CN109971172B - One-step preparation method and application of palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite - Google Patents

One-step preparation method and application of palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite Download PDF

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CN109971172B
CN109971172B CN201910204920.8A CN201910204920A CN109971172B CN 109971172 B CN109971172 B CN 109971172B CN 201910204920 A CN201910204920 A CN 201910204920A CN 109971172 B CN109971172 B CN 109971172B
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silver alloy
polyaniline
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谭德新
王艳丽
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Lingnan Normal University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a one-step preparation method and application of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite. The invention comprises the following steps: adding a metal palladium salt precursor, metal silver salt precursor powder and surfactant powder into an alcohol-water mixed solution system containing nitric acid; radiating the reaction solution by using an ultrasonic radiation device, dropwise adding aniline into the solution, and performing ultrasonic radiation in an inert gas atmosphere; and (5) performing vacuum drying after purification treatment to obtain the product. The method is simple and easy to implement, has a short production period, shows good catalytic activity on ethanol under an alkaline condition, is suitable for electro-catalyzing organic micromolecule substances such as ethanol, formic acid and the like, can be used as a catalyst of a direct ethanol fuel cell or a direct formic acid fuel cell, and has a good application prospect.

Description

One-step preparation method and application of palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nano composite materials. More particularly, relates to a one-step preparation method and application of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
Background
The noble metal/conductive polymer nano composite material not only keeps the high conductivity of the conductive polymer, but also has the unique excellent physical and chemical properties of the noble metal nano particles. The nano particles are easy to agglomerate, and the conductive polymer is used as a dispersion carrier of the noble metal nano particles, so that the stability between the noble metal nano particles and the substrate is enhanced, the dispersibility of the nano particles is improved, and the sensing performance, particularly the catalytic performance, of the noble metal nano particles is further improved.
Noble metal palladium (Pd), which is an important catalyst material for fuel cells, has been favored by researchers and is comparable to Pt, but the price thereof is only 1/3 of the latter, which is advantageous for reducing the cost of the catalyst; meanwhile, on the basis of the research of the single metal Pd, another metal is introduced into the system to form the nano alloy, so that the dosage of the Pd is reduced, the introduced second metal is favorable for the oxidation of strong adsorption residues, a certain synergistic effect is shown, and the catalytic activity, the anti-poisoning property, the selectivity and the stability of the nano alloy can be improved. In recent years, scientific research on bimetallic catalysts containing Pd groups has been actively carried out, and silver (Ag) has been proved to be an ideal material for alloying with Pd under the same reduction conditions [ J.Phys.chem.C 2011,115(30):14844-14851 ]. The Pd/Ag alloy catalyst also shows good electrocatalytic performance to organic small molecules such as ethanol, methanol, formic acid and the like [ ACS.Catal.,2012,2(1): 84-90; adv. mater.,2018,30(11):1706962 and 1706967; energy, 2018,126: 1085-. As the nano particles are easy to agglomerate, the Polyaniline (PANI) is used as a conductive polymer, and has a plurality of excellent performances such as high conductivity, environmental stability, redox property, easy obtaining and the like, and N on the long molecular chain can stabilize metal particles [ ACS Nano, 2011,5(5):3469-3474] in the nano composite material as a carrier of the catalyst, thereby not only improving the dispersibility of the nano particles, but also reducing the cost of the catalyst.
The catalytic performance of the catalyst is influenced by the comprehensive factors such as microstructure, surface composition, morphology and size distribution, and the like, and the factors mainly depend on the synthesis method of the catalyst. At present, the preparation method for synthesizing the noble metal/conductive polymer nanocomposite mainly focuses on a step method, or firstly, conductive polymers are prepared, and then the obtained conductive polymers are used as carriers to be dispersed in a solution of a metal precursor or fixed on the surface of an electrode to be used for depositing metal catalyst particles to obtain the composite material; or firstly synthesizing the noble metal nano material, and then synthesizing the conductive polymer and the noble metal nano composite material by using the noble metal nano material as a template and using a chemical or electrochemical method, thereby obtaining the composite material step by step, and further leading the reaction process to be complicated. Therefore, a method for synthesizing the conductive polymer and the noble metal nanocomposite material in one step is developed, namely, in the same system, the monomer is subjected to oxidative polymerization reaction, and simultaneously the metal precursor is reduced, so that the composite of the metal particles and the conductive polymer can be obtained in one step. In addition, from the thermodynamic point of view, the growth of the nanoparticles follows the principle of energy minimization and the principle of surface area minimization, and a relatively suitable growth environment is generally required for synthesizing nanoparticles with controllable sizes. The synthesis of polyaniline is an exothermic reaction, the polymerization of aniline is not facilitated due to overhigh temperature, and the structure of the coated noble metal nano particles is also deteriorated, so that a preparation method of a noble metal/conductive polymer nano composite material which is safe, low in price, low in reaction temperature and short in production period is sought, and the catalyst has certain practical value for promoting the application of the catalyst for the fuel cell.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art and provide a one-step preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite. The method has the advantages of simple process, nontoxic and environment-friendly solvent, lower reaction temperature, short production period, low cost and good product uniformity, and can synthesize the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material in one step.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
The invention further aims to provide application of the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material as or in preparation of a catalyst for a fuel cell.
