CN110082368A - One kind being based on the positron annihilation life spectrometer of silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) - Google Patents
One kind being based on the positron annihilation life spectrometer of silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) Download PDFInfo
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- CN110082368A CN110082368A CN201910354382.0A CN201910354382A CN110082368A CN 110082368 A CN110082368 A CN 110082368A CN 201910354382 A CN201910354382 A CN 201910354382A CN 110082368 A CN110082368 A CN 110082368A
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/36—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry
- G01T1/361—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry with a combination of detectors of different types, e.g. anti-Compton spectrometers
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
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- G01T1/362—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry with scintillation detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
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- G01T1/366—Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation spectrometry with semi-conductor detectors
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- G01N2223/108—Different kinds of radiation or particles positrons; electron-positron annihilation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometers for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM), including SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, periodically with discriminator circuit module, digital collection circuit module meets unit and low-voltage power supply module.SiPM detector receives γ photon and generates scintillation light, and scintillation light is converted into photosignal by SiPM；Photosignal realizes that further amplification and noise reduction etc. are processed into pulse signal by analog signal processing module；Pulse signal is timed and the timing of discriminator circuit module and screens, and obtains the location information of γ photon, energy information and temporal information；These information are acquired by digital collection circuit module, and are hanked by meeting sieve unit and met event；All modules have low-voltage power supply module for power supply.The positron annihilation life spectrometer can be improved measurement accuracy, reduce time of measuring, and cost is greatly reduced, and reduce power supply power supply demand, and spectrometer structure is simplified.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical fields of positron annihilation life spectrometer, in particular to a kind of to be based on silicon photoelectric multiplier
(SiPM) positron annihilation life spectrometer.
Background technique
Positron annihilation spectroscopy is widely used in the research in terms of solid-state physics and material science.Positive electron enters material sample
After can be by various forms off-energy, the defects of there is vacancy, dislocation in sample, the work of the positive electron of thermalization in Coulomb force
Under, it is likely that these positions can be rested on and stop spreading, most the electronics finally around defect is fallen into oblivion.The longevity of positive electron
Life can reflect out the electron concentration of its annihilation position.Positron annihilation life spectrometer is also that several can detect monatomic magnitude
One of method of defect.
With the development of semiconductor technology, silicon photoelectric multiplier now provided with a very attractive PMT substitute.
Silicon photo multiplier device (SiPM) is a kind of optoelectronic sensor, it solves detection, timing and quantization low optical signals to monochromatic light
Sub horizontal problem.Compared to traditional photomultiplier tube (PMT), it combines the low light detection ability of PMT, while providing solid
All advantages of state sensor.The characteristics of SiPM is subnormal voltage operation, insensitive to magnetic field, and response homogeneity is good.It also has
The advantages that energy linearity responds, and pulse rise time is fast, and position resolution is good.SiPM is easily encapsulated, and is suitble to be made into multichannel
SiPM array, while in order to preferably match the luminescent spectrum range of SiPM, choose LYSO, the coupling of LSO and LFS-3 scintillation crystal
SiPM, LYSO, LSO and LFS-3 crystal photoyield with higher and shorter time resolution, to provide outstanding timeliness
Energy.
For radioactive element22For the source Na, when22Na occurs to emit positive electron when β+decay,22Na is transitted to22Ne's swashs
State is sent out, the excitation of this excitation state can be 1.28MeV.Excitation state is arrived by emitting the γ photon de excitation of 1.28MeV22The ground state of Ne.
It is 10 in the resolving time of time spectrometer-10In the case where second-time, it is believed that emit e during above-mentioned nuclear transition+It is with γ
It carries out simultaneously.When measuring positron life, the γ photon of 1.28MeV can be used as the initial signal of positive electron generation.Positive electricity
Son falls into oblivion the γ photon released, and can be used as the time signal of positron annihilation.The time difference between the two time signals is measured,
Positron life is just obtained.
