CN110082824B - Method and device for extracting discontinuous attribute body and electronic equipment - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and a device for extracting a discontinuous attribute body and electronic equipment, and relates to the technical field of seismic imaging, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring seismic migration data to be processed; calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data; generating an anti-migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip field information and the anti-migration kernel function; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filter formula; and performing migration processing on the reverse migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data. The invention can effectively improve the extraction precision of the discontinuous attribute body.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of seismic imaging, in particular to a method and a device for extracting a discontinuous attribute body and electronic equipment.
Background
According to the huygens principle, when a subsurface geologic body is considered as a seismic source to excite a seismic wave toward the surface, the discontinuous geologic body and the continuous geologic body may diffuse in different forms. The safety problems of the discontinuous geologic body on oil gas migration and coal mining are closely related, and the discontinuous geologic body is accurately identified, so that the method can be helpful for improving the oil gas mining efficiency, reducing the mining cost and reducing the geological hazards in the coal mining process. The extraction of the discontinuous attribute body is realized by performing reverse migration-migration operation on the seismic migration result, but because the wave fields of the continuous attribute body and the discontinuous attribute body are received simultaneously in the reverse migration process, the continuous attribute body still exists in the obtained discontinuous attribute body, and the extraction accuracy of the discontinuous attribute body is low.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for extracting a discontinuous attribute body, and an electronic device, which can effectively improve the accuracy of extracting the discontinuous attribute body.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for extracting a discontinuous attribute body, including: acquiring seismic migration data to be processed; calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data; generating an inverse migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip field information, and an inverse migration kernel; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filtering formula; and performing migration processing on the reverse migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the step of calculating dip field information of the seismic migration data includes: and calculating dip field information of the seismic migration data by using a dip estimation method.
With reference to the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the inverse offset kernel function is expressed as:
U(t,s,r)＝∫w(s,x,r)I(x)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dx
wherein U (t, s, r) represents the inverse migration result, t represents the first two-way travel time, s represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, I (x) represents seismic migration data, and δ (t-t), t represents the first two-way travel time, r represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, andd(s, x, r)) represents the Dirac function, td(s, x, r) represents a second two-way travel time.
With reference to the second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the embodiment of the present invention provides a third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the inverse polarity filtering formula w (s, x, r) is expressed as:
w(s,x,r)＝sgn(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))sin(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))
wherein sgn (theta (s, x, r) -theta0(x) Denotes a sign function, theta (s, x, r) denotes an observed inclination angle, theta0(x) Representing the tilt field information.
With reference to the third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the present invention provides a fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the observed inclination angle θ (s, x, r) is expressed as:
wherein Ps represents a vector from the shot point to the geological imaging point, Pr represents a vector from the demodulator probe to the geological imaging point, and z represents a unit vector.
In combination with the second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the present invention provides a fifth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, wherein the second two-way travel time td(s, x, r) is represented by:
wherein x issRepresents the abscissa, y, of said shot pointsRepresenting the ordinate, x, of the shot point0Abscissa, y, representing the geological imaging point0Representing the ordinate, y, of the geological imaging pointrRepresenting the ordinate of the demodulator probe, h representing the depth value of the geological imaging point, vrmsA root mean square velocity of the geological imaging point is represented.
With reference to the second possible implementation manner of the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a sixth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, where the step of performing migration processing on the anti-migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data includes:
extracting a discontinuous attribute body D (x) corresponding to the seismic migration data according to the following formula:
D(x)＝∫U(t,s,r)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dtdrds。
in a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides an apparatus for extracting a discontinuous attribute body, including: the migration data acquisition module is used for acquiring seismic migration data to be processed; the dip angle field calculation module is used for calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data; the anti-migration result generation module is used for generating an anti-migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip angle field information and an anti-migration kernel function; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filtering formula; and the discontinuous attribute body extraction module is used for carrying out migration processing on the anti-migration result so as to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides an electronic device, where the electronic device includes a memory and a processor, where the memory is used to store a program that supports the processor to execute the method described in any one of the first to sixth possible implementation manners of the first aspect, and the processor is configured to execute the program stored in the memory.
