CN110078115B - Sb2S3Hydrothermal preparation method for regulating morphology of SnS microspheres - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses Sb2S3A hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the shape of SnS microspheres. Firstly, dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethylene glycol, and magnetically stirring until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding a small amount of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and thioacetamide in ethylene glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring until the O and the thioacetamide are completely dissolved to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction in a blast oven; and washing the primary product, drying in vacuum, and carbonizing at high temperature to obtain the final product SnS microspheres. The SnS microspheres obtained by the invention are uniform and dispersed microspheres, have the diameter of about 1-1.5 microns, and have excellent electrochemical performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a lithium ion battery cathode material, in particular to Sb2S3A hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the shape of SnS microspheres.
Background
Through decades of development, the battery technology is gradually mature, and batteries with high energy density and long cycle life become important energy storage systems at the present stage. With the continuous introduction of new technologies into people's lives, people have new requirements for technologies. The essence of the battery lies in the materials, and the continuous discovery of new materials is an important thrust for the continuous development of the battery industry, wherein two-dimensional materials, namely layered transition metal chalcogenide, graphene and the like, are a class of materials represented by the materials, and have unique properties due to the nanostructure with small size. Among them, SnS has a melting point of 880 ℃ and a boiling point of 1230 ℃, and is generally used as a reagent, a catalyst for polymerization of hydrocarbon, and the like. The optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap are respectively 1.2-1.5 eV and 1.0-1.1 eV, the optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap can be subjected to good spectrum matching with visible light in solar radiation, the optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap are very suitable for being used as a light absorption layer in a solar cell, the optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap are very potential solar cell materials, and the high theoretical specific capacity of the optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap also enables the optical direct band gap and the indirect band gap to be regarded as promising cathode materials of a lithium/sodium ion battery.
The preparation method reported at present mainly comprises a hydrothermal method, a solvothermal method and a ball milling method. In the synthesis process, due to the unique layered structure of SnS, the prepared SnS microspheres are generally loose in structure and cannot resist the exaggerated volume expansion of SnS in the electrochemical reaction process, so that the cycle life of the SnS as the battery cathode material is influenced. Sb2S3The transition metal sulfide has very low melting point (550 ℃), also has high theoretical specific capacity, and is a suitable template material for preparing SnS with a specific morphology.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide Sb2S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres utilizes hydrothermal and subsequent heat treatment methods to prepare the SnS microspheres, and the SnS microspheres have the characteristics of strong dispersibility, uniform diameter and stable structure, and are a lithium/sodium ion negative electrode material with great prospect.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
sb2S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres comprises the following steps:
(1) dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethylene glycol, and magnetically stirring until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) adding antimony sulfide Sb into the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1)2S3And the mass ratio of antimony sulfide to polyvinylpyrrolidone is 1-3: 18-25, magnetically stirring and ultrasonically treating to obtain uniformly dispersed black suspension;
(3) SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and thioacetamide in ethylene glycol respectively, magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions, SnCl2·2H2The molar ratio of O to thioacetamide is 1-1.5: 1 to 1.75;
(4) adding the two transparent solutions obtained in the step (3) into the black suspension obtained in the step (2), and continuing to stir by magnetic force until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed, wherein the mass ratio of the transparent solution to the black suspension is 2-5: 45-80;
(5) transferring the mixed solution in the step (4) to a high-pressure reaction kettle for sealing, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction in a blast oven;
(6) centrifugally washing the primary product obtained in the step (5), and performing vacuum drying;
(7) and (4) carbonizing the material obtained in the step (6) at high temperature to obtain the final product SnS microspheres.
Further, in the step (1), the stirring temperature is 55-75 ℃.
Further, in the step (1), polyvinylpyrrolidone having an average molecular weight of 50000 was added.
Further, in the step (4), the rotation speed of the magnetic stirring is 300-500 rpm, and the stirring time is 3-6 hours.
Further, in the step (5), the high-pressure reaction kettle is a polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, the mixed solution is filled to 70-85% of the volume, the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 150-180 ℃, and the reaction time is 12-24 hours.
Further, in the step (6), the rotation speed of washing centrifugation is 8000-10000 rpm, the centrifugation time is 8-20 min each time, and deionized water and ethanol are respectively centrifuged for 3-5 times.
Further, in the step (6), the drying is vacuum drying, the drying temperature is 60-80 ℃, and the drying time is 4-6 hours.
Further, in the step (7), the temperature of the high-temperature carbonization is 650-750 ℃, preferably 650-700 ℃, and the time is 3-5 hours.
