tests to target integrated rolled product neural network, obtains Lung neoplasm detection model, convolutional Neural net Network distinguishes over the artificial extraction feature of conventional machines study, is to carry out deep learning to characteristics of image by convolution operation to realize The effect of feature is automatically extracted, the domestic demand of deep learning convolutional neural networks model is exactly big data volume, is suitable for number According to being continuously added and more news, thus reduce error, then, the Lung neoplasm detection model constructed through this embodiment, just The accuracy that testing result can be enhanced, improves the accuracy rate of diagnostic result, and the target sample collection used in the present embodiment For multiple dimensioned sample set, the convolutional neural networks used train obtained Lung neoplasm detection model to integrate convolutional neural networks For the integrated convolution neural network model based on multiple dimensioned input, Lung neoplasm picture is subjected to multiple dimensioned input, utilizes integrated rolled Product neural network detection identification can excavate the characteristics of image of Lung neoplasm and regular information under different scale, in this way can be maximum Possibly evade the incomprehensive caused influence to recognition result that single input single channel extracts feature, network determines finally When be integrated with three networks judgement as a result, can to avoid as far as possible misjudgement judge by accident the phenomenon that, to keep recognition accuracy higher. And concurrent operation may be implemented in three networks, improves detection efficiency while saving computing resource.
About the device in above-described embodiment, wherein modules execute the concrete mode of operation in related this method Embodiment in be described in detail, no detailed explanation will be given here.
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram of the detection device embodiment of Lung neoplasm of the invention.As shown in figure 8, the present embodiment The detection device of Lung neoplasm includes image collection module 21 and detection module 22.
Image collection module 21, for obtaining image to be detected;
Detection module 22 inputs image to be detected, obtains testing result for being based on Lung neoplasm detection model;Lung neoplasm Detection model through the foregoing embodiment in Lung neoplasm detection model construction method building.
The detection device of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment obtains image to be detected by image collection module 21;Pass through detection Module 22 is based on Lung neoplasm detection model, inputs image to be detected, obtains testing result.Lung neoplasm detection model is to utilize more rulers Degree target sample collection is trained, verifies and tests to target integrated rolled product neural network, wherein convolutional neural networks It distinguishes over conventional machines study and manually extracts feature, be that deep learning is carried out to characteristics of image to realize certainly by convolution operation The dynamic effect for extracting feature, the domestic demand of deep learning convolutional neural networks model is exactly big data volume, is suitable for data It is continuously added and more news, thus reduce error, then, the detection method of the Lung neoplasm of the present embodiment passes through above-mentioned implementation The Lung neoplasm detection model of example building detects image to be detected, can enhance the accuracy of testing result, improves diagnosis As a result accuracy rate, and the Lung neoplasm detection model used in the present embodiment is the integrated convolutional Neural based on multiple dimensioned input Lung neoplasm picture is carried out multiple dimensioned input by network model, can be excavated not using the detection identification of integrated convolutional neural networks Characteristics of image and regular information with Lung neoplasm under scale, can evade single input single channel most possibly in this way and extract feature It is incomprehensive caused by influence to recognition result, network it is last determine when be integrated with the judgement of three networks as a result, energy The phenomenon that avoiding misjudgement to judge by accident as far as possible, to keep recognition accuracy higher.And concurrent operation may be implemented in three networks, Detection efficiency is improved while saving computing resource.
About the device in above-described embodiment, wherein modules execute the concrete mode of operation in related this method Embodiment in be described in detail, no detailed explanation will be given here.
It is understood that same or similar part can mutually refer in the various embodiments described above, in some embodiments Unspecified content may refer to the same or similar content in other embodiments.
It should be noted that in the description of the present invention, term " first ", " second " etc. are used for description purposes only, without It can be interpreted as indication or suggestion relative importance.In addition, in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of " multiple " Refer at least two.
Any process described otherwise above or method description are construed as in flow chart or herein, and expression includes It is one or more for realizing specific logical function or process the step of executable instruction code module, segment or portion Point, and the range of the preferred embodiment of the present invention includes other realization, wherein can not press shown or discussed suitable Sequence, including according to related function by it is basic simultaneously in the way of or in the opposite order, Lai Zhihang function, this should be of the invention Embodiment person of ordinary skill in the field understood.
It should be appreciated that each section of the invention can be realized with hardware, software, firmware or their combination.Above-mentioned In embodiment, software that multiple steps or method can be executed in memory and by suitable instruction execution system with storage Or firmware is realized.It, and in another embodiment, can be under well known in the art for example, if realized with hardware Any one of column technology or their combination are realized: having a logic gates for realizing logic function to data-signal Discrete logic, with suitable combinational logic gate circuit specific integrated circuit, programmable gate array (PGA), scene Programmable gate array (FPGA) etc..
Those skilled in the art are understood that realize all or part of step that above-described embodiment method carries It suddenly is that relevant hardware can be instructed to complete by program, described program can store in a kind of computer readable storage medium In, which when being executed, includes the steps that one or a combination set of embodiment of the method.