The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material comprises the following steps:
adding a metal palladium salt precursor, metal silver salt precursor powder and 0.4-0.6 g of surfactant powder into an alcohol-water mixed solution system containing 2.00-2.50 mL of 1M nitric acid; after introducing inert gas for a period of time, radiating the reaction solution by using an ultrasonic radiation device, dropwise adding aniline into the solution, and performing ultrasonic radiation for 80-100 min in the inert gas atmosphere; and freezing and demulsifying the product, centrifuging, washing with water, washing with alcohol, and vacuum drying to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
The one-step synthesis of the noble metal nano-alloy/conductive polymer nano-composite material in the alcohol/water mutual-soluble non-toxic solvent at a lower temperature is a simple and environment-friendly technology, and has important practical significance. In view of the present, it is still a great challenge to develop a simple one-step synthesis of noble metal nano-alloy/conductive polymer nano-composite material in a solution at a lower temperature without strong reducing agent and oxidizing agent. In a water-alcohol mixed solution system, sodium dodecyl sulfate is used as an emulsifier, an ultrasonic radiation technology is adopted, and aniline is polymerized to obtain polyaniline while a metal precursor is reduced under the protection of nitrogen, so that the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite is synthesized in one step.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of the alcohol to the water in the alcohol-water mixed solution is 1: 1.5 to 4.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the alcohol in the alcohol-water mixed solution is ethanol.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the metal palladium salt precursor is palladium nitrate; the precursor of the metal silver salt is silver nitrate.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mass ratio of the metal palladium salt precursor, the metal silver salt precursor, and the aniline is 7-28: 2.2-48: 5.6 to 248.4.
Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mass ratio of the metal palladium salt precursor, the metal silver salt precursor, and the aniline is 7-28: 5-12: 62.1 to 113.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the time for introducing the inert gas is 15 to 20 min.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inert gas is nitrogen.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the power of the ultrasonic radiation is 350-400W, and the reaction temperature is 19-21 ℃. For example: the power of the ultrasonic radiation may be 350W, 360W, 370W, 380W, 390W, 400W. The reaction temperature may be 19 deg.C, 19.5 deg.C, 20 deg.C, 20.5 deg.C, 21 deg.C.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ultrasonic radiation device is an ultrasonic cell crusher.
Further, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the freezing time is 6-48 h, and the freezing temperature is-18 to-12 ℃. For example: the freezing time can be 6h, 12h, 16h, 24h, 36h and 48h, and the freezing temperature can be-18 ℃, -17 ℃, -16 ℃, -15 ℃, -14 ℃, -13 ℃, -12 ℃.
Further, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vacuum drying temperature is 35 to 45 ℃ and the vacuum drying time is 8 to 48 hours. For example: the vacuum drying temperature can be 35 deg.C, 37 deg.C, 39 deg.C, 41 deg.C, 43 deg.C, 45 deg.C, and the vacuum drying time can be 8h, 12h, 24h, 32h, 36h, and 48 h.
The invention takes sodium dodecyl sulfate as an emulsifier, adopts the ultrasonic radiation technology, and synthesizes the palladium-silver nano alloy/polyaniline nano composite material in a water-alcohol mixed solvent at low temperature in one step, and has the advantages of easily controlled reaction rate, simple and environment-friendly reaction system, simple and convenient operation and post-treatment, low production cost, short reaction period and good product uniformity.
The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared by the method is also within the protection scope of the invention.
