CN109906126A - 3d打印设备以及3d打印法 - Google Patents

3d打印设备以及3d打印法 Download PDF

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CN109906126A
CN109906126A CN201780068441.7A CN201780068441A CN109906126A CN 109906126 A CN109906126 A CN 109906126A CN 201780068441 A CN201780068441 A CN 201780068441A CN 109906126 A CN109906126 A CN 109906126A
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斯特凡·贝茨
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Brose Fahrzeugteile SE and Co KG
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Abstract

本发明尤其涉及一种用于由至少两种不同的材料(M1，M2)制造三维构件(B)的3D打印设备。在此，所述3D打印设备(1)不仅具有喷射打印单元(3)而且具有电子束和/或激光单元(2)。为了制造所述三维构件(B)，所述喷射打印单元(3)设立和设置用于喷射所述至少两种不同的材料(M1，M2)，并且所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)设立和设置用于，将所喷射的材料(M1，M2)通过借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)的电子束和/或激光束(20)熔化材料配合地连接。本发明的另一方面涉及3D打印法。

Description

3D打印设备以及3D打印法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造三维构件的3D打印设备和一种3D打印法。
背景技术
在3D打印中，通常逐层地由一种或多种材料构造三维构件。在此，作为材料例如使用塑料、树脂、陶瓷和金属。在这方面已知，三维构件通过选择性激光烧结(用于热塑性的塑料材料)、通过选择性激光熔化(用于金属)或选择性电子束熔化(用于金属)制造。在材料局部熔化的所述方法中，为了产生相应的三维构件，使用仅一种材料。
此外，已知类似喷墨的3D打印法，其中，类似于喷墨打印机逐层地喷射不同的、分别粉末状或液态存在的材料。通常，在此使用大部分在紫外光下硬化的塑料材料。
发明内容
从所述现有技术出发，本发明所基于的目的在于，提供对于三维构件、尤其用于电动机的定子的3D打印的改进的解决方案。
所述目的不仅借助于权利要求1的3D打印设备而且借助于权利要求9的3D打印法实现。
在此，本发明的基本构思是，用于喷射不同材料的喷射打印单元与电子束和/或激光单元的组合，所述电子束和/或激光单元用于将所喷射的材料至少局部熔化，以使所述材料材料配合地连接。在此，因此，将借助电子束或借助激光束待连接的材料预先通过根据喷墨打印方式的喷射打印单元滴状地(潮湿或干燥地，根据材料被液态地还是粉末状地保持)喷射。在此，例如借助3D打印设备，除了喷射可交联的塑料材料之外，可实现：用于使——可能由另一所喷射的材料——待制造的三维构件的特定部段材料配合地连接的熔液的产生。这样也能够在3D打印过程中由不同材料产生具有不同材料要求的高度复杂的构件。
根据本发明的用于由至少两种不同的材料制造或打印三维构件的3D打印设备相应地不仅具有喷射打印单元而且具有电子束和/或激光单元。为了制造三维构件，喷射打印单元设立和设置用于喷射至少两种不同的材料，并且此外，电子束和/或激光单元设立和设置用于，将所喷射的材料通过借助电子束和/或激光单元的电子束和/或激光束熔化材料配合地连接。通过电子束和/或激光单元待熔化的、所喷射的材料能够是刚好一种或多种不同的所喷射的材料或也能够是由至少两种不同的材料构成的混合物。
在一个实施变型方案中，集成有喷射打印单元和电子束和/或激光单元的3D打印设备具有用于待制造的三维构件的构件平台，不仅电子束和/或激光单元而且喷射打印单元的打印头能够定位在所述构件平台上方。因此，待打印的三维构件的结构能够在3D打印设备中通过利用喷射打印单元以及电子束和/或激光单元制造，而不用将构件的一部分或用于待制造的构件的坯件从构件平台移除。
