CN110082757B - Cognitive radar information processing platform architecture based on big data feature matching technology - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cognitive radar information processing platform architecture, which is a core component of a cognitive radar system and is characterized in that a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system is added on the basis of the conventional cognitive radar system, the system is mainly used for caching prior knowledge and extracting radar echo characteristic parameters, and is matched with a signal/data processing system to complete knowledge auxiliary radar signal processing calculation. The beneficial effects are as follows: the information processing platform framework provided by the invention can meet the information processing requirement of the cognitive radar and improve the anti-interference capability of the radar; the framework can completely meet the requirements of cognitive radar on constructing a dynamic database, calling priori knowledge and the like by introducing a big data quick access module, a coprocessor, an open type exchange structure and other modules, and simultaneously improves the expansibility of the system so as to facilitate subsequent maintenance and upgrading.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of radar data processing, in particular to a cognitive radar information processing platform architecture based on a big data feature matching technology.
Background
The radar is a remote sensing system widely used for searching, tracking and imaging, the traditional radar adopts a fixed transmitting mode, only fixed waveforms are transmitted, a self-adaptive signal processing algorithm is adopted at a receiving end to improve the tracking performance, indexes such as measurement, resolution ratio and the like of the radar depend on transmitted waveform parameters to a great extent, when the environment changes, an ideal tracking effect is difficult to achieve by only adopting self-adaptive filtering, the traditional radar signal processing platform is limited by a traditional radar working mode, the signal processing flow is of a pipeline structure, a dynamic database, a knowledge assistant coprocessor and other related subsystems are not involved, and meanwhile, feedback to a transmitter is lacked.
Therefore, adaptive techniques are applied to the transmitting end, and adaptive radar has emerged, which can dynamically select the transmit waveform. Meanwhile, the knowledge-aided radar signal and data processing method achieves remarkable results and progresses, and the adaptive capacity of the radar can be further improved by using the priori knowledge. Based on these two research results, the canadian scholars SimonHaykin put forward the concept of cognitive radar for the first time in 2006.
The cognitive radar is an intelligent and dynamic closed-loop system which senses the environment through priori knowledge and interactive learning of the environment, and adjusts a transmitter and a receiver in real time to adapt to the change of the environment on the basis so as to effectively, reliably and robustly achieve a preset target. The cognitive radar is matched with an external environment and a target state to obtain the best performance by detecting, analyzing, learning, reasoning and planning historical and current environments, adaptively adjusting the receiving and transmitting of a system by using corresponding results and using the most appropriate system configuration (transmitting waveform, signal processing mode and the like). Different from the traditional adaptive radar which mainly focuses on processing of a receiving part, the cognitive radar needs to perform corresponding processing on received information and then feed the processed information back to a transmitter, so that waveform parameters are optimized.
Based on the technology, the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture is a radar information processing system built based on the technologies of big data fast access, parallel computation, dynamic database construction and the like, is used for completing knowledge-assisted radar signal processing related algorithms, and improves the performance of a radar system.
Disclosure of Invention
The cognitive radar information processing platform architecture is constructed on the basis of technologies such as big data fast access, parallel computation, dynamic database construction and the like, and is used for completing knowledge-assisted radar signal processing related algorithms and improving the performance of a radar system.
In order to solve the above problems, the invention provides a cognitive radar information processing platform architecture, which comprises an optical fiber processing module, a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and a signal/data processing system; wherein:
the optical fiber processing module receives optical signal data from the radar digital array unit through optical fibers, converts the received optical signal data into electric signal data, completes signal data de-framing and forms original data; the optical fiber processing module simultaneously sends the original data to a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and a signal/data processing system after forming the original data;
the knowledge auxiliary processing system comprises a first parallel storage board, a first general processing board, a first exchange board and a first general computer; the first parallel storage board is used for storing the priori knowledge and radar original data sent by the optical fiber processing module, respectively generating priori knowledge base data and dynamic database data, and storing the priori knowledge base data and the dynamic database data in parallel; the first general processing board is used for finishing extracting dynamic data characteristic parameters and finishing a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm; the first single board computer is used for storing a local static database, namely a priori knowledge database; the first switchboard realizes data interaction among modules in the knowledge auxiliary processing system through an SRIO data bus, and realizes data interaction between the knowledge auxiliary processing system and the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus;
the signal/data processing system is used for finishing relevant signal processing of the cognitive radar and comprises a second parallel storage board, a second general processing board, a second exchange board and a second general computer; the second general processing board is used for digital beam synthesis, pulse compression, target detection/identification and other related algorithms; the second processing board carries out primary processing on the original data generated by the optical fiber processing module; the second parallel storage board is used for caching intermediate data needing further processing in the signal processing process of the second general processing board, extracted dynamic data characteristic parameters of the intermediate data and priori knowledge base data; the second exchange board realizes data interaction among modules in the signal/data processing system through the SRIO data bus, and realizes data interaction between the signal/data processing system and the knowledge auxiliary processing system through the Ethernet control bus.
