CN110045016B - Tunnel lining nondestructive testing method based on audio frequency analysis - Google Patents
Tunnel lining nondestructive testing method based on audio frequency analysis Download PDFInfo
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- CN110045016B CN110045016B CN201910335107.4A CN201910335107A CN110045016B CN 110045016 B CN110045016 B CN 110045016B CN 201910335107 A CN201910335107 A CN 201910335107A CN 110045016 B CN110045016 B CN 110045016B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/045—Analysing solids by imparting shocks to the workpiece and detecting the vibrations or the acoustic waves caused by the shocks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/12—Analysing solids by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of road engineering quality detection, in particular to a tunnel lining nondestructive testing method based on audio analysis, and aims to provide an efficient and accurate tunnel lining nondestructive testing method; the technical scheme is as follows: the method comprises the following steps of acquiring a tunnel lining knocking audio signal at a given sampling frequency by adopting a mobile terminal with a recording function; clipping the knock audio signal to retain a valid signal; calculating a calibration threshold value according to the effective signal parameters; calculating a test point void index according to the effective signal parameters; comparing the void index to a calibrated threshold; and judging the tunnel lining quality according to the comparison result. The invention can perform nondestructive detection on the defects of the surface layer of the lining and has the characteristics of convenience, high efficiency and accuracy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of road engineering quality detection, in particular to a tunnel lining nondestructive testing method based on audio frequency analysis.
Background
In the building engineering, the use of concrete is indispensable, and especially current building, most all structural beam, post, mound, stake etc. all need use. Therefore, the quality of the concrete directly affects the durability and safety of the building structure, and particularly for tunnel engineering, the quality of the concrete restricts the economic and social benefits of the tunnel engineering. When the construction process is not standard, the working procedures are not strict or the management is not proper, the safety problems of insufficient tunnel lining thickness, non-compact lining in surrounding rock contact, cavities, deformation and crack of the lining, water leakage, even block falling and the like can be caused. The lining falling blocks have great safety hazard to high-speed trains, and a large number of lining falling blocks and even falling accidents exist at home and abroad, so that the method is very necessary for detecting the defects of the tunnel lining.
The existing tunnel lining surface defect detection method is that a geological radar method is matched with a tapping method, namely, the tunnel lining detection is regulated to be matched with the tapping method in the railway tunnel engineering construction quality acceptance standard TB10417-2018 implemented in 2019, 2, 1 and 2 months. The tapping method mainly focuses on the frequency characteristics (tone) of the test signal, and judges the defect of the substrate by means of the ear hearing of a human, specifically: in the detection process of the knocking method, a detection person uses a vibration exciting hammer to knock a tunnel lining while moving on a detection frame 1 kilometer per hour, the knocking sound is clear and crisp, sounds of 'clang, clang and clang' are given out to indicate that lining concrete is dense, and if the knocking sound is dull, the sounds of 'clang, clang and clang' indicate that a cavity exists in the lining concrete.
The tapping method is required to be used as an auxiliary detection means for the reason of its simple test. However, in practical applications, the drawbacks of the tapping method are increasingly significant, including the following disadvantages:
1) the depth of the test is shallow, and generally does not exceed 10 cm;
2) the defect/void judgment threshold is lacked, the test result depends on the subjective judgment of the detection personnel, and the artificial error is large;
3) along with the increase of the continuous testing time, the hearing sensitivity of the detecting personnel is reduced, fatigue occurs, the detection error is further increased, and the misjudgment on the tunnel lining quality is easy to carry out.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of strong subjectivity, no quantitative standard, low detection precision and the like of the existing tunnel lining surface layer defect detection method, the invention provides a nondestructive detection method based on audio analysis, which can carry out nondestructive detection on the lining surface layer defect and has the characteristics of convenience, high efficiency and accuracy.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme, which comprises the following steps:
sampling a knocking audio frequency generated by knocking the tunnel lining by the exciting hammer at a given sampling frequency by adopting a smart phone with audio signal processing software to obtain a tunnel lining knocking audio frequency signal; the knocking audio signals comprise an environment audio signal before the vibration hammer knocks and an audio signal after the vibration hammer knocks.
Clipping the knock audio signal to retain a valid signal; the effective signal is an audio signal section comprising the time position with the maximum peak value in the knocking audio signal, and the duration of the effective signal is less than the time required for reflecting the knocking audio to the knocking position in the tunnel; the valid signals are: starting from the time position where the peak value in the tapped audio signal is the maximum, the signal segment obtained by moving 50 sampling points forward and extending 973 sampling points backward is obtained.
