CN109888834B - Photovoltaic power generation system based on improved MPPT method and storage battery self-balancing quick charging coupling control - Google Patents
Photovoltaic power generation system based on improved MPPT method and storage battery self-balancing quick charging coupling control Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an improved MPPT method and a photovoltaic power generation system controlled by self-balancing quick charging coupling of a storage battery, and belongs to the technical field of solar photovoltaic power generation. The system device comprises a solar photovoltaic square matrix, a controller, an inverter, an energy storage battery pack, a square matrix bracket, an alternating current distributor, a power transmission cable, a power load and the like. The controller is respectively connected with the photovoltaic array, the storage battery pack, the direct current load and the inverter, and the output end of the inverter is connected with the alternating current load. The invention provides a self-adaptive variable-step-size gradual approximation disturbance observation maximum power point tracking and constant-voltage current-limiting self-balancing quick charging coupling control method of the maximum power point tracking and the storage battery, which is suitable for small and medium-sized photovoltaic power generation systems and gives consideration to the precision, the speed and the cost, not only realizes accurate maximum power point tracking, but also enables the instantaneous change of the average charging current output by the photovoltaic system to the storage battery to be more consistent with the current charging state of the storage battery, can improve the charge level of a storage battery pack, improves the condition that the storage battery works under charge for a long time, prolongs the total cycle life of the storage battery, and improves the energy utilization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a solar photovoltaic power generation system, in particular to an improved maximum power point tracking method and a photovoltaic power generation system controlled by self-balancing quick charging coupling of a storage battery, and belongs to the technical field of solar photovoltaic power generation.
Technical Field
Photovoltaic power generation has been rapidly developed as an important distributed power technology, and the number of independent or grid-connected photovoltaic power stations and the capacity of the independent or grid-connected photovoltaic power stations are increasing. A photovoltaic power generation system is generally composed of components such as a solar cell module, a storage battery, a controller, an inverter, and an electrical load. The solar cell absorbs sunlight radiation energy, converts the sunlight energy into electric energy and provides a power supply for the system, and one path of the electric energy passes through the controller and is used for direct-current load; and the other path of the direct current is used for converting the direct current output by the photovoltaic array into alternating current through the controller and the inverter to supply power to the load. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of I-V and P-V of the solar battery, the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system is different along with the change of the sunlight intensity and the temperature, and the corresponding maximum power point is also different. The stronger the sunlight is, the higher the power output by the photovoltaic system is; the higher the temperature of the solar cell is, the lower the output power of the photovoltaic power generation system is. Under the conditions of specific sunlight intensity and temperature, the photovoltaic system has a unique maximum output power point, and the photovoltaic system can only work at the maximum power point to enable the output power of the photovoltaic system to be maximum. Therefore, in order to utilize solar energy to generate electricity efficiently to the maximum, the maximum power point of the photovoltaic square matrix must be tracked in real time, that is, the output voltage and frequency are adjusted in real time according to the change of the sunshine intensity, so as to realize maximum power point tracking.
The essence of MPPT is a self-optimization process, and the MPPT algorithm can be roughly summarized into the following methods according to different implementation methods: the constant voltage method, the interference observation method, the conductance increment method and the intermittent scanning method have advantages and disadvantages respectively. For example, the perturb-and-observe method is to observe and compare output power values based on the P-V output of the photovoltaic array. The basic idea is to calculate the output power by changing the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell array and sampling the output voltage and current in real time, and then comparing with the power obtained at the previous time. If the direction of the disturbance is large, the disturbance direction is correct, and the original direction is maintained; if the power is lower than the original power, the output power is reduced, the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell is reduced, and the photovoltaic cell array finally works at the maximum power point through repeated disturbance, observation and comparison.