It, can also be in addition, each functional unit in each embodiment of the present invention can integrate in a processing module It is that each unit physically exists alone, can also be integrated in two or more units in a module.Above-mentioned integrated mould Block both can take the form of hardware realization, can also be realized in the form of software function module.The integrated module is such as Fruit is realized and when sold or used as an independent product in the form of software function module, also can store in a computer In read/write memory medium.
Storage medium mentioned above can be read-only memory, disk or CD etc..
In the description of this specification, reference term " one embodiment ", " some embodiments ", " example ", " specifically show The description of example " or " some examples " etc. means specific features, structure, material or spy described in conjunction with this embodiment or example Point is included at least one embodiment or example of the invention.In the present specification, schematic expression of the above terms are not Centainly refer to identical embodiment or example.Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described can be any One or more embodiment or examples in can be combined in any suitable manner.
Although the embodiments of the present invention has been shown and described above, it is to be understood that above-described embodiment is example Property, it is not considered as limiting the invention, those skilled in the art within the scope of the invention can be to above-mentioned Embodiment is changed, modifies, replacement and variant.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of detection model construction method of Lung neoplasm characterized by comprising
According to the lung images and the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance, region of interest area image is determined;
The region of interest area image is handled, multiscale target sample set is obtained;
Using the multiscale target sample set, the target integrated rolled product neural network being pre-designed is trained, lung is obtained Nodule detection model.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein lung images that the basis obtains in advance and the lung The corresponding description information of image, determines region of interest area image, comprising:
Image enhancement processing is carried out to the lung images obtained in advance, obtains target image;
The corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance is analyzed, coordinate information is obtained;
According to the target image and the coordinate information, the region of interest area image is determined.
3. according to the method described in claim 2, it is characterized in that, the coordinate information includes Lung neoplasm coordinate information and non-lung Tubercle coordinate information;
It is described according to the target image and the coordinate information, determine the region of interest area image, comprising:
The corresponding image of the Lung neoplasm coordinate information is intercepted on the target image, obtains positive sample image;In the mesh The corresponding image of the non-Lung neoplasm coordinate information is intercepted in logo image, obtains negative sample image;
The positive sample image and the negative sample image are combined, the region of interest area image is obtained.
4. being obtained the method according to claim 1, wherein described handle the region of interest area image To multiscale target sample set, comprising:
Based on preset n different scale, the region of interest area image is normalized, is obtained described with n The primary data sample collection of scale, the n are the positive integer more than or equal to 2;
Data amplification processing is carried out to the primary data sample collection, obtains amplification data sample set;
The primary data sample collection and the amplification data sample set are merged, the multiscale target sample is obtained Collection.
5. according to the method described in claim 4, it is characterized in that, described utilize the multiscale target sample set, to preparatory The target integrated rolled product neural network of design is trained, before obtaining Lung neoplasm detection model, further includes:
Obtain convolutional neural networks corresponding with each scale;
The n convolutional neural networks that will acquire are merged, and the target integrated rolled product neural network is obtained.
6. the method according to claim 1, wherein described utilize the multiscale target sample set, to preparatory The target integrated rolled product neural network of design is trained, and obtains Lung neoplasm detection model, comprising:
The multiscale target sample set is classified, training sample set, verifying sample set and test sample collection are obtained;
Target integrated rolled product neural network is trained and is tested using the training sample set and the verifying sample set Card obtains integrated convolution neural network model;
The test sample collection is input to the integrated convolution neural network model, obtains test result;
According to the test result, test accuracy rate is determined;
Detect whether the test accuracy rate is greater than default accuracy rate;
If so, using the integrated convolution neural network model as Lung neoplasm detection model.
7. a kind of detection method of Lung neoplasm characterized by comprising
Obtain image to be detected;
Based on Lung neoplasm detection model, described image to be detected is inputted, testing result is obtained;
The detection model construction method building that the Lung neoplasm detection model passes through any one of claim 1-6 Lung neoplasm.
8. a kind of detection model construction device of Lung neoplasm characterized by comprising
Determining module, for determining that sense is emerging according to the lung images and the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance Interesting area image;
Processing module obtains multiscale target sample set for handling the region of interest area image;
Training module, for utilize the multiscale target sample set, to be pre-designed target integrated rolled product neural network into Row training, obtains Lung neoplasm detection model.
9. device according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the determining module includes: first processing units, analysis list Member and image determination unit;
The first processing units obtain target figure for carrying out image enhancement processing to the lung images obtained in advance Picture;
The analytical unit is obtained for analyzing the corresponding description information of the lung images obtained in advance Coordinate information;
Described image determination unit, for determining the area-of-interest figure according to the target image and the coordinate information Picture.
10. a kind of detection device of Lung neoplasm characterized by comprising image collection module and detection module;
Described image obtains module, for obtaining image to be detected;
The detection module inputs described image to be detected, obtains testing result for being based on Lung neoplasm detection model;It is described The detection model construction method building that Lung neoplasm detection model passes through any one of claim 1-6 Lung neoplasm.
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Application publication date: 20190802