Positron annihilation life spectrometer (Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy, PALS)
A kind of most base application as positron annihilation technique.Conventional positron life spectrometer is by scintillation crystal, photomultiplier transit
Pipe, high pressure, constant fraction discriminator discriminator, fast coincident circuit, delayer, time-to-amplitude converter, NIM case, microcomputer multichannel point
Parser, computer composition.As shown in Figure 1, two scintillation detectors, one is used as starting detector to detect 1.28MeV γ photon,
One as stop detector as detection 511keV γ photon.After scintillation crystal detects gamma-rays, it is converted into scintillation light warp
It crosses photomultiplier tube and generated electric signal, pulse electrical signal enters constant fraction discriminator discriminator, and constant fraction discriminator discriminator is on the one hand right
Input signal carries out amplitude discriminator, on the other hand meets upper lower threshold value to input signal amplitude and carries out sentencing choosing, exports one by perseverance
The standard signal determined than timing method.Next it is divided into two-way standard output signals in constant fraction discriminator discriminator: defeated all the way
Positive signal triggers opening signal, the entry time-amplitude conversion after time delay of another output signal for meeting fastly out
Device.When meet fastly export gate signal to time-to-amplitude converter after, the time-to-amplitude converter of two-way standard signal is by the time
Difference is converted into the signal with amplitude proportional, carries out amplitude discriminator by analog-digital converter or multiple tracks to convert range signal
It is stored for numeric file, finally accumulating obtained compose for several such events is Positron Lifetime.
The conventional usual plastic scintillant of positron life spectrometer or barium fluoride crystal or bromination billows crystal couple light
Starting and stop detector of the electric multiplier tube composition scintillation detector as life spectrometer, but such detector all exists centainly
The shortcomings that.Although plastic scintillant shines fastly, attenuation constant is small, low to the detection efficient of γ photon.Barium fluoride scintillator
With short die-away time, biggish density, but still have the light emitting elements of long die-away time, it is easy in the case where high count rate
It accumulates；Bromination billows crystal easily deliquesces, and requires to the temperature and humidity of environment, should not be used for a long time.
Photomultiplier tube high pressure needed for scintillation detector is differed at several kilovolts in life spectrometer, although the response time is very
Fastly, single photon detection ability is weaker, cannot achieve superior time resolution.Secondly, external environment also will affect the property of PMT
Energy.The presence or absence of change of temperature and humidity, and vibration all have an impact the operation of PMT；In addition external magnetic field can produce PMT
Raw very big influence, the magnetic field of several Gausses can greatly reduce gain.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of novel positron annihilation life time spectrometers, can be improved Spectrometer performance, i.e. time
Resolution ratio and counting rate reduce time of measuring to improve measurement accuracy；Cost is greatly reduced；Reduce power supply power supply demand, letter
Spectrometer structure is changed.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention are as follows: one kind is based on the positron annihilation lifetime spectrum of silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM)
Instrument, including SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, periodically with discriminator circuit module, digital collection circuit module,
Meet unit, low-voltage power supply module.
SiPM detector module is made of one or more silicon photoelectric multipliers (SiPM) and one or more scintillation crystals,
SiPM detector module receives γ photon caused by Radioactive Source Decay and positron annihilation, and sedimentary energy generates scintillation light,
And it is converted into electric signal.There are two SiPM detector module quantity or more than two.
Analog signal processing module: relevant filtering, forming, amplification are carried out as needed for the signal of detector module
With Signal Matching processing, realization quickly reads the output fast signal of SiPM, meets the requirement of high bandwidth and low noise.
Timing and discriminator circuit module: including timing module and screening module, and timing module realizes high-precision signal touching
Hair timing, at the time of generation using the timing that this is triggered as γ photon deposition.Screen the energy of module realization γ photon deposition
The γ photon of 1.28MeV and 511keV is screened in judgement by the judgement of amplitude or the quantity of electric charge.
SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, timing and discriminator circuit module have respectively start unit and
Stop unit, start unit detect the γ photon of 1.28MeV γ photon and stop unit detection 511keV.
Digital collection circuit module: by timing and discriminator signal module generate pulse signal be acquired, analysis and
Handle the location information of photon, energy information and temporal information；Recycling meet unit to the position of photon, energy and time into
Row screening, obtains meeting event, sends the data to terminal；
Meet unit: time window is provided, complete the screening for meeting event, meeting event is that the time interval that occurs in succession is small
In the event for meeting resolving time, true coincidence efficiency is improved, reduces random signals counting rate.
Terminal: the upper computer software in terminal receives data, and obtains time spectrum to data processing, then by soft
Part spectrum unscrambling obtains the service life of sample.
Wherein, SiPM detector module includes silicon photo multiplier device and scintillation crystal, wherein silicon photo multiplier device packet
Include silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) either SiPM array or APD array；Scintillation crystal includes LYSO, the flashing such as LSO, LFS-3
Crystal, scintillation crystal are coupled in composition SiPM detector module on silicon photo multiplier device by optics silicone oil, are used for γ photon
Detection.
Wherein, analog signal processing module includes the reading circuit of analog signal, amplifying circuit, filter circuit, zero phase of pole
Electric eliminating road and match circuit etc., the processing such as quick amplification and forming for pulse signal.