The antimony sulfide used above was commercial antimony sulfide.
The invention has the following technical effects:
the invention utilizes a solvothermal method which is simple to operate to prepare the SnS microsphere with a firm structure, and cheap commercial Sb is added in the conventional SnS solvothermal reaction2S3The growth of the SnS crystal face is guided to generate SnS/Sb with more stable structure2S3Calcining the micron spheres in one step to obtain Sb with low melting point2S3And removing and completely carbonizing carbon source PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) so as to finally obtain the SnS microspheres with stable structures, wherein the diameters of the SnS microspheres are distributed about 1 micron, and the SnS microspheres have good dispersibility and excellent electrochemical performance and are a cathode material with a great prospect for the lithium/sodium ion battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of SnS microspheres prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 shows that the button cell is assembled by using the SnS microspheres prepared by high temperature carbonization at 700 ℃ of embodiment 2 of the invention as the negative electrode material and the sodium sheet as the counter electrode. Under the temperature of 20-25 ℃, within the voltage range of 0.01-2.5V, 200 mA g-1A charge-discharge curve diagram for performing a charge-discharge test at the current density of (a).
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph (15000 times magnification) of SnS microspheres prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Example 1
Dissolving 500mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 40ml of ethylene glycol, heating to 50 ℃, stirring at constant temperature until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding 20mg of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; adding 0.64 mmol of SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and 0.64 mmol thioacetamide in 5ml glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring for 3 hours until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, filling to about 80% of the volume, and reacting in a blast oven at 160 ℃ for 16 h; for preliminary product SnS/Sb2S3Three times of centrifugal washing with deionized water and alcohol respectively are carried out, and the material is dried for 6 h under vacuum at 60 ℃. And putting the dried material into a tubular furnace in an argon atmosphere for carbonizing at 750 ℃ for 3 h to obtain the final product SnS microspheres. Due to the fact that the carbonization temperature is too high, the SnS part of the final product is lost, and the electrochemical capacity is low.
Example 2
Dissolving 500mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 40ml of ethylene glycol, heating to 80 ℃, stirring at constant temperature until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding 30mg of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; adding 0.8 mmol of SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and 0.92 mmol thioacetamide in 5ml glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring for 6 hours until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, filling to about 80% of the volume, and reacting in a blast oven at 180 ℃ for 18 h; for preliminary product SnS/Sb2S3Three times of centrifugal washing with deionized water and alcohol respectively are carried out, and the material is dried for 6 h under vacuum at 80 ℃. And putting the dried material into a tubular furnace in an argon atmosphere for carbonization at 700 ℃ for 4 h to obtain the final product SnS microspheres.
Example 3
Dissolving 800mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 40ml of ethylene glycol, heating to 80 ℃, stirring at constant temperature until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding 33mg of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; adding 0.64 mmol of SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and 0.64 mmol thioacetamide in 5ml glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring for 6 hours until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, filling to about 80% of the volume, and reacting in a blast oven at 200 ℃ for 24 h; for preliminary product SnS/Sb2S3Three times of centrifugal washing with deionized water and alcohol respectively are carried out, and the material is dried for 6 h under vacuum at 60 ℃. And putting the dried material into a tubular furnace in an argon atmosphere for carbonization at 700 ℃ for 3 h to obtain the final product SnS microspheres. Due to the addition of excessive polyvinylpyrrolidone, the carbon content of the material is too high, and the product capacity is low.
Example 4
Dissolving 200mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 40ml of ethylene glycol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring at constant temperature until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding 12 mg of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; adding 0.73 mmol of SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and 0.84 mmol thioacetamide in 5ml glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring for 3 hours until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, filling to about 80% of the volume, and reacting in a blast oven at 180 ℃ for 12 h; for preliminary product SnS/Sb2S3Three times of centrifugal washing with deionized water and alcohol respectively are carried out, and the material is dried for 6 h under vacuum at 60 ℃. And putting the dried material into a tubular furnace with an argon atmosphere for carbonization at 650 ℃ for 3 h to obtain the final product SnS microspheres. Due to the fact that the amount of the added polyvinylpyrrolidone is small, the binding effect cannot be achieved, the shape of the material is incomplete, and the cycle life of the battery is influenced.
