CN109925082A - A kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system - Google Patents
A kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system Download PDFInfo
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- CN109925082A CN109925082A CN201811397185.9A CN201811397185A CN109925082A CN 109925082 A CN109925082 A CN 109925082A CN 201811397185 A CN201811397185 A CN 201811397185A CN 109925082 A CN109925082 A CN 109925082A
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- 238000007408 cone-beam computed tomography Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000004261 periodontium Anatomy 0.000 claims description 7
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- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement systems, including denture model and the analysis dynamometric system connecting with denture model；The denture model includes the tooth in alveolus bone model corresponding with patient's oral condition and insertion alveolus bone model, the denture model includes incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, it grinds one's teeth in sleep area, the incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, it grinds one's teeth in sleep and is respectively equipped with and incisor area in area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, the pressure sensor of area's Tooth of grinding one's teeth in sleep connection, the present invention passes through a kind of orthodontic force analysis of test system based on multidimensional pressure inductive pick-up, the board design for carrying out mouth cavity orthodontic for each tooth of patient and correction are in the process to single tooth, each tooth area and dental pattern carry out orthodontic force size, the action direction of power is accurately measured, relatively reliable and easy-operating real-time correction force data is provided for clinic orthodontic doctor to support and correction design scheme.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to oral cavity analysis technical field, in particular to a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement systems.
Background technique
Orthodontic Treatment is with beautiful, function and stabilizes to main target.It is rapid with mouth cavity orthodontic cause in China
Development, the number of orthodontist are doubled and redoubled.But since orthodontist institute education level is different, treatment level also has very big
Difference.Although Orthodontic Treatment is far away from surgical operation, there are still certain risks.
Research shows that during the orthodontic force for being only provided with suitable size and direction could mitigate correction to greatest extent
Treatment cycle is shortened in side effect.How accurately obtaining appliance and acting on the orthodontic force of tooth is the suitable orthodontic force of analysis
Premise has important application value for clinic orthodontic treatment.
For moving direction, the size of Orthodontic force and the effect side of power of the patient teeth that goes to a doctor in China, clinical treatment
To the micro-judgment for relying primarily on doctor, orthodontist adjusts replacement arch wire in suitable period according to its clinical experience, into
Row orthodontic treatment.Therefore, the size of Orthodontic force suffered by correction process Tooth, the action direction of orthodontic force are accurately measured
It has great significance for the success rate raising of mouth cavity orthodontic.
External correction force measuring device on the market uses the measurement of patient teeth's impression molds progress orthodontic force more at present,
But the stamp that they use is measured to the rigid model of full mouth, and correction suffered by every tooth can not be accurately measured
The direction of power and size, it is insufficient due to dynamometry, easily orthodontic force is caused to be unevenly distributed, induces correction failure.Further, since
The dental impression material of patient is mostly gypsum and alginate material, and measurement requires modulus again and adds bow on model every time
Silk, cumbersome process not only increase cost, also easily generate error.Therefore, existing in-vitro measurements device is with a low credibility
And reference value is lower, is unfavorable for Orthodontic Treatment.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, technical solution provided by the invention are as follows: a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system,
Including denture model and the analysis dynamometric system being connect with denture model；The denture model includes and patient
The corresponding alveolus bone model of oral condition and insertion alveolus bone model in tooth, the denture model include incisor area,
Canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, area of grinding one's teeth in sleep, the incisor area, premolar teeth area, are respectively equipped with and incisor area, point in area of grinding one's teeth in sleep canine tooth area
Tooth area, premolar teeth area, area's Tooth of grinding one's teeth in sleep connection pressure sensor, the pressure sensor by Combined structure of sensor with
Tooth connection；The analysis dynamometric system includes core processor, the power supply module connecting with core processor, pressure sensor
Module, communication module, display module, the pressure sensor module are connect with pressure sensor.
As an improvement, the Combined structure of sensor includes sensor dial, sensor conductive bar, external fixed pedestal,
The sensor dial is the hollow structure that middle part is equipped with sensor installation cavity, and the pressure sensor is installed on sensor installation
Intracavitary, the sensor guide rod is set to pressure sensor top and connect with tooth lower part, is socketed outside the sensor dial
There is external fixed pedestal, the external fixed pedestal two sides are equipped with lock-screw corresponding with sensor dial.
As an improvement, the sensor conductive bar is externally provided with external screw thread, the tooth bottom is equipped with and sensor conductive bar
Corresponding internal screw thread, below the depth of the internal screw thread to tooth neck edge line at 1-2mm.