It wherein, periodically include lead edge timing circuit or constant fraction discriminator circuit and single threshold or more thresholds with discriminator circuit module
Discriminator circuit, timing and amplitude (quantity of electric charge) examination for pulse signal etc..
Wherein, digital collection circuit module includes programmable logic device (FPGA) and its relevant peripheral circuit.With
In the location information of whole system, the data of energy information and temporal information are acquired.
Wherein, terminal includes computer and software, and software includes the spectrum unscrambling of upper computer software and analysis time spectrum
Software, upper computer software are used to store with the state modulator and data of entire digital acquisition circuit module and control, Analysis software packet
Include some softwares for life spectrum spectrum unscrambling, including PATFIT or LT9.0.
The advantages of the present invention over the prior art are that:
(1) novel SiPM silicon photo multiplier device is utilized, single photon responding ability is good, and time resolution can reach
Hundred picoseconds hereinafter, cooperate the scintillation crystal of high stopping power and fast die-away time, by a series of electronic systems it is online or
Person's oscillograph processed offline obtains life spectrum.Photo multiplier device include silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) either SiPM array or
APD array has small in size, high sensitivity and quantum efficiency height, and required bias is low, and easy encapsulation is properly made into the battle array of multichannel
The advantages that column.
(2) scintillator includes LYSO, the crystal such as LSO, LFS-3 and its array.It is big with density, high stopping power, decaying
The advantages that time is fast, and photoyield is high.Scintillation crystal effective atomic number (Z) is high, and photoelectric effect section is proportional to 5 powers of Z, health
General scattering section is proportional to Z, can achieve high detection efficient and low scattering ratio in this way；In addition scintillation crystal has high
Luminous forward position and higher photoyield, luminous rise time are about 30ps, and photoyield is about 30000photons/MeV, is provided excellent
Different time performance.
(3) electronics modular structure is simplified, and using high performance integrated chip, integrated level is high, fully considers that signal is complete
The design of whole property, ensure that the realization of system index, and the application of modular design concept and programming device is so that system can be with
Online updating logic maintains easily and upgrades.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is conventional positron annihilation life spectrometer；
Fig. 2 is the positron annihilation life spectrometer based on SiPM；
Fig. 3 is the positron annihilation life spectrometer embodiment based on SiPM that the present invention realizes.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing and specific embodiment further illustrates the present invention.
As shown in Fig. 2, a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) of the present invention, including
SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, periodically with discriminator circuit module, digital collection circuit module meets list
Member, low-voltage power supply module and terminal.
SiPM detector module is made of one or more silicon photoelectric multipliers (SiPM) and one or more scintillation crystals,
SiPM detector module receives γ photon caused by Radioactive Source Decay and positron annihilation, and sedimentary energy generates scintillation light,
And it is converted into electric signal.There are two SiPM detector module quantity or more than two.
SiPM detector module has small in size, and high sensitivity and quantum efficiency are high, and required bias is low, easily encapsulate, properly
The advantages that being made into the array of multichannel.
Scintillation crystal includes LYSO, LSO, LFS-3 crystal and its array.It is big with density, high stopping power, die-away time
Fastly, the advantages that photoyield is high.Scintillation crystal effective atomic number (Z) is high, and photoelectric effect section is proportional to 5 powers of Z, Compton
Scattering section is proportional to Z, can achieve high detection efficient and low scattering ratio in this way；In addition scintillation crystal has high shine
Forward position and higher photoyield, luminous rise time are about 30ps, photoyield about 30000photons/MeV, when providing excellent
Between performance.
Analog signal processing module: it carries out relevant filtering, shape, putting as needed for the signal of detector module
Greatly, pole-zero cancellation and Signal Matching etc. are handled, and are realized the quick reading of the output fast signal of SiPM, are met high bandwidth and low noise
The requirement of sound.
Timing and discriminator circuit module: including timing module and screening module, and timing module realizes high-precision signal touching
Hair timing, at the time of generation with the timing that this is triggered as γ photon deposition.Screen the energy that module realizes γ photon deposition
Judgement, the γ photon of 1.28MeV and 511keV is screened by the judgement of amplitude or the quantity of electric charge.
SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, timing and discriminator circuit module have respectively start unit and
Stop unit, start unit detect the γ photon of 1.28MeV γ photon and stop unit detection 511keV.
Digital collection circuit module: the digital pulse signal that timing and discriminator signal module generate is acquired, point
The location information of analysis and processing photon, energy information and temporal information.Recycling meets unit to the position of photon, energy and when
Between screened, obtain meeting event, send the data to terminal；
Meet unit: time window is provided, complete the screening for meeting event, meeting event is that the time interval that occurs in succession is small
In the event for meeting resolving time, true coincidence efficiency is improved, reduces random signals counting rate.