The effective signal parameters comprise excellent period, gravity center period and duration; the excellent period and the gravity center period are obtained by spectral analysis calculation based on a fast Fourier method; and the duration is evaluated according to a peak value fitting attenuation regression curve of the effective signal.
Calculating a calibration threshold value according to the effective signal parameters; the calibration threshold value is obtained by calculating a healthy void reference value and a defect void reference value, and the healthy void reference value is obtained by a formula
Calculating to obtain; the defect void reference value is calculated by a formula
Calculating to obtain; in the formula: ckIn order to obtain the value of the reference for the void,
is an average void index and is calculated by the formula
σskThe standard deviation of the void index is calculated by the following formula
xk,jIs a signal parameterThe jth data in the number; the calibration threshold is obtained by the formula 1+ a eta, wherein eta is calculated according to the formula
Eta is a correction coefficient, and a is a constant.
Calculating a test point void index according to the effective signal parameters; the void index S of the test pointiBy calculation of formula
And Si＝(Si1·Si2…SiN)1/NIs obtained by calculation, xikIs the kth data in one signal parameter.
Comparing the void index to a calibrated threshold; judging the quality of the tunnel lining according to the comparison result, wherein the judgment standard of the quality of the tunnel lining is as follows:
Sinot less than 1+ a η: the defect is that the defect is caused,
1+aη＞Sinot less than 1: the suspected defect is a defect in the substrate,
1＞Si: is sound.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. compared with the traditional detection method, whether the lining defects exist or not is judged only by identifying the knocking sound through human ears, the method compares the knocking sound frequency obtained by the mobile intelligent terminal with a sound frequency signal threshold and a defect sound frequency signal threshold respectively to measure the position and the range of the defects of the surface layer of the tunnel lining, can detect the real-time result in real time, is accurate and efficient, and achieves the effect of carrying out nondestructive detection on the defects of the surface layer of the lining.
2. The effective signal is an audio signal segment comprising a time position where a peak value in the knocking audio signal is maximum, and the duration of the effective signal is less than the time required for the knocking audio to be reflected to the knocking position in the tunnel. Not only the environmental audio signal is kept, but also the interference of tunnel echo is eliminated while enough audio signals are ensured, and the test result is more accurate.
3. The excellent period, the center-of-gravity period and the duration parameter of the knocking audio signal are used as comparison parameters, so that the detection is more scientific, precise and accurate.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the detection method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples and accompanying drawings, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention.
Examples
A tunnel lining nondestructive testing technology based on audio analysis comprises the following steps:
sampling a knocking audio frequency generated by knocking the tunnel lining by the exciting hammer at a given sampling frequency by adopting a smart phone with audio signal processing software to obtain a tunnel lining knocking audio frequency signal; the knocking audio signals comprise an environment audio signal before the vibration hammer knocks and an audio signal after the vibration hammer knocks. It should be noted that the mobile terminal with the recording function may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a recorder, a microphone with a storage function, and the like, and the present embodiment preferably adopts a mobile phone commonly used at present and loads a simple APP (application software) to conveniently record and record the tapped audio signal, and can convert the tapped audio signal into a digital signal for interception and display, and meanwhile, the mobile terminal is also convenient to carry and does not need a special testing tool.
The specific operation mode is as follows: when the mobile phone is used, the software is opened, the mobile phone microphone is close to the test position, the acquisition button is pressed, and the mobile phone waits to be knocked; and knocking at the position of the tunnel lining to be detected by using a vibration exciting hammer, propagating an excited elastic wave signal in the tunnel lining to cause vibration around and in an excitation point, and recording and storing a vibrating audio original signal. To ensure the integrity of the beat audio signal, the acquisition time is typically 3 s. After the acquisition is started, the data acquisition process needs to be completed within 3s, the audio signals detected by the application software are converted into digital signals and displayed on a mobile phone screen (whether the detected data are obviously abnormal or not can be judged by the experience of detection personnel, if the detected data are abnormal, the detected data can be stored, and if the detected data are abnormal, the data can not be stored, new data are acquired again to cover useless data, so that the efficiency and the detection accuracy are improved).