The perturbation method is widely applied due to the advantages of simple structure, few measured parameters and the like, but the traditional perturbation method has a defect that the fixed step length cannot simultaneously take into account the tracking precision and the tracking speed, if the step length is too small, the photovoltaic array is caused to stay in a low-power output area for a long time, and the tracking speed is bound to be slow; if the step length is too large, the oscillation amplitude near the maximum power point of the system is increased, so that certain power loss is caused, and the tracking accuracy is reduced. In addition, the MPPT method is generally realized by singly controlling a main control circuit microprocessor, charging the energy storage battery is also generally singly controlled by a bidirectional DC/DC circuit, and coupling control which is combined with the charging characteristic of the storage battery and is adapted to the charge level of the energy storage battery in real time is less, so that the energy utilization rate of a photovoltaic power generation system is not high, and the actual service life of the storage battery is greatly shortened due to insufficient charging. Aiming at the problem, the invention provides an improved self-adaptive variable step size disturbance observation method based on a closed interval set theorem, and the improved self-adaptive variable step size disturbance observation method is combined with the charge and discharge characteristics of a storage battery to realize the self-balancing quick charge coupling control of the MPPT method and the storage battery.
The charging management of the storage battery aims to solve the problems of high speed, high efficiency, less gas generation, dynamic overcharge, undercharge protection and the like. For an independent photovoltaic power generation system, the sunshine time cannot be adjusted manually, the capacity of a photovoltaic array is limited by the investment of the system, and the aim of efficient utilization cannot be achieved only by a conventional charging strategy. And if the output of the photovoltaic square matrix is not enough to provide the energy required by the charging of the storage battery under the current charging condition, the energy of the MPPT mode of the photovoltaic square matrix can be fully utilized. On the contrary, when the output energy of the photovoltaic square matrix exceeds the energy required by the storage battery for charging under the current charging condition, the photovoltaic square matrix cannot operate in the MPPT mode, and the solar energy is not fully utilized, thereby causing waste. This is often the case in systems where photovoltaic matrix capacity is relatively large in design or when sunlight conditions are relatively good for a period of time. Thus, the battery sometimes cannot absorb the full energy and may not be fully charged by the end due to slow charging speed. If a method can be found, the MPPT mode of the photovoltaic array and the storage battery are coupled and controlled, so that the storage battery can be charged fully quickly, the power generation efficiency of the solar battery can be fully utilized, and the energy utilization rate is improved.
The generated energy of the photovoltaic system is used as a basis for influencing construction investment decision, economic analysis, electrical equipment type selection and system optimization design, and the output of the photovoltaic system needs to be analyzed and calculated in a project feasibility research stage. The existing photovoltaic system power generation amount estimation method generally needs more actual operation data of a local photovoltaic power station and data information provided by a weather station closest to the location of the power station, parameter value calculation is mostly complex, for example, according to the annual average solar radiation value or monthly radiation amount data of the project location and a photovoltaic power generation system power generation amount prediction estimation model established based on a BP neural network and a gray theory, a solar radiation model, a plurality of environmental factors, self variables, an equatorial coordinate system and other data are adopted, the cost is higher, and the calculation speed is slow. For the proposed photovoltaic power generation system, the installation and site selection of the proposed photovoltaic power generation system are mostly in barren hilly lands far away from urban areas, and local authoritative effective meteorological data and environmental parameters are generally lacked; at the same time, it is also not cost effective for individual user systems and other small power systems to do detailed resource data collection. Therefore, the invention provides a photovoltaic system power generation amount estimation model based on a geographical latitude variable, and the annual average total power generation amount of a photovoltaic power station can be quickly estimated through formula calculation according to local weather forecast data, the installed capacity of the photovoltaic system, the optimal installation inclination angle and the like; and instance calculation and analysis are carried out, so that the engineering practice requirements can be well met.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the current technical situation, the invention provides a photovoltaic power generation system based on an improved MPPT method of a closed interval set theorem and self-balancing quick charging coupling control of a storage battery and a photovoltaic system power generation amount estimation method based on a geographical latitude, so that the annual power generation amount of the photovoltaic system is quickly estimated.