在这方面，在一个变型方案中，3D打印设备例如设计为，电子束和/或激光单元和/或打印头能够沿基本上彼此垂直延伸的至少两个空间方向，第一和第二空间方向相对于构件平台调节。在此，电子束和/或激光单元和打印头例如可以设置在两个不同的调节装置处或设置在调节系统的共同的调节装置处，两个不同的调节装置或共同的调节装置允许两个单元在由这两个第一和第二空间方向展开的平面中的外力操纵的调节。对于紧凑的构造结构可以提供如下调节系统，在所述调节系统中，电子束和/或激光单元和喷射打印单元的打印头例如能够气动地、液压地和/或电动机地以无级的方式在XYZ坐标系的XY平面中的构件平台上方调节。
此外，电子束和/或激光单元和/或打印头可以是沿基本上垂直于第一和第二空间方向延伸的第三空间方向相对于构件平台可调节的，以便也可以沿第三空间方向，在高度上匹配各个材料层的尤其涂覆或喷射。替选地或补充地，为此，构件平台显然可以是沿第三空间方向相对于电子束和/或激光单元和/或打印头可调节的。在此，电子束和/或激光单元和/或喷射打印单元的打印头例如是在XY平面中可调节的，同时构件平台沿XYZ坐标系的Z轴可调节。
3D打印设备可以设立用于，在一个工步中借助喷射打印单元喷射第一和/或第二材料并且在第二工步中选择性地和至少局部地熔化所喷射的第一和/或第二材料。第一材料例如可以具有金属粉末，而第二材料具有塑料材料和/或树脂。但是，显然，不同的材料中的至少一个材料也可以包括陶瓷，或材料仅具有不同的金属或不同的塑料并且鉴于此彼此不同。
在一个可行的改进方案中，喷射打印单元具有用于硬化所喷射的塑料材料的紫外光发射器。在此，借助3D打印设备例如能够实施3D打印法，在所述3D打印法中，将塑料材料借助喷射打印单元喷射，并且在接着局部地熔化到所述塑料材料或同样借助喷射打印单元喷射的另一基于塑料材料的或金属的材料中之前，交联并且借助紫外光发射器硬化，以便产生三维构件的部段。
3D打印设备的激光单元可以设立和设置用于选择性激光烧结(英文：“selectivelaser sintering”，SLS)和/或选择性激光熔化(英文：“selective laser melting”，SLM)。电子束单元与之相应地可以设立和设置用于选择性电子束熔化(英文：“electron beammelting”，EBM)。
根据本发明的解决方案的另一方面涉及用于由至少两种不同的材料制造或打印三维构件的3D打印法。
在此，为了制造构件提出，
-借助喷射打印单元逐层地喷射用于构件的至少一种第一和第二材料并且
-将借助电子束和/或激光单元喷射的材料通过借助电子束和/或激光单元的电子束和/或激光束熔化材料配合地连接。
因此，根据本发明的3D打印法基于本发明的上文已经描述的基本构思构成为，用于通过不同材料的组合式喷射以及所喷射的材料的选择性熔化制造三维构件。
在一个实施变型方案中，例如借助喷射打印单元喷射第一和/或第二材料，以便构成用于所喷射的材料的熔液的支撑结构，所述熔液局部地借助电子束和/或激光单元产生。因此，所喷射的第一和/或第二材料包围如下区域，所述区域由所述材料或另一材料喷射并且所述区域随后通过电子束和/或激光单元熔化。因此，相应的支撑结构找到熔液的不受控制的流动并且对相应的区域限界。
在一个实施变型方案中，为了制造三维构件例如提出，借助喷射打印单元喷射金属粉末和塑料材料并且借助电子束和/或激光单元局部地熔化所喷射的金属粉末的至少一部分。在喷射之后通过交联构成所喷射的塑料、例如液态的光敏聚合物、固定的结构期间，才用金属粉末通过熔化产生实心结构。
在这方面也可以提出，所喷射的金属粉末由所喷射的塑料材料、尤其通过紫外光硬化的塑料材料围住，使得借助电子束和/或激光单元产生的、由所喷射的金属粉末构成的金属熔液通过由所喷射的塑料材料构成的支撑结构围住。
所使用的金属粉末原则上可以包括用于获得和/或提高金属粉末的流动性的添加剂。在一个变型方案中提出一种添加剂，所述添加剂在喷射之后在构件平台处存在的周围环境条件下挥发。因此，挥发的添加剂用于获得和/或提高金属粉末的流动性，然而在借助电子束和/或激光单元熔化金属粉末时不具有影响。替选地或补充地，也可以提出一种添加剂，所述添加剂对于熔化过程本来是不紧要的或甚至在所希望的材料和构件特性方面是有利的。
借助根据本发明的3D打印法，例如制造用于电动机的定子，其中，通过3D打印法不仅打印定子的线圈体而且打印用于线圈体的、优选地由塑料材料构成的至少一个绝缘层。在此，因此，在3D打印法中逐层地不仅构造由金属材料制造的线圈体，而且构造由塑料材料制造的绝缘层。在此，在唯一的打印过程中在以至少一个喷射打印单元和/或至少一个电子束和/或激光单元构造的3D打印设备中产生定子的两个部件。
原则上，能够借助根据本发明的3D打印设备实施根据本发明的3D打印法。与之相应地，在上文和下文中参照3D打印设备阐述的变型方案和特征也适用于3D打印法并且反之亦然。
附图说明
在此示出：
图1示出根据本发明的3D打印设备的实施例；
图2示出图1的3D打印设备的局部放大图，其中打印头相对于图1被调节；