Example 5
Dissolving 400mg of polyvinylpyrrolidone in 40ml of ethylene glycol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring at constant temperature until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution; then adding 10mg of commercial antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution, and obtaining uniformly dispersed black suspension after magnetic stirring and ultrasonic treatment; adding 0.64 mmol of SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and 0.84 mmol thioacetamide in 5ml glycol respectively, and magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two transparent solutions; adding the two transparent solutions into the black suspension, and continuously stirring for 3 hours until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed; transferring the mixed solution into a 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, filling to about 80% of the volume, and reacting in a blast oven at 180 ℃ for 24 h; for preliminary product SnS/Sb2S3Three times of centrifugal washing with deionized water and alcohol respectively are carried out, and the material is dried for 6 h under vacuum at 60 ℃. And putting the dried material into a tubular furnace with an argon atmosphere for carbonization at 650 ℃ for 3 h to obtain the final product SnS microspheres. Due to the addition of Sb2S3The amount is less, the SnS morphology effect cannot be regulated, the material morphology is loose, the subsequent volume expansion cannot be resisted, and the cycle life of the battery is influenced.
The product obtained in example 2 was used for various characterizations, the characterization results are as follows.
As shown in FIG. 1, compared with standard card PDF 39-0354 of SnS, the SnS microspheres prepared in example 2 are quite consistent with the characteristic diffraction peaks of SnS, have high crystallinity and are substantially free of impurity peaks, and the main component of the material is SnS. And Sb is added2S3The crystal face of the SnS microsphere (040) has more growth advantages.
As shown in fig. 2, the button cell is assembled by using the SnS microspheres prepared in example 2 as a negative electrode material and the sodium sheet as a counter electrode. Under the temperature of 20-25 ℃, within the voltage range of 0.01-2.5V, 200 mA g-1A charge-discharge curve diagram for performing a charge-discharge test at the current density of (a). The first discharge specific capacity is 716.5 mAh g-1The specific charge capacity is 429.2 mAh g-1The first coulombic efficiency is 59.9%, and the charging and discharging platform is clear. These data indicate that the self-supporting material has excellent electrochemical cycling performance.
Fig. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope image of the SnS microspheres prepared in example 2, in which the microspheres have uniform diameter of about 1 to 1.5 microns, and the microspheres have good dispersibility, uniform diameter, and stable structure.
Claims (7)
1. Sb2S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethylene glycol, and magnetically stirring until the polyvinylpyrrolidone is completely dissolved to obtain a colorless transparent solution;
(2) adding antimony sulfide into the colorless transparent solution obtained in the step (1), wherein the mass ratio of the antimony sulfide to the polyvinylpyrrolidone is (1-3): 18-25, magnetically stirring and ultrasonically treating to obtain uniformly dispersed black suspension;
(3) SnCl2·2H2Dissolving O and thioacetamide in ethylene glycol respectively, magnetically stirring to dissolve completely to obtain two kinds of diaionsMing solution, SnCl2·2H2The molar ratio of O to thioacetamide is 1-1.5: 1 to 1.75;
(4) adding the two transparent solutions obtained in the step (3) into the black suspension obtained in the step (2), and continuing to stir by magnetic force until the two transparent solutions are uniformly mixed, wherein the mass ratio of the transparent solution to the black suspension is 2-5: 45-80;
(5) transferring the mixed solution obtained in the step (4) to a high-pressure reaction kettle, sealing, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction in a blast oven, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 150-180 ℃, and the reaction time is 12-24 hours;
(6) centrifugally washing the primary product obtained in the step (5), and performing vacuum drying;
(7) and (4) carrying out high-temperature carbonization on the material obtained in the step (6), wherein the temperature of the high-temperature carbonization is 650-750 ℃, and the time is 3-5 h, so as to obtain the final product SnS microspheres.
2. Sb according to claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (1), the stirring temperature is 55-75 ℃.
3. Sb according to claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (1), the average molecular weight of added polyvinylpyrrolidone is 50000.
4. Sb according to claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (4), the rotation speed of magnetic stirring is 300-500 rpm, and the stirring time is 3-6 hours.
5. Sb according to claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (5), the high-pressure reaction kettle is a polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel high-pressure reaction kettle, and the mixed solution is filled to 70-85% of the volume.
6. Root of herbaceous plantSb as claimed in claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (6), the washing and centrifuging speed is 8000-10000 rpm, the centrifuging time is 8-20 min each time, and deionized water and ethanol are respectively centrifuged for 3-5 times.
7. Sb according to claim 12S3The hydrothermal preparation method for regulating and controlling the morphology of the SnS microspheres is characterized in that in the step (6), the drying is vacuum drying, the drying temperature is 60-80 ℃, and the drying time is 4-6 hours.
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