In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
under a fine weather condition, sunlight irradiates a solar cell square matrix, the solar cell converts solar energy into electric energy, a main controller detects real-time output power of the photovoltaic square matrix through a current acquisition circuit and a voltage acquisition circuit, and then the duty ratio D of PWM is adjusted according to an MPPT algorithm, so that the photovoltaic square matrix works at a maximum power point; under the control of the main controller, the direct current electric energy passes through the anti-reverse charging diode and charges the storage battery pack through the bidirectional DC/DC conversion and output protection circuit; meanwhile, the MCU microprocessor samples voltage, current, temperature and the like in real time through a detection loop, calculates and judges the MPPT working state of the photovoltaic square matrix and the charging state and capacity of the storage battery pack, and when the storage battery is in a low-capacity stage, the photovoltaic square matrix outputs electric quantity to charge the storage battery by adopting a constant-current and constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode; when the capacity of the storage battery reaches 75% and the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity, the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted, the step-by-step current-limiting charging current is increased as much as possible by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery, the charging speed of the storage battery is improved, the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the storage battery is realized, the problem of long-term undercharge of the storage battery is solved, and the energy utilization rate of a photovoltaic power generation system is improved. When the photovoltaic array is insufficient in power supply, the controller controls the storage battery pack to discharge for the direct-current load; the other path of the direct current is converted into alternating current with common frequency and voltage through the controller and the inverter, and then the alternating current is transmitted to a load for power supply through an alternating current distribution system and a power transmission line.
According to the photovoltaic system annual energy production estimation method, the simulation equation based on latitude information is obtained through historical data of horizontal plane solar radiation month total amount of the estimation area and actual energy production test data, and the annual energy production is obtained according to local longitude and latitude data, system capacity and the optimal installation inclination angle. The annual average power generation capacity of the photovoltaic system under any solar radiation capacity, ambient temperature and system structure can be estimated.
The photovoltaic power generation system device for the self-balancing quick charge coupling control of the storage battery comprises a photovoltaic square matrix, a controller, an inverter, an energy storage battery pack, an array bracket, an alternating current distributor, a power transmission cable, a power load and the like. The method is characterized in that: the photovoltaic array is formed by fixedly combining a plurality of solar cell components, anti-reflection and bypass diodes, a lightning protection direct current combiner box, cables and the like in a mechanical mode after being connected in series and in parallel; the square matrix support is made of steel galvanized materials, has enough rigidity and strength to resist wind, snow and the like, and is firmly arranged on a concrete foundation; the direct current input end of a DC/DC conversion circuit of the controller is respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the output end of the photovoltaic square array, one path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the storage battery and the direct current load, and the other path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the input end of the inverter; the output end of the inverter is connected with an alternating current load.
The controller comprises a voltage, current, temperature and other sampling module, a control loop, a power driving module and a DC/DC conversion circuit module. The control loop circuit is provided with three control loops which are respectively regulated and controlled by three PWM signals sent by the MCU microprocessor. The first path of PWM signal controls the maximum output power tracking of the controller, so that the photovoltaic square matrix outputs and works at the maximum power point at the moment; the second path of PWM signal is used for adjusting the charging state of the storage battery pack by the controller to enable the storage battery pack to be in a constant-current or constant-voltage current-limiting or self-balancing quick charging coupling control state of the storage battery; and the third PWM signal is used for discharging control and management of the storage battery and provides undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection, temperature compensation and the like for the storage battery.
The method is characterized in that: the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is connected with the photovoltaic square matrix maximum power tracker to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the DC/DC conversion circuit to output maximum power, and the pulse width modulation signal is connected with a MOSFET switching tube VT in the DC/DC conversion circuit1A control end; the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is respectively connected with the constant voltage tracker and the step-by-step current limiting and self-balancing quick charging current detection tracker to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the DC/DC conversion circuit to output a constant current or constant voltage current limiting or quick charging currentThe signal is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT of the DC/DC conversion circuit2The control end is used for coupling the storage battery pack for quick charge management and overvoltage protection; the feedback end of the output protection and drive circuit is connected with the discharge end of the storage battery to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the discharge current and the voltage output by the direct current/direct current conversion circuit, and the pulse width modulation signal is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT of the direct current/direct current conversion circuit3And the control end is used for providing undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection and temperature compensation for the storage battery by the discharge management unit.