In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer storage medium for storing computer software instructions for a method according to any one of the first to sixth possible implementation manners of the first aspect.
The embodiment of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, the device and the electronic equipment for extracting the discontinuous attribute bodies, the seismic migration data to be processed are firstly obtained, the dip angle field information of the seismic migration data is calculated, then the reverse migration result is generated based on the seismic migration data, the dip angle field information and the reverse migration kernel function containing the reverse polarity filter formula, and the discontinuous attribute bodies corresponding to the seismic data are extracted by performing migration processing on the reverse migration result. According to the embodiment of the invention, the property that the discontinuous attribute body is not limited by a Fresnel zone is utilized, the reverse offset kernel function is modified to obtain the reverse offset kernel function containing the reverse polarity filtering formula, and the continuous attribute body is pressed by the reverse polarity filtering formula, so that the obtained discontinuous attribute body is not doped with the continuous attribute body, and the extraction precision of the discontinuous attribute body is effectively improved.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
In order to make the aforementioned and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a discontinuous attribute body extraction method provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of another discontinuous attribute body extraction method provided by the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for extracting a discontinuous attribute according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
At present, because wave fields of a continuous attribute body and a discontinuous attribute body are received simultaneously in a reverse migration process, the continuous attribute body still exists in the obtained discontinuous attribute body, and thus the extraction precision of the discontinuous attribute body is low.
To facilitate understanding of the present embodiment, first, a detailed description is given of an extraction method of a discontinuous attribute disclosed in the present embodiment, referring to a flow chart of the extraction method of a discontinuous attribute shown in fig. 1, where the method may include the following steps:
and S102, acquiring seismic migration data to be processed.
The seismic migration data are obtained by processing the seismic data, and in specific implementation, a mean filtering method can be adopted to carry out noise suppression on the seismic data, and the seismic migration data are obtained based on the seismic data after the noise suppression.
And step S104, calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data.
Because the dip field information of the seismic migration data has an effect on the anti-migration result, the dip field information of the seismic migration data needs to be calculated, and in one embodiment, the dip field information of the seismic migration data can be calculated by using a dip estimation method.
And S106, generating an anti-migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip field information and the anti-migration kernel function.
Wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filter formula. Considering that the energy of the continuous attribute body (i.e., the reflected wave) is focused near the phase stabilization point, i.e., the energy of the transmitted wave is focused in the range of the first fresnel zone, but the energy of the discontinuous attribute body (i.e., the diffracted wave) is not restricted by the fresnel zone, and since the polarities of the continuous attribute bodies in the fresnel zone are the same during the reverse offset process, the continuous attribute bodies are enhanced in superposition, so that the energy in the fresnel zone can be suppressed by a reverse polarity filter (i.e., the aforementioned reverse polarity filtering formula), that is, the following phenomena occur: the continuous attribute is suppressed by the reverse polarity filter and cannot be diffused out of the fresnel zone range, while the discontinuous attribute is diffused out of the fresnel zone range and forms a diffraction wave field.
In the course of reverse migration, the continuous attribute body in the seismic migration data can be suppressed by using a reverse polarity filter, and the diffracted wave field can be effectively increased, so that the reverse migration result can be obtained.
And step S108, carrying out migration processing on the reverse migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data.
The discontinuous attribute body can represent geological information with important significance such as a breakpoint, a stratum sharp vanishing point, a crack zone and the like. In specific implementation, the obtained reverse offset result can be subjected to offset processing by a conventional offset method, and the discontinuous attribute body can be extracted and obtained.