As an improvement, being circumferentially with several threaded bores on the sensor dial, tail end is equipped in the threaded bore
Thread cylinder sliding rail, the threads cylinder sliding rail are equipped with sliding block, and the sliding block is equipped with annular buccal tube, the annular
Arch wire has been penetrated on buccal tube.
As an improvement, being additionally provided with the locking nut for locking sliding block on the threads cylinder sliding rail.
As an improvement, the pressure sensor is multidimensional pressure made of the combination combination of multiple high-precision pressure inductive pick-ups
Power induction system.
As an improvement, the pressure sensor includes at least 4 high-precision pressure inductive pick-ups.
As an improvement, its measurement method, comprising the following steps:
(1) preparation tooth to be measured:
S11, the denture of patient and the tree of root form are measured and prepared using oral cavity CBCT and tooth sheet technology
Rouge model；
S12, design feature and load-carrying construction according to tooth select the suitable root for completing brill from tooth or furcation area
Place is drilled to orthodontic force load-carrying construction center, and prepares threaded bore；
(2) dental pattern column model is arranged according to the actual conditions of patient:
S21, analysis reconstruction is carried out to the oral cavity CBCT and dental impressions of patient, simulates alveolar bone model and tooth using resin
Slot nest structure；
S22, Gasket Sealant No. and RTV two kinds of materials of 587Silicone are uniformly mixed with volume ratio 1:1
Afterwards, for simulating the stickiness of parodontium and the property of elasticity, it is added in tooth socket and is used as parodontium, need to guarantee periodontal in operation
Relative positional relationship between film thickness 0.25mm and tooth, between tooth and alveolar bone；
S23, it is formed into whole alveolus bone model with resin alveolus Integrated implant, and according to trouble on whole alveolus bone model
Actual conditions insertion every tooth of arrangement of person, and compareed in the tooth die of patient；
S24, amendment dental arch model.
(3) the tooth mould to be measured is fixed on sensor conductive bar and fixed pedestal:
S31, by after preparation tooth and sensor conductive bar screw；
S32, pressure sensor is combined with sensor dial；
S33, by sensor dial in conjunction with external fixed pedestal, after combining overall structure, rotation sensor turntable
To suitable position, lock-screw is agitated to the fixed overall structure of locking state；
S34, annular buccal tube can be fixed on the sliding block of threads cylinder sliding rail, it is suitable according to orthodontic contexts selection
Screw-in hole location, adjust buccal tube height penetrate arch wire, tighten bracket and be fixed in the buccal tube of opposite side；
S35, threads cylinder sliding rail are fixed in the threaded bore of sensor dial, and locked solid by locking nut
Its fixed height；
S36, the orthodontic force that tooth receives is acted on respectively to being mounted on the sensor conductive by sensor conductive bar
Multiple pressure sensor force-detecting positions in pole-footing portion, the pressure signal that pressure sensor is received is converted to analog signal, then transmits
It is digital signal to core processor processing, in real-time display stress condition on display screen.
After using the above structure, the present invention has the advantage that the present invention is by a kind of based on multidimensional pressure induction sensing
The orthodontic force analysis of test system of device carries out each tooth of patient the board design and correction process of mouth cavity orthodontic
In to single tooth, each tooth area and dental pattern carry out orthodontic force size, power action direction accurately measured, be clinic orthodontic doctor
Teacher provides relatively reliable and easy-operating real-time correction force data and supports and correction design scheme.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of denture model in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the method flow schematic diagram of denture model in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a kind of structural representation of the mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system Tooth of the present invention in conjunction with sensor dial
Figure.
Fig. 4 is the structural schematic diagram of sensor dial in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of external fixed pedestal in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is that a kind of structure of the mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system turntable of the present invention in conjunction with external fixed pedestal is shown
It is intended to.
Fig. 7 is the structural schematic diagram of threads cylinder sliding rail in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram of annular buccal tube in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is the structural schematic diagram that dynamometric system is analyzed in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Figure 10 is the electrical block diagram that dynamometric system is analyzed in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Figure 11 is the electrical block diagram of sensor module in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Figure 12 is the electrical block diagram of core processor in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
Figure 13 is the electrical block diagram of display module in a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention.
In figure, 1, alveolus bone model, 2, tooth, 3, pressure sensor, 4, Combined structure of sensor, 4.1, sensor turn
Disk, 4.1a, sensor installation cavity, 4.1b, threaded bore, 4.2, sensor conductive bar, 4.3, external fixed pedestal, 4.3a, lock
Tight screw, 5, threads cylinder sliding rail, 6, sliding block, 7, annular buccal tube, 8, locking nut.