Furthermore, the optical signal of the radar digital array unit is copied into two optical signals through the optical splitter, and the two optical signals are respectively sent to the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and the signal/data processing system through the optical fiber processing module.
Furthermore, the optical fiber processing module respectively performs information interaction with a first parallel processing board for storing dynamic data in the knowledge auxiliary processing system and a second general processing board for processing data in the signal/data processing system.
Furthermore, the first general-purpose computer and the second general-purpose computer perform online management through unified computer equipment.
Further, the priori knowledge databases are respectively stored in the first general-purpose computer and the second general-purpose computer and are local static databases.
Based on the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture, the invention also provides an information processing flow, which comprises the following steps:
step1: the data sent from the radar array is first physically copied into two optical signals by an optical splitter, the two optical signals are respectively converted into electric signals primarily by an optical fiber processing module to generate original data, and the original data are simultaneously sent to a signal/data processing system and a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system;
step2: after receiving the original data, the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system stores the original data into a first parallel storage board to generate dynamic database data, and stores the dynamic database data in parallel for subsequent calling;
step3: after the signal/data processing system receives the original data, the necessary parallel processing and operation are carried out through a second general processing board, and the data which do not need to call a dynamic database or are not in a static database of the machine frame (namely, a priori knowledge database of a first general computer) or a static database of the machine frame (namely, a priori knowledge database of a second general computer) are directly subjected to the operation on the second general processing board; generating intermediate data for the data needing to call a dynamic database or a static database (namely, a priori knowledge database of a first general-purpose computer) not in the machine frame or the static database of the machine frame, and caching the intermediate data on a second parallel storage plate for further cognitive processing;
step3.1: when the intermediate data is further subjected to cognitive processing, if a local static database is required to be used, corresponding prior information can be directly called from a redundant prior knowledge base (namely a prior knowledge database of a second general-purpose computer) of the local frame;
step3.2: when the intermediate data is further processed in a cognitive mode, if a dynamic database needs to be called or a static database which is not in a machine frame needs to be judged, if the current data volume participating in operation is far smaller than the data needing to be dispatched from the database of the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system, the current intermediate data to be processed can be sent to the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system through an Ethernet control bus; if the data volume participating in the operation is far larger than the data needing to be dispatched from the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system database, the data are dispatched from the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system to the signal/data processing system through the Ethernet control bus to be processed;
step4: after the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system receives intermediate data to be processed, a first general processing board in the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system combines corresponding database information (a dynamic database or a priori knowledge database of a first general computer) on a first parallel storage board to process, and the data after cognitive processing is sent back to the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus to be processed in the next step;
step5: repeating the steps 3 to 4 until the signal/data processing system outputs the final processing result.
Further, in Step4, if the period interval or the scene information can be predicted, the information can be read in advance.
Based on the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture and the information processing flow of the cognitive radar information processing platform, the invention also provides a cognitive radar system architecture, which comprises a big data access module, a knowledge auxiliary coprocessor, an adaptive signal processor, a front end with flexible beam forming capability and a radar product; wherein:
the big data access module is mainly used for storing a dynamic database required by the cognitive radar and providing a high-speed data access interface for the outside, so that the signal processor can be conveniently called; the dynamic database is a set of a dynamic database and a prior knowledge base stored in a first parallel storage board and a second parallel storage board in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture;
the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor stores a knowledge auxiliary processing system in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture to realize dynamic data characteristic parameter extraction and complete a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm;
the adaptive signal processor comprises an adaptive receiver and an adaptive transmitter and is used for finishing cognitive radar signal processing.
The big data access module, the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor, the self-adaptive signal processor, the front end with the flexible beam forming capability and the radar product form a closed-loop system, a ground surface environment target received by the radar product is taken as a starting point, environment dynamic data received by the radar product is transmitted to a dynamic database of the big data access module, the dynamic database and the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor finish information interaction, the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor receives signal data from the self-adaptive receiver, the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor processes the signal data of the dynamic database and the self-adaptive receiver and then transmits the processed signal data to the front end with the flexible beam forming capability through the self-adaptive transmitter, and the self-adaptive receiver receives feedback information of the front end, and the process is repeated.