The discontinuous attribute body extraction method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the steps of firstly obtaining seismic migration data to be processed, calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data, then generating an inverse migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip angle field information and an inverse migration kernel function containing an inverse polarity filter formula, and performing migration processing on the inverse migration result to extract the discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic data. According to the embodiment of the invention, the property that the discontinuous attribute body is not limited by a Fresnel zone is utilized, the reverse offset kernel function is modified to obtain the reverse offset kernel function containing the reverse polarity filtering formula, and the continuous attribute body is pressed by the reverse polarity filtering formula, so that the obtained discontinuous attribute body is not doped with the continuous attribute body, and the extraction precision of the discontinuous attribute body is effectively improved.
In order to facilitate understanding of the discontinuous attribute body extraction method provided in the above embodiment, another discontinuous attribute body extraction method is also provided in the embodiments of the present invention, and referring to a flow diagram of another discontinuous attribute body extraction method shown in fig. 2, the method may include the following steps 1 to 4:
step 1, reading seismic migration data I (x). Wherein x represents geological imaging point information.
Step 2, calculating dip angle field information theta of seismic migration data by using dip angle estimation method0(x)。
And 3, performing reverse migration on the seismic migration data by using the reverse migration kernel function to obtain a reverse migration result.
In one embodiment, the inverse offset kernel function is represented as:
U(t,s,r)＝∫w(s,x,r)I(x)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dx
wherein U (t, s, r) represents the inverse offset result, and t representsFirst two-way travel time, s represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents inverse polarity filtering formula, I (x) represents seismic migration data, and delta (t-t)d(s, x, r)) represents the Dirac function, td(s, x, r) represents a second two-way travel time (i.e., the two-way travel time from shot s to geophone r through x).
Further, the inverse polarity filtering formula w (s, x, r) in the inverse offset kernel is expressed as:
w(s,x,r)＝sgn(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))sin(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))
wherein sgn (theta (s, x, r) -theta0(x) Denotes a sign function, theta (s, x, r) denotes an observed inclination angle, theta0(x) Representing tilt field information.
Further, the observation inclination θ (s, x, r) in the above-described reverse-polarity filter is expressed as:
wherein Ps represents a vector from a shot point to a geological imaging point, Pr represents a vector from a demodulator probe to the geological imaging point, z represents a unit vector, and z is a unit vector which is vertically downward.
Further, the second double-journey travel time t in the inverse shift kernel functiond(s, x, r) is represented by:
wherein x issAbscissa, y, representing the shot pointsOrdinate, x, representing the shot point0Abscissa, y, representing geological imaging points0Ordinate, y, representing geological imaging pointsrRepresenting the ordinate of the demodulator probe, h the depth value of the geological imaging point, vrmsRepresenting the root mean square velocity of the geological imaging point.
And performing reverse migration processing on the seismic migration data through the formula to obtain a reverse migration result of the suppressed continuous attribute body.
And 4, carrying out offset processing on the anti-offset result by using an offset formula, and extracting the discontinuous attribute body.
In specific implementation, the discontinuous attribute body d (x) corresponding to the seismic migration data can be extracted according to the following formula:
D(x)＝∫U(t,s,r)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dtdrds。
in some embodiments, diffraction imaging results may be obtained based on the obtained discontinuous attribute bodies, thereby facilitating knowledge of geological information such as breakpoints, bed point vanishing points, and fracture zones. The diffraction imaging result constructed based on the discontinuous attribute body has higher resolution because the invention can better press the continuous attribute body.
In summary, in the embodiment of the present invention, the property that the discontinuous attribute is not limited by the fresnel zone is utilized, the inverse offset kernel function is modified to obtain the inverse offset kernel function including the inverse polarity filter formula, and the continuous attribute is compressed by the inverse polarity filter formula, so that the obtained discontinuous attribute is not doped with the continuous attribute, the extraction accuracy of the discontinuous attribute is effectively improved, and a high-resolution discontinuous attribute diffraction imaging result can be obtained.