Clipping the knock audio signal to retain a valid signal; the effective signal is an audio signal section comprising the time position with the maximum peak value in the knocking audio signal, and the duration of the effective signal is less than the time required for reflecting the knocking audio to the knocking position in the tunnel; i.e. the duration t of the useful signalGeneral assemblyShould satisfy tGeneral assembly＜tGo back to，tGo back to＝2H/VSound、tGeneral assembly＝M/fMiningIn the formula: h is the tunnel height, VSoundThe propagation speed of sound in air, M is the sum of the number of sampling points extending before and after the time position of the maximum peak in the knocking audio signal, tGo back toThe shortest time is that the sound is transmitted to the other surface of the tunnel and then reflected back after being knocked by the vibration hammer.
Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy of the test result, the software in the embodiment collects the sampling frequency f of the knocking audio signalMiningAt 44.1KHz, the time t is convertedBecome＝1/fMiningI.e. 0.023ms, the software analyzes and finds the time position with the maximum peak value in the knocking audio signal, and takes the position as the starting point, moves 50 sampling points forward, extends 973 sampling points backward, and extends the time t with the maximum peak value in the knocking audio signal backwardGeneral (1)＝1024×tBecomeI.e. 23.22 ms. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the tunnel height H typically exceeds 6m, so that after a hammer strike, the shortest time t for sound to travel to the other face and reflect backGo back to2 × H/0.34 is 35.29ms, so tGeneral (1)＜tGo back toTherefore, no echo signal exists in the effective signal, and the echo interference after knocking is avoided. Not only the environmental audio signal is preserved, but also the existence ofThe interference of tunnel echo is eliminated while enough audio signals are obtained, and the test result is more accurate.
The effective signal parameters comprise an excellent period, a gravity center period and a duration, and when the exciting hammer strikes the lining surface to cause vibration, if the exciting part has a void defect, the vibration characteristics can be changed as follows: 1) the bending rigidity is obviously reduced, and the excellent period is prolonged; 2) the dissipation of elastic wave energy becomes gentle and the duration of vibration becomes long. Therefore, the aim of accurately judging the tunnel lining void defect can be fulfilled by analyzing the parameters of the effective signals. The excellent period and the gravity center period are obtained by spectral analysis calculation based on a fast Fourier method; and the duration is valued according to a peak value fitting attenuation regression curve of the effective signal, if the excitation signal in the effective signal is not completely attenuated, the back fitting is continued according to the attenuation regression curve, and the obtained duration is longer than the total duration of the effective signal.
Calculating a calibration threshold value according to the effective signal parameters; the calibration threshold value is obtained by calculating a healthy void reference value and a defect void reference value, and the healthy void reference value is obtained by a formula
Calculating to obtain; the defect void reference value is calculated by a formula
Calculating to obtain;
in the formula: ckIn order to obtain the value of the reference for the void,
σskThe standard deviation of the void index is calculated by the following formula
xk,jIs the jth data in a signal parameter,
1.645 is the bilateral probability of a normal distribution.
During calculation, the sound frequency excellent period, the gravity center period and the duration obtained by knocking the sound calibration point and the defect calibration point for multiple times are respectively substituted into the calculation formula for calculation, so that the void reference values of the sound frequency excellent period, the gravity center period and the duration of the knocking of the sound tunnel lining and the defect tunnel lining are obtained for calculating the calibration threshold.
The calibration threshold is obtained by calculation according to a formula 1+ a eta, wherein eta is a correction coefficient, and the calculation formula is
a is a constant. When the correction coefficient eta is calculated, the excellent period of the knocking sound frequency, the center of gravity period, the standard deviation of the duration time and the standard deviation of the empting frequency of the sound and the defective tunnel lining are required to be calculated. By introducing the correction coefficient, the situation that the correct judgment on the tunnel lining defect is influenced due to the fact that the calibration threshold value is too large due to the fact that the deviation of the signal parameters (one or more of the excellent period, the gravity center period and the duration) is too large is prevented.
Calculating a test point void index according to the effective signal parameters; the void index S of the test pointiBy a formula of calculation
And Si＝(Si1·Si2…SiN)1/NIs obtained by calculation, xikIs the kth data in one signal parameter. Similarly, the parameters of excellent period of the percussive acoustic frequency, period of the center of gravity, duration of sound and defective tunnel lining, and the value of the reference for voiding are included.
Comparing the void fraction index to a calibrated threshold; judging the quality of the tunnel lining according to the comparison result, wherein the judgment standard of the quality of the tunnel lining is as follows:
Sinot less than 1+ a η: the defect is that the defect is caused,
1+aη＞Sinot less than 1: the suspected defect is a defect in the substrate,
1＞Si: is sound.
It should be noted that, through many experiments by the applicant, when a is 0.682(0.682 is the probability of the normal variable being within the interval (-, +)), the test result is the most accurate.