The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material prepared by the method is applied to or prepared into a catalyst for a direct alcohol fuel cell or a direct formic acid fuel cell, and especially applied to electrocatalysis of ethanol, and is also within the protection scope of the invention.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention adopts ultrasonic radiation technology, does not add strong reducing agents such as sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid and the like and oxidants such as ammonium persulfate at lower temperature, and can lead Pd to be only in an alcohol/water mixed system2+And Ag+And the metal ions are subjected to co-reduction, and meanwhile, polyaniline is obtained by polymerizing the aniline monomer, namely the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite is synthesized in one step, so that the cost is low, the preparation process is simple, and the post-treatment operation is simple and convenient.
2. The method can prepare the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material in one step under the conditions of normal pressure and lower temperature, and has the advantages of mild and environment-friendly process conditions, high efficiency, high speed and good product uniformity.
3. The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite modified electrode prepared by the method has good electrocatalytic activity on ethanol under an alkaline condition, is suitable for electrocatalysis on organic micromolecule substances such as ethanol, formic acid and the like, can be used as a catalyst for a direct alcohol fuel cell or a direct formic acid fuel cell, and has good application prospect.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a field emission scanning electron micrograph of the palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite material of example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a transmission electron micrograph of the palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite material of example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is an XRD diffractogram of the palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an EDS diagram of the palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an IR spectrum of a palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite material according to example 1 of the present invention.
The curves a, b, c, d, e in fig. 6 are the electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry curves of the palladium silver/polyaniline nanocomposites of examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the present invention against ethanol, respectively.(electrode surface palladium silver/polyaniline nanocomposite load 48 mug/cm2The electrolyte is 1mol/L ethanol solution in 1mol/L KOH, the scanning speed is 50mV/s, and the three-electrode system comprises: a palladium-silver/polyaniline nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (Pd/GCE) is used as a working electrode, a Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) is used as a reference electrode, and a platinum wire electrode is used as an auxiliary electrode).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific examples (evaluation of the catalytic performance of palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material by using the electrocatalytic activity of ethanol), but the present invention is not limited thereto in any way. It is within the scope of the present invention to make simple modifications or alterations to the methods, procedures or conditions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention; unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.
Unless otherwise indicated, reagents and materials used in the following examples are commercially available.
A Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) photograph was taken with a Sirion model 200 FEI scanning electron microscope (FEI, Inc., USA). Transmission Electron Micrographs (TEM) and EDS were obtained from a JEOL-2010 transmission electron microscope, Japan Electron Ltd, using Cu as a base; an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the sample was measured by an X-ray diffraction analyzer model XD-3, a general instrument co., ltd, beijing, general analysis (Cu target, Ka radiation, λ ═ 0.15406nm), operating voltage 36kV, tube current 30 Ma; FT-IR test was carried out by Nicolet380 type Fourier Infrared spectrometer manufactured by Thermo Electron corporation of America; the Cyclic Voltammograms (CV) were obtained from electrochemical workstation CHI-660E, Chensinensis instruments, Inc. of Shanghai.
Embodiment 1 a method for preparing a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
1. A preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 7mg Pd (NO)3)2Powder, 12mg AgNO3Powder, 0.5g SDS into the reactor;
(2) weighing 40mL of water, 10mL of ethanol and 2.25mL of nitric acid (1M), mixing, adding into the reactor, and introducing nitrogen for 15 min;
(3) the reactor was placed in an ultrasonic cell disruptor, 62.1mg of aniline was added to the solution, the ultrasonic power was 400W, the reaction temperature was 20 ℃ and the reaction was carried out for 90min by ultrasonic irradiation in a nitrogen atmosphere.
(4) And (3) freezing the product in a refrigerator at a temperature of between 17 ℃ below zero and 14 ℃ below zero for 12h, demulsifying, sequentially performing centrifugal separation on the product for multiple times, such as water washing, alcohol washing and the like, and drying the product in a vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 40 ℃ for 24h to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
2. Product characterization
(1) The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material has a microscopic morphology as shown in fig. 1, is uniform in shape and is spheroidal, and the average particle size is 130 nm. In combination with the transmission electron microscope photograph (see fig. 2), the metal nanoparticles in the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared according to example 1 self-assemble into clusters with an average particle size of 10nm embedded in the polyaniline matrix.
(2) Fig. 3 is an XRD diffraction structure characterization of the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared in example 1. The diffraction angle 2 theta of the nanometer Pd respectively shows 5 diffraction peaks at 40.11 degrees, 46.66 degrees, 68.08 degrees, 81.95 degrees and 86.49 degrees, and the diffraction peaks are correspondingly characteristic peaks of the diffraction crystal planes (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) of the elemental Pd. Due to the existence of Ag, the position of the diffraction peak of the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nano composite material is slightly shifted between the diffraction peaks of Pd and Ag, which indicates the generation of the bimetallic alloy.