图3示出对于根据本发明的3D打印法的实施变型方案的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明的3D打印设备的实施例，在所述3D打印设备中，(用于类似喷墨的3D打印法的)喷射打印单元3与用于选择性电子束熔化或选择性激光烧结或激光熔化的电子束和/或激光单元2组装在用于打印三维构件B的设备中。在此，3D打印设备1的部分是构件平台32，在所述构件平台上，待打印的构件B逐层地借助于电子束和/或激光单元2和喷射打印单元3构造。
当前，构件平台32在XYZ坐标系之内沿Z轴可移动并且设置在侧壁31a、31b之间。通过沿Z轴在调节方向V2上调节构件平台32，可以改变构件平台32与设置在构件平台32上方的电子束和/或激光单元2的电子束和/或激光源的间距。同样地，关于此，能够设置沿Z轴距喷射打印单元3的打印头301的间距，通过所述喷射打印单元喷射不同的材料M1和M2用于3D打印三维构件B。
打印头301是喷射打印单元3的打印头装置30的部分。此外，所述打印头装置30还包括调节系统300，所述调节系统例如具有在此未示出的气动的、液压的或电动机式的驱动，所述驱动用于在XYZ坐标系的XY平面中调节打印头301。通过调节系统300，除了打印头301之外，紫外光发射器302也可调节地安装在构件平台32上方。因此，经由调节系统300，紫外光发射器302能够同步地尤其沿调节方向V1沿Y轴和垂直于Y轴延伸的X轴调节。通过经由打印头303喷射的材料，可以打印用于待制造构件的三维结构并且必要时借助于紫外光发射器302硬化所述材料。在此，经由紫外光发射器302，例如可以提出用于硬化或交联借助打印头301喷射的塑料材料、例如光敏聚合物。
如尤其也根据图2的放大图直观地说明的那样，在3D打印设备1中使不同的3D打印法彼此组合；除了一方面以喷墨打印形式喷射不同的材料M1和M2之外，另一方面借助电子束或激光束20选择性地熔化或烧结。
在图1和图2中，示例性地直观地说明由金属材料M1和由基于塑料材料的材料M2构成的构件B的打印。在此，不仅将粉末状存在的金属(材料M1)而且将液态存在的塑料材料(材料M2)经由打印头301喷射，以便逐层地构造用于待制造的三维构件B的所需要的三维结构。在此，为了通过金属构造实心的、一件式的结构部段，借助电子束和/或激光单元2选择性地和局部地熔化所喷射的金属粉末。在此，为了防止借助电子束或激光束20产生的熔液S的不受控制地流出或流散，之前喷射的和优选已经硬化的塑料材料2用作为从四周围住熔液S的支撑结构。这直观地根据图2的放大图示出。
由此借助3D打印设备1以简单的方式可制造三维构件B，在所述三维构件中，在由塑料构成的结构之内嵌入有由金属构成的连贯的一件式结构，其中，这两个结构已完全在3D打印法中产生，使得在相应的结构的复杂性方面近似没有限制。在这方面此外也显然可行的是，(同样)选择性地和局部地熔化以熔滴T形式喷射的塑料材料2或相应地熔化经由打印头301喷射的另一塑料材料，所述另一塑料材料不自动地硬化并且也不在紫外光下硬化。因此，借助所示出的3D打印设备，一方面例如可以打印在紫外光下硬化的塑料M2，并且另一方面在相同的工步中打印金属粉末M1。在接下来的工步中，可以在同一3D打印设备1之内借助电子束和/或激光单元2选择性地和局部地熔化金属粉末M1从而将粉末连接至实心结构部段。在此，周围的塑料材料M1不仅用于绝缘，而且用作为用于所熔化的金属粉末M1的产生的熔液S的暂时的支撑结构。
金属粉末M1可以为了改善和/或获得流动性而包含添加剂，所述添加剂在喷射之后挥发。
就此也应指出，替代塑料材料M2，显然(也)可以经由打印头302喷射树脂和/或陶瓷。在一个可行的变型方案中，电子束和/或激光单元2包括EOS有限公司的电子束和/或激光源，所述电子束和/或激光源现今用于金属激光烧结(MLS)。打印头装置30例如可以采用Stratasys公司的-3D打印机。
待打印的三维构件B例如可以是用于电动机的定子，其中，在此，不仅打印定子的由金属构成的至少一个线圈体，而且打印用于线圈体的、由塑料材料构成的至少一个绝缘体。
根据图3示意性地还直观地说明能够以3D打印设备1实施的3D打印法的变型方案的流程图。在此，在第一方法步骤A1中，提出喷射不同的材料M1和M2、例如金属和塑料。接下来，在另一方法步骤A3中选择性地和局部地熔化所喷射的且以粉末形式存在的金属之前，实现塑料材料的硬化，以便将一件式的实心的金属结构，例如在“床”中进而以在所喷射的塑料材料中围住的形式制造。
附图标记列表
1 3D打印设备
2 电子束和/或激光单元
20 电子束或激光束
3 喷射打印单元
V1、V2 调节方向
30 打印头装置
300 调节系统
301 打印头
302 紫外光发射器
31a、31b 侧壁
B 构件
M1、M2 材料
S 熔液
T 材料熔滴