The process of giving the judgment result can be detected in real time on site, the result is output in real time, and the data can be uploaded to a cloud background after the data are collected, and the result is analyzed and output by the aid of AI. And further judging the suspected defects.
Therefore, the method effectively solves the problems that the prior method lacks a threshold value for defect/void judgment, depends on subjective judgment of a detector, and continuously detects for a long time to reduce the hearing sensitivity of the detector, further reduce the detection precision and the like. By adopting the method, the position and the range of the defect of the surface layer of the tunnel lining can be scientifically and strictly measured without the need of certain detection experience of detection personnel; the method can conveniently, efficiently and accurately give a detection result, and can be well checked to achieve the effect of nondestructive detection on the defects of the surface layer of the lining.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A tunnel lining nondestructive testing method based on acoustic frequency analysis is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cutting the knocking audio signal to reserve an effective signal, wherein the effective signal comprises an audio signal section at the time position with the maximum peak value in the knocking audio signal, and the duration of the effective signal is less than the time required for reflecting the knocking audio signal to the knocking position in the tunnel;
calculating a calibration threshold according to effective signal parameters, wherein the effective signal parameters comprise a remarkable period, a gravity center period and a duration;
calculating a test point void index according to the effective signal parameters;
comparing the void index to a calibrated threshold;
judging the lining quality of the tunnel according to the comparison result;
the calibration threshold value is obtained by calculating a healthy void reference value and a defect void reference value, and the healthy void reference value is obtained by a formula
Calculating to obtain; the defect void reference value is calculated by a formula
Calculating to obtain; in the formula:
is an average void index and is calculated by the formula
Wherein N is the number of taps; sigmaskThe standard deviation of the void index is calculated by the following formula
xk,jIs the jth data in one signal parameter;
the calibration threshold is obtained by the formula 1+ a eta, wherein eta is calculated according to the formula
Eta is a correction coefficient, a is a constant, wherein, when the correction coefficient eta is calculated, the standard deviation of the excellent period, the center of gravity period and the duration of the knocking acoustic frequency of the sound and the defective tunnel lining and the standard deviation of the void reference value are required to be calculated;
the void index S of the test pointiBy calculation of formula
And Si＝(Si1·Si2···SiN)1/NIs obtained by calculation, xikIs the kth data in one signal parameter; wherein, when calculating the void index, parameter values of excellent period, center of gravity period and duration of knocking sound frequency of sound and defective tunnel lining and a void reference value are required to be calculated;
the judgment standard of the tunnel lining quality is as follows:
Sinot less than 1+ a η: the defect is that the defect is caused,
1+aη＞Sinot less than 1: the suspected defect is a defect in the substrate,
1＞Si: is sound.
2. The nondestructive testing method for tunnel lining based on acoustic frequency analysis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the excellent period and the barycentric period are obtained by spectrum analysis calculation based on "fast fourier method"; and the duration is evaluated according to a peak value fitting attenuation regression curve of the effective signal.
3. The nondestructive testing method for tunnel lining based on acoustic frequency analysis as recited in claim 1, wherein said knocking acoustic signal is recorded by a smart phone with acoustic signal processing software, and said knocking acoustic signal is generated by knocking tunnel lining by a vibration-exciting hammer.
4. The acoustic analysis-based tunnel lining nondestructive testing method according to claim 1, wherein the knocking acoustic signals comprise an ambient acoustic signal before the impact of the vibration exciter hammer and an acoustic signal after the impact of the vibration exciter hammer.
5. The audio analysis-based tunnel lining nondestructive testing method according to claim 1, wherein the effective signal is a signal segment obtained by moving forward 50 sampling points and extending backward 973 sampling points from a time position where a peak value in the tapped audio signal is the maximum.
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| CN111257415B (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-08-10 | 同济大学 | Tunnel damage detection management system based on mobile train vibration signal |
| CN111487315A (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2020-08-04 | 四川陆通检测科技有限公司 | Audio frequency nondestructive testing method for tunnel lining thickness and void |
| CN113669112B (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2022-06-10 | 中国矿业大学 | Vehicle-mounted tunnel hole detection device and working method |
| CN116203131B (en) * | 2023-04-28 | 2023-09-15 | 中国铁建高新装备股份有限公司 | Method and device for detecting tunnel void, electronic equipment and storage medium |
| CN117540178B (en) * | 2024-01-09 | 2024-03-29 | 武汉大学 | Tunnel lining internal cavity defect evaluation method and system |
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