(3) Fig. 4 is an EDS plot of the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared in example 1, confirming the presence of both Pd and Ag elements in the alloy.
(4) FIG. 5 is an infrared spectrum of the Pd/Ag alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite prepared in example 1, at 3442cm-1Adjacent is-NH2Stretching vibration peak with-NH; at 1569cm-1And 1500cm-1Two strong characteristic peaks appear nearby, which are respectively classified into characteristic peaks of a quinoid structure (N ═ Q ═ N) and a benzene structure (N-B-N) in a doped PANI chain, 1454cm-1Is C ═ C bis (in benzene ring)A key stretching vibration characteristic absorption peak; 1339cm-1The characteristic peak is the characteristic absorption peak of C-N, and is 1044-1102 cm-1A stretching vibration peak of-N-O-N- (like-electron band); by comparing the pure polyaniline (a) and the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material (b), the infrared spectrograms of the pure polyaniline (a) and the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material (b) are very similar, which indicates that the nanocomposite material contains a polyaniline structure.
(5) FIG. 6(a) is an electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry curve of the Pd/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in example 1 on ethanol, the initial oxidation potential on ethanol oxidation is-0.7V, the current of the nano Pd modified glassy carbon electrode in an ethanol solution gradually increases in a forward potential scan, and a first oxidation peak I appears near-0.25V; during negative scanning, the current is gradually reduced until a second oxidation peak II appears near-0.39V; the current density of the oxidation peak I is 13.66mA/cm2。
Embodiment 2 preparation method of palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
1. A preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 7mg Pd (NO)3)2Powder, 2.2mg AgNO3Powder, 0.4g SDS into the reactor;
(2) weighing 40mL of water, 10mL of ethanol and 2mL of nitric acid (1M), mixing, adding into the reactor, and introducing nitrogen for 15 min;
(3) placing the reactor in an ultrasonic cell crusher, adding 62.1mg of aniline into the solution, wherein the ultrasonic power is 400W, the reaction temperature is 21 ℃, and carrying out ultrasonic radiation reaction for 80min in a nitrogen atmosphere;
(4) and (3) freezing the product in a refrigerator at the temperature of-18 to-16 ℃ for 8h, demulsifying, sequentially performing centrifugal separation for multiple times such as water washing, alcohol washing and the like, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 45 ℃ for 8h to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
FIG. 6(b) is the electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry curve of the Pd/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in example 2 on ethanol, the initial oxidation potential on ethanol oxidation is-0.7V, and in the forward potential scan, the nano Pd modified glassy carbon electrode is dissolved in ethanolThe current in the liquid is gradually increased, and a first oxidation peak I appears near-0.27V; during negative scanning, the current is gradually reduced until a second oxidation peak II appears near-0.41V; the current density of the oxidation peak I is 10.59mA/cm2。
Embodiment 3 a method for preparing a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
1. A preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 7mg Pd (NO)3)2Powder, 5mg AgNO3Powder, 0.5g SDS into the reactor;
(2) weighing 40mL of water, 10mL of ethanol and 2.25mL of nitric acid (1M), mixing, adding into the reactor, and introducing nitrogen for 17 min;
(3) placing the reactor in an ultrasonic cell crusher, adding 113mg of aniline into the solution, wherein the ultrasonic power is 400W, the reaction temperature is 19 ℃, and carrying out ultrasonic radiation reaction for 90min in a nitrogen atmosphere;
(4) and (3) freezing the product in a refrigerator at a temperature of between 15 ℃ below zero and 12 ℃ below zero for 16h, demulsifying, sequentially performing centrifugal separation on the product for multiple times, such as water washing, alcohol washing and the like, and drying the product in a vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 40 ℃ for 32h to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
FIG. 6(c) is an electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry curve of the Pd/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in example 3 on ethanol, the initial oxidation potential on ethanol oxidation is-0.67V, the current of the nano Pd modified glassy carbon electrode in an ethanol solution gradually increases in a forward potential scan, and a first oxidation peak I appears near-0.24V; during negative scanning, the current is gradually reduced until a second oxidation peak II appears near-0.41V; the current density of the oxidation peak I is 10.4mA/cm2。
Embodiment 4 a method for preparing a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
(1) Weighing 7mg Pd (NO)3)2Powder, 5mg AgNO3Powder, 0.5g SDS into the reactor;
(2) weighing 40mL of water, 10mL of ethanol and 2.25mL of nitric acid (1M), mixing, adding into the reactor, and introducing nitrogen for 15 min;