Specific embodiment
In conjunction with attached drawing 1~13, a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system, including denture model and and denture
The analysis dynamometric system of model connection；The denture model include alveolus bone model 1 corresponding with patient's oral condition and
The tooth 2 being embedded in alveolus bone model 1, the denture model includes incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, area of grinding one's teeth in sleep, institute
It states incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, be respectively equipped with and incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, area's dens in dente of grinding one's teeth in sleep in area of grinding one's teeth in sleep
The pressure sensor 3 of tooth connection, the pressure sensor 3 are connect by Combined structure of sensor 4 with tooth 2；The analysis is surveyed
Force system includes core processor, the power supply module connecting with core processor, pressure sensor module, communication module, display
Module, the pressure sensor module are connect with pressure sensor 3.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, the Combined structure of sensor 4 includes sensor dial 4.1, passes
Sensor conductive bar 4.2, external fixed pedestal 4.3, the sensor dial 4.1 are that middle part is equipped in sensor installation cavity 4.1a
Hollow structure, the pressure sensor 3 are installed in sensor installation cavity 4.1a, and the sensor guide rod 4.2 is set to pressure biography
3 top of sensor is simultaneously connect with 2 lower part of tooth, is socketed with external fixed pedestal 4.3, the outside outside the sensor dial 4.1
4.3 two sides of fixed pedestal are equipped with lock-screw 4.3a corresponding with sensor dial 4.1.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, the sensor conductive bar 4.2 is externally provided with external screw thread, the tooth
2 bottoms are equipped with internal screw thread corresponding with sensor conductive bar 4.2,1- below the depth to 2 neck edge line of tooth of the internal screw thread
At 2mm.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, several threaded bores are circumferentially on the sensor dial 4.1
Threads cylinder sliding rail 5 is equipped in 4.1b, the threaded bore 4.1b, the threads cylinder sliding rail 5 is equipped with sliding block
6, the sliding block 6 is equipped with annular buccal tube 7, and annular 7 side of buccal tube is equipped with arch wire mounting hole, wears in arch wire mounting hole
Entering has arch wire, and tooth bracket can be fixed in annular buccal tube 7 by annular buccal tube 7 by arch wire.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, it is additionally provided on the threads cylinder sliding rail 5 for locking cunning
The locking nut 8 of block 6.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, the pressure sensor 3 is multiple high-precision pressures induction sensing
Multidimensional pressure induction system made of device combination combination.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, the pressure sensor 3 includes at least 4 high-precision pressure inductions
Sensor.
In the present embodiment, core processor STC12C5A60S2 handles chip, and pressure sensor module includes at HX711
Chip is managed, display module includes LCD1602 LCD panel.
As the present embodiment preferred embodiment, measurement method, comprising the following steps:
(1) preparation tooth to be measured:
S11, the denture of patient and the tree of root form are measured and prepared using oral cavity CBCT and tooth sheet technology
Rouge model；
S12, design feature and load-carrying construction according to tooth 2 select suitable brill of completing from the root of tooth 2 or root point
It is drilled to orthodontic force load-carrying construction center at fork, and prepares threaded bore；
(2) dental pattern column model is arranged according to the actual conditions of patient:
S21, analysis reconstruction is carried out to the oral cavity CBCT and dental impressions of patient, using resin simulate alveolar bone model 1 and
Tooth socket structure；
S22, Gasket Sealant No. and RTV two kinds of materials of 587Silicone are uniformly mixed with volume ratio 1:1
Afterwards, for simulating the stickiness of parodontium and the property of elasticity, it is added in tooth socket and is used as parodontium, need to guarantee periodontal in operation
Relative positional relationship between film thickness 0.25mm and tooth, between tooth and alveolar bone；
S23, it is formed into whole alveolus bone model 1 with resin alveolus Integrated implant, and on whole alveolus bone model 1 according to
Actual conditions insertion every tooth 2 of arrangement of patient, and compareed in the tooth die of patient；
S24, amendment dental arch model.