Claims (15)

1.一种用于由至少两种不同的材料(M1，M2)制造三维构件(B)的3D打印设备，其中，所述3D打印设备(1)不仅具有喷射打印单元(3)而且具有电子束和/或激光单元(2)，并且，为了制造所述三维构件(B)，所述喷射打印单元(3)设立和设置用于喷射所述至少两种不同的材料(M1，M2)，并且所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)设立和设置用于，将所喷射的材料(M1，M2)通过借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)的电子束和/或激光束(20)熔化材料配合地连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述3D打印设备(1)具有用于待制造的所述三维构件(B)的构件平台(32)，不仅所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)、而且所述喷射打印单元(3)的打印头(301)能够定位在所述构件平台上方。
3.根据权利要求2所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)和/或所述打印头(301)能够沿基本上彼此垂直延伸的至少两个空间方向，第一空间方向和第二空间方向(x，y)相对于所述构件平台(32)调节。
4.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，
-所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)和/或所述打印头(301)能够沿基本上垂直于所述第一空间方向和第二空间方向(x，y)延伸的第三空间方向(z)相对于所述构件平台(32)调节和/或
-所述构件平台(32)能够沿基本上垂直于所述第一空间方向和第二空间方向(x，y)延伸的第三空间方向(z)相对于所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)和/或所述打印头(302)调节。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述3D打印设备(1)设立用于，在一个工步中借助所述喷射打印单元(3)喷射第一材料和/或第二材料(M1，M2)并且在第二工步中选择性地且至少局部地熔化所喷射的第一材料和/或第二材料(M1，M2)。
6.根据权利要求4所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述第一材料(M1)具有金属粉末并且所述第二材料(M2)具有塑料材料和/或树脂。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述喷射打印单元(3)包括用于硬化所喷射的塑料材料(M2)的紫外光发射器(302)。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述3D打印设备(1)的激光单元设立和设置用于选择性的激光烧结和/或选择性的激光熔化。
9.一种用于由至少两种不同的材料(M1，M2)制造三维构件(B)的3D打印法，在所述3D打印法中，为了制造所述构件(B)，
-借助喷射打印单元(3)对于所述构件(B)逐层地喷射至少一个第一材料和第二材料(M1，M2)并且
-将借助电子束和/或激光单元(2)喷射的材料(M1，M2)通过借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)的电子束和/或激光束(20)熔化材料配合地连接。
10.根据权利要求9所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，借助所述喷射打印单元(3)喷射第一材料和/或第二材料(M1，M2)，以便构成用于所喷射的材料的熔液的支撑结构，所述熔液局部地借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)产生。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，为了制造所述三维构件(B)，借助所述喷射打印单元(3)喷射金属粉末(M1)和塑料材料(M2)并且借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)局部地熔化所喷射的金属粉末(M1)的至少一部分。
12.根据权利要求10和11所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，所喷射的金属粉末(M1)由所喷射的塑料材料(M2)围住，使得借助所述电子束和/或激光单元(2)由所喷射的金属粉末产生的金属熔液(S)通过由所喷射的塑料材料(M2)构成的支撑结构围住。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，所述金属粉末(M1)包括用于获得和/或提高所述金属粉末(M1)的流动性的添加剂。
14.根据权利要求13所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，所述添加剂在所述喷射之后挥发。
15.根据权利要求9至14中任一项所述的3D打印法，其特征在于，在所述3D打印法中制造用于电动机的定子，其中，通过所述3D打印法，不仅打印所述定子的至少一个线圈体而且打印用于所述线圈体的至少一个绝缘层。
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