Terminal: the upper computer software in terminal receives data, and obtains time spectrum to data processing, then by soft
Part spectrum unscrambling obtains the service life of sample.
Embodiment
Positron annihilation life spectrometer of the present invention has utilized 3 × 3mm of two panels2SiPM and two LYSO or two
LFS-3 crystal, the event signal received using oscillograph acquisition detector module, is believed by terminal processed offline
Number, correct life spectrum is obtained, as shown in Figure 3.Using novel SiPM silicon photo multiplier device, single photon responding ability is good,
Time resolution can reach hundred picoseconds hereinafter, cooperating the scintillation crystal of high stopping power and fast die-away time, pass through a system
Column electronic system is online or oscillograph processed offline obtains life spectrum.
Firstly, positron source is (usually22Na β+decay) occurs, generates positive electron and with the γ light of transmitting 1.28MeV
Son, positive electron are incident in sample, are fallen into oblivion with the electronics in sample, and the γ photon of a pair of 511keV is generated；In this way, γ light
Son sedimentary energy in crystal；It generates the SiPM that scintillation light is coupled to receive, generates photosignal.
Radioactive source and sample are at sandwich structure, as close as possible to the scintillator end face of detector, two detector modules at
Right angle is put, and the SiPM and scintillator inside detector module pass through silicone oil coupling contact.
γ photon of one detector as starting detector detection 1.28MeV, another detector is as stopping detection
Device detects the γ photon of 511keV, meanwhile, the signal of stop detector can be delayed by wire delay.
Two paths of signals is input to the digital oscilloscope of high bandwidth high sampling rate by coaxial cable, and suitable oscillograph is arranged
Parameter, using the triggering logic inside oscillograph, setting meets time window, chooses the time window of 20ns, and triggering logic is when logical
Road 1 detects 1.28MeV γ photon, and when the time internal channel 3 less than 20ns detects 511keV γ photon, i.e., one meets thing
Part, this event can be recorded according to certain data format.
That records meets event, i.e. wave file, when being timed determining to signal leading edge by fitting or interpolation
Between it is poor, improve timing accuracy.Cumulative time difference as measures obtained life spectrum at histogram.
In present example, using novel solid-state photomultiplier part SiPM, single photon responding ability is strong, using density
Greatly, die-away time is fast, and the high LYSO crystal of photoyield and LFS-3 crystal realize the spectrometer design of high time resolution.
Claims (6)
1. the positron annihilation life spectrometer that one kind is based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM), it is characterised in that: detected including SiPM
Device module, analog signal processing module, periodically with discriminator circuit module, digital collection circuit module meets unit, and low pressure supplies
Electric module；Wherein:
SiPM detector module is made of one or more silicon photoelectric multipliers (SiPM) and one or more scintillation crystals, SiPM
Detector module receives γ photon caused by Radioactive Source Decay and positron annihilation, and sedimentary energy generates scintillation light, and will
It is converted to electric signal；There are two SiPM detector module quantity or more than two；
Analog signal processing module: relevant filtering, forming, amplification, pole are carried out as needed for the signal of detector module
Zero cancellation and Signal Matching processing are realized the quick reading of the output fast signal of SiPM, meet wanting for high bandwidth and low noise
It asks；
Timing and discriminator circuit module: including timing module and screening module, and timing module realizes that high-precision signal triggering is fixed
When, at the time of generation with the timing that this is triggered as γ photon deposition；Screen sentencing for the energy of module realization γ photon deposition
It is disconnected, the γ photon of 1.28MeV and 511keV is screened by the judgement of amplitude or the quantity of electric charge；
SiPM detector module, analog signal processing module, timing and discriminator circuit module have start unit and stopping respectively
Unit, start unit detect the γ photon of 1.28MeV and the γ photon of stop unit detection 511keV；
Digital collection circuit module: by timing and discriminator signal module generate digital pulse signal be acquired, analysis and
Handle the location information of photon, energy information and temporal information；Recycling meet unit to the position of photon, energy and time into
Row screening, obtains meeting event, sends the data to terminal；
Meet unit: time window is provided, complete the screening for meeting event, meeting event is that the time interval occurred in succession is less than symbol
The event of resolving time is closed, true coincidence efficiency is improved, reduces random signals counting rate；
Terminal: the upper computer software in terminal receives data, and obtains time spectrum to data processing, then pass through software solution
Spectrum, obtains the service life of sample.