Furthermore, the cognitive radar system architecture also comprises a radar task scheduler which is used for finishing dynamic data storage and effective allocation of radar resources in the self-adaptive transmitter.
By implementing the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture provided by the invention, the following technical effects are achieved:
the information processing platform framework provided by the invention can meet the information processing requirement of the cognitive radar and improve the anti-interference capability of the radar; the framework can completely meet the requirements of cognitive radar on constructing a dynamic database, calling priori knowledge and the like by introducing a big data quick access module, a coprocessor, an open type exchange structure and other modules, and simultaneously improves the expansibility of the system so as to facilitate subsequent maintenance and upgrading.
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The conception, specific structure and technical effects of the present invention will be further described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to fully understand the purpose, characteristics and effects of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an architecture of a cognitive radar information processing platform according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the working process of the cognitive radar information processing platform in the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a cognitive radar system in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail with specific embodiments.
The cognitive radar information processing platform architecture shown in fig. 1 includes an optical fiber processing module, a knowledge-assisted co-processing system, and a signal/data processing system; wherein:
the optical fiber processing module receives optical signal data from the radar digital array unit through a plurality of paths of optical fibers, converts the received optical signal data into electric signal data, completes signal data de-framing and forms original data; and after the optical fiber processing module forms the original data, the original data is simultaneously sent to the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and the signal/data processing system.
It should be noted that before the optical signal data is received by the optical fiber processing module, the optical signal data is transmitted to the optical splitter by the digital radar array unit through the multiple optical fibers, and the optical splitter physically copies two optical signals and transmits the optical signals to the two optical fiber processing boards through the multiple optical fibers.
The knowledge auxiliary processing system comprises a first parallel storage board, a first general processing board, a first exchange board and a first single-board computer; the first parallel storage board is used for storing the priori knowledge and radar original data sent by the optical fiber processing module, respectively generating priori knowledge base data and dynamic database data, and storing the priori knowledge base data and the dynamic database data in parallel; the first general processing board is used for finishing extracting dynamic data characteristic parameters and finishing a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm; the first exchange board realizes data interaction among modules in the knowledge auxiliary processing system through an SRIO data bus, and transmits data after cognitive processing of the knowledge auxiliary processing system to the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus.
And the optical fiber processing module performs information interaction with a first parallel processing board for storing dynamic data in the knowledge auxiliary processing system.
The signal/data processing system is used for finishing the relevant signal processing of the cognitive radar and comprises a second parallel storage board, a second general processing board, a second exchange board and a second single-board computer; the second general processing board is used for digital beam synthesis, pulse compression, target detection/identification and other related algorithms; the second pass processes the original data generated by the optical fiber processing module by the processing board; the second parallel storage board is used for caching intermediate data needing further processing in the signal processing process of the second general processing board, extracted dynamic data characteristic parameters of the intermediate data and priori knowledge base data; the second exchange board realizes data interaction among all modules in the signal/data processing system through the SRIO data bus, transmits intermediate data which needs to be subjected to further cognitive processing in the signal/data processing system to the knowledge auxiliary processing system through the Ethernet control bus for cognitive processing, and completes final data output.
And the optical fiber processing module performs information interaction with a second parallel processing board for processing the original data in the signal/data processing system.
The first single board computer and the second single board computer perform online management through unified computer equipment.
The prior knowledge databases are respectively stored in the first single board computer and the second single board computer and are local static databases.