The improved MPPT method adopts a self-adaptive successive approximation disturbance observation algorithm based on a closed interval set theorem. Before the main circuit does not start working, a fixed disturbance step length is assigned to the controller, the given disturbance step length is divided into n intervals, the largest interval is the 1 st interval, and the range, the 2 nd interval, the 3 rd interval, … … and the nth interval are sequentially reduced inwards. When disturbance is started, the step length is the interval length with the value n being 1, in the process of disturbance, required variable information is continuously sampled, the sampled results are compared, the disturbance direction is judged according to the variable information, if the disturbance direction error is detected, the original disturbance direction is changed, the disturbance step length is reduced, the interval length with the step length being n being 2 is taken, disturbance is carried out along the opposite direction until the disturbance direction error is detected again, the step length is determined to be the interval length with the value n being 3, then disturbance is continued according to the changed direction, the analogy is carried out in sequence, after the direction is changed, the step length is determined to be the interval length with the value n +1 until the value n is infinite, when the disturbance step length is small enough, the photovoltaic square matrix is stabilized at the maximum power point.
The self-balancing quick charging control module of the storage battery mainly comprises an intelligent charging module, a maximum power tracking module, a PWM module and the like. The intelligent charging module is used for controlling the charging process, mainly detecting the state of the storage battery, determining the working state of the photovoltaic charging controller, and realizing the quick and safe charging of the storage battery, wherein the working state comprises submodules such as maximum power coupling quick charging, overcharging and floating charging.
The maximum power tracking module and the PWM module control self-balancing quick charging coupling of the storage battery, and when the storage battery can receive the maximum power generated by the photovoltaic array in a constant-current or constant-voltage charging mode, the storage battery is charged to keep the original mode; when the storage battery cannot accept the maximum power output by the photovoltaic square matrix in a constant-voltage step-by-step current-limiting charging mode, the current-limiting charging current is increased by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery besides the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode, the charging speed is increased, the storage battery is charged fully quickly, and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the storage battery is realized; when the storage battery is short-charged for a long time, the storage battery pack is subjected to grouped cyclic charging, namely the storage battery pack is divided into small groups with the same capacity, and limited square matrix energy is concentrated to charge the small groups so that the small groups are in a full-charge state.
The self-balancing quick charging method of the storage battery is characterized in that the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the output end of the photovoltaic square matrix are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the storage battery through the controller, and direct current electric energy output by the solar battery is converted into chemical energy to be stored. Comparing the output electric energy of the photovoltaic array with the energy value required by the charging of the storage battery under the current charging condition through the controller, and adopting constant-current and constant-voltage current-limiting charging modes at the low-capacity stage of the storage battery; after the capacity of the storage battery reaches 75%, and when the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity, the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted, and besides, the step-by-step current-limiting charging current is increased as much as possible by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery, so that the charging speed of the storage battery is improved, and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the MPPT mode and the storage battery of the photovoltaic square matrix is realized.
For the annual power generation estimation of the photovoltaic power generation system, the latitude-based annual average power generation estimation model is obtained by numerical simulation and curve fitting according to the historical data of the known horizontal plane solar radiation monthly total amount of 14 selected regions and the actual power generation test data. By using the model, the solar radiation amount, the ambient temperature and the annual average power generation amount of the photovoltaic power generation system to be built under the system structure can be estimated only by data such as local latitude, installed capacity of the photovoltaic power station, the optimal installation inclination angle and the like.