2. a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) according to claim 1, special
Sign is: SiPM detector module includes silicon photo multiplier device and scintillation crystal, and wherein silicon photo multiplier device includes silicon light
Electric multiplier (SiPM) either SiPM array or APD array；Scintillation crystal includes LYSO, LSO, LFS-3 scintillation crystal, flashing
Crystal is coupled in composition SiPM detector module on silicon photo multiplier device by optics silicone oil, the detection for γ photon.
3. a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) according to claim 1, special
Sign is: analog signal processing module includes the reading circuit of analog signal, amplifying circuit, filter circuit, pole-zero cancellation circuit
And match circuit, quick amplification and forming for pulse signal.
4. a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) according to claim 1, special
Sign is: periodically including that lead edge timing circuit or constant fraction discriminator circuit and single threshold or more thresholds screen electricity with discriminator circuit module
Road, timing and amplitude (i.e. the quantity of electric charge) for pulse signal are screened.
5. a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) according to claim 1, special
Sign is: digital collection circuit module includes programmable logic device (FPGA) and its relevant peripheral circuit, for entire
The data of the location information of system, energy information and temporal information acquire.
6. a kind of positron annihilation life spectrometer for being based on silicon photoelectric multiplier (SiPM) according to claim 1, special
Sign is: terminal includes computer and software, and software includes the Analysis software of upper computer software and analysis time spectrum, on
Position machine software is used to store with the state modulator and data of entire digital acquisition circuit module and control, and Analysis software includes being used for the longevity
Some softwares of life spectrum spectrum unscrambling, including PATFIT or LT9.0.
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111007558A (en) * | 2019-11-21 | 2020-04-14 | 中国辐射防护研究院 | SiPM-based small-sized LaBr3Gamma spectrometer |
| CN111024743A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-04-17 | 南昌大学 | Device and method for waveform sampling of positron life spectrum |
| CN111025412A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-04-17 | 南昌大学 | Stratum tomography system and method based on gamma rays |
| CN111221027A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2020-06-02 | 明峰医疗系统股份有限公司 | Circuit and method for TOF-PET leading edge discrimination to reduce time walk |
| CN111487664A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-08-04 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Positron annihilation angle correlation measurement device and method based on positioning algorithm |
| CN111596335A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-08-28 | 上海仁机仪器仪表有限公司 | Airborne pod radiation environment monitoring device |
| CN111650490A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-09-11 | 北京遥测技术研究所 | Accelerated life test system suitable for photomultiplier |
| CN113655513A (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2021-11-16 | 中国科学技术大学 | Digitized anti-coincidence multi-path interaction-starting positron annihilation life spectrometer |
| CN113721286A (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2021-11-30 | 中国科学技术大学 | Positron annihilation life spectrometer for pulse discrimination by using support vector machine |
| CN114137598A (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2022-03-04 | 北京大学 | Positive and negative electron magnetic spectrometer |
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| CN111007558A (en) * | 2019-11-21 | 2020-04-14 | 中国辐射防护研究院 | SiPM-based small-sized LaBr3Gamma spectrometer |
| CN111024743A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-04-17 | 南昌大学 | Device and method for waveform sampling of positron life spectrum |
| CN111025412A (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-04-17 | 南昌大学 | Stratum tomography system and method based on gamma rays |
| CN111221027A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2020-06-02 | 明峰医疗系统股份有限公司 | Circuit and method for TOF-PET leading edge discrimination to reduce time walk |
| CN111487664A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-08-04 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Positron annihilation angle correlation measurement device and method based on positioning algorithm |
| CN111487664B (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2022-04-12 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | Positron annihilation angle correlation measurement device and method based on positioning algorithm |
| CN111596335A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-08-28 | 上海仁机仪器仪表有限公司 | Airborne pod radiation environment monitoring device |
| CN111650490A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-09-11 | 北京遥测技术研究所 | Accelerated life test system suitable for photomultiplier |
| CN113655513A (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2021-11-16 | 中国科学技术大学 | Digitized anti-coincidence multi-path interaction-starting positron annihilation life spectrometer |
| CN113721286A (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2021-11-30 | 中国科学技术大学 | Positron annihilation life spectrometer for pulse discrimination by using support vector machine |
| CN113721286B (en) * | 2021-08-16 | 2023-07-14 | 中国科学技术大学 | Positron annihilation life spectrometer for pulse discrimination by using support vector machine |
| CN114137598A (en) * | 2021-11-05 | 2022-03-04 | 北京大学 | Positive and negative electron magnetic spectrometer |
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