The information processing flow based on the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture shown in fig. 2 includes the following flows:
step1: the data sent from the radar array is first physically copied into two optical signals by an optical splitter, the two optical signals are preliminarily converted into electric signals by an optical fiber processing module respectively to generate original data, and the original data are simultaneously sent to a signal/data processing system and a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system;
step2: after receiving the original data, the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system stores the original data into a first parallel storage board to generate dynamic database data, and stores the dynamic database data in parallel for subsequent calling;
step3: after the signal/data processing system receives the original data, the necessary parallel processing and operation are carried out through a second general processing board, and the data which do not need to call a dynamic database or are not in a static database of the machine frame (namely, a priori knowledge database of the first single-board computer) or a static database of the machine frame (namely, a priori knowledge database of the second single-board computer) are directly subjected to the data operation on the second general processing board; generating intermediate data for the data which needs to call the dynamic database or is not in the static database of the machine frame (namely the priori knowledge database of the first single-board computer) or the static database of the machine frame, and caching the intermediate data on a second parallel storage plate for further cognitive processing;
step3.1: when the intermediate data is further cognized, if a local static database is needed, corresponding prior information can be directly called from a redundant prior knowledge base of the local frame (namely, a prior knowledge database of the second single-board computer);
step3.2: when the intermediate data is further processed cognitively, if a dynamic database or a static database which is not in a machine frame needs to be called, judgment needs to be carried out, and if the current data volume participating in operation is far smaller than the data which needs to be dispatched from the database of the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system, the current intermediate data to be processed can be sent to the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system through an Ethernet control bus; if the data volume participating in the operation is far larger than the data needing to be dispatched from the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system database, the data are dispatched from the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system to the signal/data processing system through the Ethernet control bus to be processed;
step4: after the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system receives the intermediate data to be processed, a first general processing board in the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system combines with corresponding database information (a dynamic database or a priori knowledge database of a first single-board computer) on a first parallel storage board to process, and the data after cognitive processing is sent back to the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus to be processed in the next step;
step5: repeating the steps 3 to 4 until the signal/data processing system outputs the final processing result.
Further, in Step4, if the period interval or the scene information can be predicted, the information can be read in advance.
The cognitive radar system architecture shown in fig. 3 is based on the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture and the information processing flow of the cognitive radar information processing platform, and includes a big data access module, a knowledge auxiliary coprocessor, an adaptive signal processor, a front end with flexible beam forming capability, a radar task scheduler and a radar product; wherein:
the self-adaptive signal processor comprises a self-adaptive receiver and a self-adaptive transmitter and is used for finishing cognitive radar signal processing;
the big data access module is an environment dynamic database as shown in the figure, is mainly used for storing the dynamic database required by the cognitive radar and provides a high-speed data access interface for the outside, so that the signal processor can be conveniently called; the dynamic database is a set of a dynamic database and a prior knowledge base stored in a first parallel storage board and a second parallel storage board in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture; taking this embodiment as an example, the environment dynamic database may include data such as priori knowledge of a digital map, a clutter model, and the like, and characteristic parameters dynamically extracted from a radar echo signal; the big data storage module receives and stores information such as terrain, SAR, tracker and the like sent by radar products (such as SAR/GMTI and the like), and simultaneously coordinates and configures radar resources through a radar task scheduler to perform more coordinated storage;
the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor stores a knowledge auxiliary processing system in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture to realize dynamic data characteristic parameter extraction and complete a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm; in this embodiment, the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor implements information interaction with the environment dynamic database and receives signal data from the adaptive receiver, and the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor processes the signal data of the dynamic database and the adaptive receiver;
the data processed by the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor is transmitted to a front end with flexible beam forming capability through the adaptive transmitter, and when the adaptive transmitter transmits signal data, the radar task scheduler coordinates the transmitted signal data; the adaptive receiver receives the feedback information of the front end, and the loop is repeated to form a closed loop system.
It should be added that, unless otherwise defined, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any uses or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
It will be understood that the present invention is not limited to the constructions that have been described above and shown in the drawings, and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. An information processing flow is characterized by being executed based on a cognitive radar information processing platform architecture, wherein the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture comprises an optical fiber processing module, a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and a signal/data processing system;
the optical fiber processing module receives optical signal data from the radar digital array unit through optical fibers, converts the received optical signal data into electric signal data, completes signal data de-framing and forms original data; the optical fiber processing module simultaneously sends the original data to a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system and a signal/data processing system after forming the original data;