(3) placing the reactor in an ultrasonic cell crusher, adding 5.6mg of aniline into the solution, wherein the ultrasonic power is 400W, the reaction temperature is 20 ℃, and carrying out ultrasonic radiation reaction for 90min in a nitrogen atmosphere;
(4) and (3) freezing the product in a refrigerator at the temperature of-18 to-16 ℃ for 6h, demulsifying, sequentially performing centrifugal separation for multiple times such as water washing, alcohol washing and the like, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 45 ℃ for 8h to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
FIG. 6(d) is an electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry curve of the Pd/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in example 4 on ethanol, the initial oxidation potential on ethanol oxidation is-0.64V, the current of the nano Pd modified glassy carbon electrode in the ethanol solution gradually increases in the forward potential scan, and a first oxidation peak I appears near-0.26V; during negative scanning, the current is gradually reduced until a second oxidation peak II appears near-0.43V; the current density of the oxidation peak I is 8.52mA/cm2。
Embodiment 5 a method for preparing a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite
1. A preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material comprises the following steps:
(1) weighing 28mg Pd (NO)3)2Powder, 48mg AgNO3Powder, 0.6g SDS into the reactor;
(2) weighing 40mL of water, 10mL of ethanol and 2.5mL of nitric acid (1M), mixing, adding into the reactor, and introducing nitrogen for 20 min;
(3) placing the reactor in an ultrasonic cell crusher, adding 248.4mg of aniline into the solution, wherein the ultrasonic power is 400W, the reaction temperature is 20 ℃, and carrying out ultrasonic radiation reaction for 100min in a nitrogen atmosphere;
(4) and (3) putting the product into a refrigerator at a temperature of between 14 ℃ below zero and 12 ℃ below zero to be frozen for 48h, performing multiple centrifugal separation such as water washing, alcohol washing and the like in sequence after demulsification, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 35 ℃ for 48h to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
FIG. 6(e) is the electrocatalytic cyclic voltammetry of the Pd/PANI nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in example 5 on ethanolThe initial oxidation potential for the ethanol oxidation is-0.64V, the current of the nano Pd modified glassy carbon electrode in an ethanol solution is gradually increased in forward potential scanning, and a first oxidation peak I appears near-0.27V; during negative scanning, the current is gradually reduced until a second oxidation peak II appears near-0.39V; the current density of the oxidation peak I is 5.83mA/cm2。
The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite modified electrode prepared in the embodiment 1-5 is used for carrying out an electrocatalytic activity test on formic acid, and the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite modified electrode has certain electrocatalytic activity on formic acid and good poisoning resistance and can be used as a catalyst for a direct formic acid fuel cell.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A preparation method of a palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite is characterized by comprising the following steps:
adding a metal palladium salt precursor, metal silver salt precursor powder and 0.4-0.6 g of surfactant powder into an alcohol-water mixed solution system containing 2.00-2.50 mL of 1M nitric acid; after introducing inert gas for a period of time, radiating the reaction solution by using an ultrasonic radiation device, dropwise adding aniline into the solution, and performing ultrasonic radiation for 80-100 min in the inert gas atmosphere; and freezing and demulsifying the product, centrifuging, washing with water, washing with alcohol, and vacuum drying to obtain the palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol-water mixed solution has a volume ratio of alcohol to water of 1: 1.5 to 4.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal palladium salt precursor is palladium nitrate; the precursor of the metal silver salt is silver nitrate.
5. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the metal palladium salt precursor to the metal silver salt precursor to the aniline is 7-28: 2.2-48: 5.6 to 248.4.
6. The preparation method according to claim 5, wherein the mass ratio of the metal palladium salt precursor to the metal silver salt precursor to the aniline is 7-28: 5-12: 62.1 to 113.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the inert gas is introduced for 15 to 20 min.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the power of ultrasonic radiation is 350-400W, and the reaction temperature is 19-21 ℃; the freezing time is 6-48 h, and the freezing temperature is-18 to-12 ℃; the vacuum drying temperature is 35-45 ℃, and the vacuum drying time is 8-48 h.
9. The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. The palladium-silver alloy/polyaniline nanocomposite material prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 8 is applied to or used for preparing a catalyst for a direct alcohol fuel cell or a direct formic acid fuel cell.
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