(3) the tooth mould to be measured is fixed on sensor conductive bar and fixed pedestal:
S31, the tooth 2 after preparation is screwed with sensor conductive bar 4.2；
S32, pressure sensor 3 is combined with sensor dial 4.1；
S33, sensor dial 4.1 is combined with external fixed pedestal 4.3, after combining overall structure, rotation sensing
Device turntable 4.1 agitates lock-screw 4.3a to the fixed overall structure of locking state to suitable position；
S34, annular buccal tube 7 can be fixed on the sliding block 6 of threads cylinder sliding rail 5, is selected according to orthodontic contexts
Suitable screw-in hole location, annular 7 height of buccal tube of adjusting penetrate arch wire, tighten bracket and are fixed in opposite side annular buccal tube 7；
S35, threads cylinder sliding rail 5 are fixed in the threaded bore 4.1b of sensor dial 4.1, and pass through locking screw
Female its height of 4.3a locked and fixed；
S36, it the orthodontic force that tooth receives is acted on respectively to being mounted on the sensor by sensor conductive bar 4.2 passing
Multiple pressure sensor force-detecting positions of 4.2 root of guide rod, are converted to analog signal for the pressure signal that pressure sensor 3 receives,
Being transmitted to core processor processing again is digital signal, in real-time display stress condition on display screen.
Tooth-pressure sensor composite structure is passed by acting on pressure with externally threaded sensor conductive bar 4.2
On sensor 3, when orthodontic force is applied to tooth by bracket and arch wire, the power of all directions is acted on sensor conductive bar 4.2,
Sensor conductive bar 4.2 conducts the pressure size that six dimensions of the tooth are thus measured to pressure sensor 3, in addition the present apparatus
By 4.1 structure of adjusting slider 6 and sensor dial with high-freedom degree, can simulate it is any under the conditions of correction list tooth by
Structure is managed, and dynamometry analysis is carried out by the multidimensional pressure inductive pick-up of bottom, obtains accurately single tooth force analysis situation,
Guidance is made for the orthodontic procedure of clinician.
In addition, cloud server, terminal device and analysis also can be used in mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system of the present invention
The CBCT model of patient can be directed into the analysis software in terminal device by software, by with patient's orthodontic contexts
Completely the same model structure analyzes the correction process of patient in real time, has judged whether there is operation error and has given clinician
The suggestion of orthodontic procedure after this patient and guide can be by carrying out single tooth just when patient makes mistakes there are correction
Abnormal power analysis test carries out accurately force analysis for every tooth, and investigation correction fails the origin cause of formation, provided for clinician and
When error feedback mechanism and modify remedial measure guiding opinion.
Device can accurately know the true force value and direction that full mouth and single tooth are subject to through the invention, in turn
Can study orthodontic force effect under periodontal, alveolar bone stress distribution situation, it is as a result more true and reliable, can be orthodontic treatment
Theoretical foundation is provided, device for measuring force structure of the present invention is relatively easy, mainly includes pressure sensor structure, sensor conductive bar knot
Structure, fixed pedestal structure carry out model measurement and design in conjunction with oral cavity sheet technology furthermore by oral cavity CBCT skill modeling,
The stress condition of any time lower teeth can be known using the device, and clinician can be instructed to carry out the control of orthodontic force.
The present invention and its embodiments have been described above, this description is no restricted, shown in the drawings
Only one of embodiments of the present invention, actual structure is not limited to this.All in all if the ordinary skill of this field
Personnel are enlightened by it, without departing from the spirit of the invention, are not inventively designed and the technical solution phase
As frame mode and embodiment, be within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system, which is characterized in that including denture model and with denture model
The analysis dynamometric system of connection；The denture model includes alveolus bone model corresponding with patient's oral condition and insertion tooth
Tooth in slot bone model, the denture model include incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, area of grinding one's teeth in sleep, the incisor
Area, premolar teeth area, is respectively equipped in area of grinding one's teeth in sleep and connect with incisor area, canine tooth area, premolar teeth area, area's Tooth of grinding one's teeth in sleep canine tooth area
Pressure sensor, the pressure sensor connect by Combined structure of sensor with tooth；The analysis dynamometric system includes
Core processor, the power supply module being connect with core processor, pressure sensor module, communication module, display module, the pressure
Force snesor module is connect with pressure sensor.
2. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the sensor combinations
Structure includes sensor dial, sensor conductive bar, external fixed pedestal, and the sensor dial is that middle part is pacified equipped with sensor
The hollow structure behaveing affectedly, the pressure sensor are installed in sensor installation cavity, and the sensor guide rod is set to pressure biography
Sensor top is simultaneously connect with tooth lower part, and external fixed pedestal, the external fixed pedestal are socketed with outside the sensor dial
Two sides are equipped with lock-screw corresponding with sensor dial.
3. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the sensor conductive
Bar is externally provided with external screw thread, and the tooth bottom is equipped with internal screw thread corresponding with sensor conductive bar, and the depth of the internal screw thread is extremely
Below tooth neck edge line at 1-2mm.
4. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the sensor dial
On be circumferentially with several threaded bores, threads cylinder sliding rail is equipped in the threaded bore, the threads cylinder is sliding
Rail is equipped with sliding block, and the sliding block is equipped with annular buccal tube, has penetrated arch wire on the annular buccal tube.
5. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the threads circle
The locking nut for locking sliding block is additionally provided on column sliding rail.
6. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the pressure sensor
For multidimensional pressure induction system made of the combination combination of multiple high-precision pressure inductive pick-ups.
7. the tooth Combined structure of sensor according to claim 6 for the analysis measurement of mouth cavity orthodontic power, feature exist
In the pressure sensor includes at least 4 high-precision pressure inductive pick-ups.
8. a kind of mouth cavity orthodontic power analytical measurement system according to claim 1, measurement method, comprising the following steps:
(1) preparation tooth to be measured:
S11, the denture of patient and the resin mold of root form are measured and prepared using oral cavity CBCT and tooth sheet technology
Type；
S12, design feature and load-carrying construction according to tooth select suitable brill of completing to bore from the root of tooth or furcation area
Enter to orthodontic force load-carrying construction center, and prepares threaded bore；
(2) dental pattern column model is arranged according to the actual conditions of patient:
S21, analysis reconstruction is carried out to the oral cavity CBCT and dental impressions of patient, simulates alveolar bone model and tooth socket using resin
Structure；
S22, by Gasket Sealant No. and RTV 587 Silicone, two kinds of materials with volume ratio 1:1 after mixing,
For simulating the stickiness of parodontium and the property of elasticity, it is added in tooth socket and is used as parodontium, need to guarantee parodontium in operation
Relative positional relationship between thickness 0.25mm and tooth, between tooth and alveolar bone；
S23, it is formed into whole alveolus bone model with resin alveolus Integrated implant, and according to patient's on whole alveolus bone model
Actual conditions insertion every tooth of arrangement, and compareed in the tooth die of patient；
S24, amendment dental arch model.
(3) the tooth mould to be measured is fixed on sensor conductive bar and fixed pedestal:
S31, by after preparation tooth and sensor conductive bar screw；
S32, pressure sensor is combined with sensor dial；
S33, sensor dial is combined with external fixed pedestal, after combining overall structure, rotation sensor turntable to conjunction
Right position is set, and agitates lock-screw to the fixed overall structure of locking state；
S34, annular buccal tube can be fixed on the sliding block of threads cylinder sliding rail, according to the suitable rotation of orthodontic contexts selection
Enter hole location, adjust buccal tube height penetrate arch wire, tighten bracket and be fixed in the buccal tube of opposite side；
S35, threads cylinder sliding rail are fixed in the threaded bore of sensor dial, and by locking nut locked and fixed its
Highly；
S36, the orthodontic force that tooth receives is acted on respectively to being mounted on the sensor conductive pole-footing by sensor conductive bar
Multiple pressure sensor force-detecting positions in portion, the pressure signal that pressure sensor is received is converted to analog signal, then is transmitted to core
The processing of heart processor is digital signal, in real-time display stress condition on display screen.
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110303665A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-10-08 | 北京缔佳医疗器械有限公司 | A kind of closed loop press mold molding machine |
| CN110428712A (en) * | 2019-08-02 | 2019-11-08 | 首都医科大学附属北京口腔医院 | Tooth * model production method, tooth * model and rescue force measuring method |
| CN110623761A (en) * | 2019-10-21 | 2019-12-31 | 吉林大学 | Novel orthodontic force measuring method and device |
| CN110931133A (en) * | 2020-01-19 | 2020-03-27 | 宁波职业技术学院 | Tooth movement correction force range obtaining method and system based on numerical simulation |
| CN111272322A (en) * | 2020-03-08 | 2020-06-12 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Cross double-slider type orthodontic micro-implant force measuring device and using method |
| CN113116585A (en) * | 2021-04-26 | 2021-07-16 | 四川大学 | Novel just abnormal frictional force is measured device |
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| CN105250044A (en) * | 2015-08-28 | 2016-01-20 | 浙江工业大学 | Three-dimensional orthodontic force dynamic measurement method and apparatus capable of simulating movement of teeth |
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| CN105250044A (en) * | 2015-08-28 | 2016-01-20 | 浙江工业大学 | Three-dimensional orthodontic force dynamic measurement method and apparatus capable of simulating movement of teeth |
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| CN110931133A (en) * | 2020-01-19 | 2020-03-27 | 宁波职业技术学院 | Tooth movement correction force range obtaining method and system based on numerical simulation |
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