the knowledge auxiliary processing system comprises a first parallel storage board, a first general processing board, a first exchange board and a first general computer; the first parallel storage board is used for storing the priori knowledge and radar original data sent by the optical fiber processing module, respectively generating priori knowledge base data and dynamic database data, and storing the priori knowledge base data and the dynamic database data in parallel; the first general processing board is used for finishing extracting dynamic data characteristic parameters and finishing a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm; the first exchange board realizes data interaction among modules in the knowledge auxiliary processing system through an SRIO data bus, and realizes data interaction between the knowledge auxiliary processing system and the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus;
the signal/data processing system is used for finishing the relevant signal processing of the cognitive radar and comprises a second parallel storage board, a second general processing board, a second exchange board and a second general computer; the second general processing board is used for digital beam synthesis, pulse compression and target detection/identification related algorithm; the second general processing board carries out primary processing on the original data generated by the optical fiber processing module; the second parallel memory board is used for caching intermediate data which needs to be further processed in the signal processing process of the second general processing board, extracted dynamic data characteristic parameters of the intermediate data and priori knowledge base data; the second switchboard realizes the data interaction among all modules in the signal/data processing system through an SRIO data bus and realizes the data interaction between the signal/data processing system and the knowledge auxiliary processing system through an Ethernet control bus, wherein the execution steps comprise:
step1: the data sent from the radar digital array unit are first physically copied into two optical signals by an optical splitter, the two optical signals are respectively preliminarily converted into electric signals by an optical fiber processing module to generate original data, and the original data are simultaneously sent to a signal/data processing system and a knowledge auxiliary co-processing system;
step2: after receiving the original data, the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system stores the original data into a first parallel storage board to generate dynamic database data, and stores the dynamic database data in parallel for subsequent calling;
step3: after the signal/data processing system receives the original data, the necessary parallel processing and operation are carried out through a second general processing board, and the data which do not need to call a dynamic database or a static database which is not in the machine frame or a static database of the machine frame are directly subjected to data operation on the second general processing board; generating intermediate data for the data needing to call the dynamic database or the static database not in the machine frame or the static database of the machine frame, and caching the intermediate data on a second parallel storage plate for further cognitive processing;
step3.1: when the intermediate data is subjected to further cognitive processing, if a local static database is required to be used, corresponding prior information is directly called from a redundant prior knowledge base of the local frame;
step3.2: when the intermediate data is further processed cognitively, if a dynamic database or a static database which is not in a machine frame needs to be called, judgment needs to be carried out, and if the current data volume participating in operation is far smaller than the data which needs to be dispatched from the database in the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system, the current intermediate data to be processed is sent to the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system through an Ethernet control bus; if the data volume participating in the operation is far larger than the data needing to be scheduled from the database of the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system, the data is scheduled from the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system to the signal/data processing system through the Ethernet control bus for processing;
step4: after the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system receives intermediate data to be processed, a first general processing board in the knowledge auxiliary co-processing system combines corresponding database information on a first parallel storage board to process, and the data after cognitive processing is sent back to the signal/data processing system through an Ethernet control bus to be processed in the next step;
step5: repeating the steps 3 to 4 until the signal/data processing system outputs the final processing result.
2. The information processing flow of claim 1, wherein in Step4, if the period interval or scene information can be predicted, reading is advanced.
3. The information processing flow of claim 2, wherein the optical fiber processing module performs information interaction with a first general purpose processing board storing dynamic data in the knowledge assistant processing system and a second general purpose processing board processing data in the signal/data processing system, respectively.
4. The information processing flow of claim 1, wherein the first general-purpose computer and the second general-purpose computer are managed online by a unified computing device.
5. The information processing flow of claim 1, wherein the a priori knowledge databases are stored in the first general purpose computer and the second general purpose computer, respectively, as local static databases.
6. A cognitive radar system architecture based on the information processing flow of any one of claims 1-2, comprising a big data access module, a knowledge assistant coprocessor, an adaptive signal processor, a front end with flexible beam-forming capability and a radar product, wherein the big data access module, the knowledge assistant coprocessor, the adaptive signal processor, the front end with flexible beam-forming capability and the radar product form a closed-loop system; wherein:
the big data access module is mainly used for storing a dynamic database required by the cognitive radar and providing a high-speed data access interface for the outside, so that the signal processor can be conveniently called; the dynamic database is a set of a dynamic database and a prior knowledge base stored in a first parallel storage board and a second parallel storage board in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture;
the knowledge auxiliary coprocessor stores a knowledge auxiliary processing system in the cognitive radar information processing platform architecture to realize dynamic data characteristic parameter extraction and complete a related knowledge auxiliary algorithm;
the adaptive signal processor comprises an adaptive receiver and an adaptive transmitter and is used for finishing cognitive radar signal processing.
7. The cognitive radar system architecture as claimed in claim 6, wherein in the closed-loop system, the dynamic data of the environment received by the radar product is transmitted to the dynamic database of the big data access module, the dynamic database and the knowledge assistant coprocessor complete information interaction, the knowledge assistant coprocessor receives the signal data from the adaptive receiver, the knowledge assistant coprocessor processes the signal data of the dynamic database and the adaptive receiver and transmits the processed signal data to the front end with flexible beam-forming capability through the adaptive transmitter, and the adaptive receiver receives the feedback information of the front end, and the process is repeated.
8. The cognitive radar system architecture of claim 7, wherein the cognitive radar system architecture further comprises a radar task scheduler to accomplish dynamic data storage and efficient allocation of radar resources in the adaptive transmitter.
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