For the extraction method of the discontinuous attribute body provided in the foregoing embodiment, an embodiment of the present invention further provides an extraction device of the discontinuous attribute body, and referring to a schematic structural diagram of the extraction device of the discontinuous attribute body shown in fig. 3, the extraction device may include the following parts:
an offset data acquisition module 302, configured to acquire seismic offset data to be processed;
a dip field calculation module 304, configured to calculate dip field information of the seismic migration data;
an inverse migration result generation module 306, configured to generate an inverse migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip field information, and the inverse migration kernel; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filter formula;
and a discontinuous attribute body extraction module 308, configured to perform migration processing on the anti-migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data.
According to the extraction device of the discontinuous attribute body provided by the embodiment of the invention, the migration data acquisition module firstly acquires seismic migration data to be processed, the dip angle field information of the seismic migration data is calculated through the dip angle field calculation module, the reverse migration result generation module generates a reverse migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip angle field information and a reverse migration kernel function containing a reverse polarity filter formula, and the discontinuous attribute body extraction module performs migration processing on the reverse migration result to extract the discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic data. According to the embodiment of the invention, the property that the discontinuous attribute body is not limited by a Fresnel zone is utilized, the reverse offset kernel function is modified to obtain the reverse offset kernel function containing the reverse polarity filtering formula, and the continuous attribute body is pressed by the reverse polarity filtering formula, so that the obtained discontinuous attribute body is not doped with the continuous attribute body, and the extraction precision of the discontinuous attribute body is effectively improved.
The device provided by the embodiment of the present invention has the same implementation principle and technical effect as the method embodiments, and for the sake of brief description, reference may be made to the corresponding contents in the method embodiments without reference to the device embodiments.
The device is an electronic device, and particularly, the electronic device comprises a processor and a storage device; the storage means has stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by the processor, performs the method of any of the above described embodiments.
Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the electronic device 100 includes: a processor 40, a memory 41, a bus 42 and a communication interface 43, wherein the processor 40, the communication interface 43 and the memory 41 are connected through the bus 42; the processor 40 is arranged to execute executable modules, such as computer programs, stored in the memory 41.
The Memory 41 may include a high-speed Random Access Memory (RAM) and may also include a non-volatile Memory (non-volatile Memory), such as at least one disk Memory. The communication connection between the network element of the system and at least one other network element is realized through at least one communication interface 43 (which may be wired or wireless), and the internet, a wide area network, a local network, a metropolitan area network, etc. may be used.
The bus 42 may be an ISA bus, PCI bus, EISA bus, or the like. The bus may be divided into an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, etc. For ease of illustration, only one double-headed arrow is shown in FIG. 4, but that does not indicate only one bus or one type of bus.
The memory 41 is used for storing a program, the processor 40 executes the program after receiving an execution instruction, and the method executed by the apparatus defined by the flow process disclosed in any of the foregoing embodiments of the present invention may be applied to the processor 40, or implemented by the processor 40.
The processor 40 may be an integrated circuit chip having signal processing capabilities. In implementation, the steps of the above method may be performed by integrated logic circuits of hardware or instructions in the form of software in the processor 40. The Processor 40 may be a general-purpose Processor, and includes a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Network Processor (NP), and the like; the device can also be a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other Programmable logic device, a discrete Gate or transistor logic device, or a discrete hardware component. The various methods, steps and logic blocks disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented or performed. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor may be any conventional processor or the like. The steps of the method disclosed in connection with the embodiments of the present invention may be directly implemented by a hardware decoding processor, or implemented by a combination of hardware and software modules in the decoding processor. The software module may be located in ram, flash memory, rom, prom, or eprom, registers, etc. storage media as is well known in the art. The storage medium is located in a memory 41, and the processor 40 reads the information in the memory 41 and completes the steps of the method in combination with the hardware thereof.
The computer program product of the readable storage medium provided in the embodiment of the present invention includes a computer readable storage medium storing a program code, where instructions included in the program code may be used to execute the method described in the foregoing method embodiment, and specific implementation may refer to the foregoing method embodiment, which is not described herein again.