The invention provides a photovoltaic power generation system which is suitable for small and medium-sized photovoltaic power generation systems and has the advantages that the photovoltaic power generation system is controlled by self-adaptive variable-step-size gradual approximation disturbance observation maximum power tracking and constant-voltage current-limiting self-balancing quick charging coupling with a storage battery, and the photovoltaic power generation system has the advantages that: (1) through the nonlinear characteristic research of the solar cells I-V and P-V, an improved self-adaptive variable step size gradual approximation disturbance observation method based on the closed interval set theorem is adopted, so that the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of the system can be quickly and accurately realized when the external environment suddenly changes, the phenomenon of oscillation of the system at the maximum power point is basically eliminated, and the steady state performance and the dynamic performance are considered; (2) through the research on the charging and discharging characteristics of the storage battery, a storage battery staged constant-voltage current-limiting self-balancing quick charging mode and a control strategy which are suitable for the solar photovoltaic power generation characteristics are adopted, the charge level of the storage battery is improved, the problem of overcharge and overdischarge of the storage battery is solved by combining the perfect protection functions of a controller and an inverter power supply, and the energy storage battery pack can work safely and reliably; (3) by comparing the output electric energy of the photovoltaic square matrix with the required energy value of the storage battery under the current charging condition, the MPPT mode of the photovoltaic square matrix and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the storage battery are realized by adopting the 32-bit microprocessor, and the energy utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic system is improved. (4) For the independent photovoltaic power generation system, a latitude variable-based photovoltaic power generation system annual power generation amount rapid estimation method is provided, and annual power generation amount is obtained according to local latitude and longitude data, system capacity and an optimal installation inclination angle. The annual average power generation of the photovoltaic system under any solar radiation quantity, ambient temperature and system structure can be estimated; according to the method, the simulation equation based on the latitude information is obtained according to the historical data of the horizontal plane solar radiation month total amount of the estimation region and the actual power generation amount test data, the variables are few, the engineering calculation is simplified, and the practicability is high.
The system can not only accurately realize the maximum power point tracking of the photovoltaic system, but also enable the instantaneous change of the average charging current output by the photovoltaic system to the storage battery to better accord with the current charging state of the storage battery, improve the charge level of the storage battery pack, improve the condition that the storage battery works under charge for a long time, prolong the total cycle life of the storage battery and improve the energy utilization efficiency of the photovoltaic power generation system; and the solar radiation amount, the ambient temperature and the annual average power generation amount of the system under the system structure can be estimated only by data such as local latitude, installed capacity of a photovoltaic system, an optimal installation inclination angle and the like, so that the method has good popularization and application values.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the construction and schematic of an independent photovoltaic power generation system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a main control circuit of the control system of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the improved MPPT algorithm of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the battery charge and discharge grouping management of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart of the photovoltaic system power generation estimation of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the constant voltage current limiting rapid charging process of the storage battery of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For a better illustration of the invention, reference will be made to the following examples of preferred embodiments:
example 1
The photovoltaic power generation system is controlled by improving the MPPT method and self-balancing quick charging coupling of a storage battery, under the fine weather condition, sunlight irradiates a solar cell square array, the solar cell converts solar energy into electric energy, a main controller detects real-time output power of the photovoltaic square array through a current acquisition circuit and a voltage acquisition circuit, and then adjusts the duty ratio D of PWM according to the MPPT algorithm to enable the photovoltaic square array to work at the maximum power point; under the control of the main controller, the direct current electric energy passes through the anti-reverse charging diode and charges the storage battery pack through the bidirectional DC/DC conversion and output protection circuit; meanwhile, the MCU microprocessor samples voltage, current, temperature and the like in real time through a detection loop, calculates and judges the MPPT working state of the photovoltaic square matrix and the charging state and capacity of the storage battery pack, and when the storage battery is in a low-capacity stage, the photovoltaic square matrix outputs electric quantity to charge the storage battery by adopting a constant-current and constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode; when the capacity of the storage battery reaches 75% and the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity, the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted, the step-by-step current-limiting charging current is increased as much as possible by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery, the charging speed of the storage battery is improved, the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the storage battery is realized, the problem of long-term undercharge of the storage battery is solved, and the energy utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic power generation system is improved. When the photovoltaic array is insufficient in power supply, the controller controls the storage battery pack to discharge for the direct-current load; the other path of the direct current is converted into alternating current with common frequency and voltage through the controller and the inverter, and then the alternating current is transmitted to a load for power supply through an alternating current distribution system and a power transmission line. The invention provides a method for quickly estimating annual generating capacity of a photovoltaic power generation system based on latitude variables.