The functions, if implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above-mentioned embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention, which are used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: any person skilled in the art can modify or easily conceive the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent substitutes for some technical features within the technical scope of the present disclosure; such modifications, changes or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present invention, and they should be construed as being included therein. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for extracting a discrete attribute body, comprising:
acquiring seismic migration data to be processed;
calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data;
generating an inverse migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip field information, and an inverse migration kernel; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filtering formula;
performing migration processing on the reverse migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data;
the inverse offset kernel function is represented as:
U(t,s,r)＝∫w(s,x,r)I(x)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dx
wherein U (t, s, r) represents the inverse migration result, t represents the first two-way travel time, s represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, I (x) represents seismic migration data, and δ (t-t), t represents the first two-way travel time, r represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, andd(s, x, r)) represents the Dirac function, td(s, x, r) represents a second two-way travel time;
the inverse polarity filter formula w (s, x, r) is expressed as:
w(s,x,r)＝sgn(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))sin(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))
wherein sgn (theta (s, x, r) -theta0(x) Denotes a sign function, theta (s, x, r) denotes an observed inclination angle, theta0(x) Representing the tilt field information.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of calculating dip field information for the seismic migration data comprises:
and calculating dip field information of the seismic migration data by using a dip estimation method.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the observed inclination θ (s, x, r) is expressed as:
wherein Ps represents a vector from the shot point to the geological imaging point, Pr represents a vector from the demodulator probe to the geological imaging point, and z represents a unit vector.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second two-way travel time td(s, x, r) is represented by:
wherein x issRepresents the abscissa, y, of the shot pointsRepresenting the ordinate, x, of the shot point0Abscissa, y, representing the geological imaging point0Representing the ordinate, y, of the geological imaging pointrRepresenting the ordinate of the demodulator probe, h representing the depth value of the geological imaging point, vrmsA root mean square velocity of the geological imaging point is represented.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of performing migration processing on the de-migration result to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data comprises:
extracting a discontinuous attribute body D (x) corresponding to the seismic migration data according to the following formula:
D(x)＝∫∫∫U(t,s,r)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dtdrds。
6. an extraction device of a discontinuous attribute body, comprising:
the migration data acquisition module is used for acquiring seismic migration data to be processed;
the dip angle field calculation module is used for calculating dip angle field information of the seismic migration data;
the anti-migration result generation module is used for generating an anti-migration result based on the seismic migration data, the dip angle field information and an anti-migration kernel function; wherein the inverse offset kernel function comprises an inverse polarity filtering formula;
the discontinuous attribute body extraction module is used for carrying out migration processing on the anti-migration result so as to extract a discontinuous attribute body corresponding to the seismic migration data;
the inverse offset kernel function is represented as:
U(t,s,r)＝∫w(s,x,r)I(x)δ(t-td(s,x,r))dx
wherein U (t, s, r) represents the inverse migration result, t represents the first two-way travel time, s represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, I (x) represents seismic migration data, and δ (t-t), t represents the first two-way travel time, r represents shot point information, r represents geophone point information, x represents geological imaging point information, w (s, x, r) represents the inverse polarity filtering formula, andd(s, x, r)) represents the Dirac function, td(s, x, r) represents a second two-way travel time;
the inverse polarity filter formula w (s, x, r) is expressed as:
w(s,x,r)＝sgn(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))sin(θ(s,x,r)-θ0(x))
wherein sgn (theta (s, x, r) -theta0(x) Denotes a sign function, theta (s, x, r) denotes an observed inclination angle, theta0(x) Representing the tilt field information.
7. An electronic device, characterized in that the electronic device comprises a memory for storing a program enabling a processor to perform the method of any of claims 1 to 5 and a processor configured for executing the program stored in the memory.
8. A computer storage medium storing computer software instructions for use in the method of any one of claims 1 to 5.
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