The photovoltaic power generation system device for coupling control of the improved MPPT method and self-balancing quick charging of the storage battery comprises a photovoltaic square matrix, a controller, an inverter, an energy storage battery pack, an array bracket, an alternating current distributor, a power transmission cable, a power load and the like. The controller is respectively connected with the photovoltaic array, the storage battery pack, the direct current load and the inverter, and the output end of the inverter is connected with the alternating current load; the controller comprises a 32-bit MCU microprocessor, a DC/DC conversion unit, a charging management unit and a discharging management unit. The method is characterized in that: the photovoltaic array is formed by fixedly combining a plurality of solar cell components, anti-reflection and bypass diodes, a lightning protection direct current combiner box, cables and the like in a mechanical mode after being connected in series and in parallel; the square matrix support is made of steel galvanized materials, has enough rigidity and strength to resist wind, snow and the like, and is firmly arranged on a concrete foundation; the direct current input end of a DC/DC conversion circuit of the main controller is respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the output end of the photovoltaic square array, one path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with a storage battery and a direct current load, and the other path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the input end of an inverter; the output end of the inverter is connected with an alternating current load.
The controller comprises a voltage, current, temperature and other sampling module, a control loop, a power driving module and a DC/DC conversion circuit module. The control loop circuit is provided with three control loops which are respectively regulated and controlled by three PWM signals sent by the MCU microprocessor. The first path of PWM signal controls the maximum output power tracking of the controller, so that the photovoltaic square matrix outputs and works at the maximum power point at the moment; the second path of PWM signal is used for adjusting the charging state of the storage battery pack by the controller to enable the storage battery pack to be in a constant-current or constant-voltage current-limiting or self-balancing quick charging coupling control state of the storage battery; and the third PWM signal is used for discharging control and management of the storage battery and provides undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection, temperature compensation and the like for the storage battery.
The method is characterized in that: the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is connected with the photovoltaic square matrix maximum power tracker to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the DC/DC conversion circuit to output maximum power, and the pulse width modulation signal is connected with a MOSFET switching tube VT in the DC/DC conversion circuit1A control end; the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is respectively connected with the constant voltage tracker and the step-by-step current limiting and self-balancing quick charging current detection tracker to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the DC/DC conversion circuit to output a constant current or constant voltage current limiting or quick charging current, and the pulse width modulation signal is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT of the DC/DC conversion circuit2The control end is used for coupling the quick charge management and the overvoltage protection to the storage battery pack; the feedback end of the output protection and drive circuit is connected with the discharge end of the storage battery to generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the discharge current and the voltage output by the direct current/direct current conversion circuit, and the pulse width modulation signal is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT of the direct current/direct current conversion circuit3And the control end is used for providing undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection and temperature compensation for the storage battery by the discharge management unit.
The improved MPPT method adopts a successive approximation disturbance observation algorithm based on a closed interval set theorem, wherein the closed interval set theorem is described as follows: if { [ a ]n，bn]Is a closed space sleeve, then there is only real number xi E [ a ∈ ]n，bn]N is 1,2,3, … …, and
construct a closed interval and { [ a ]n,bn]Form a closed space sleeve, then there is only real number xi belonging to all closed spaces [ a ]n,bn]N is 1,2,3, …; namely an≤ξ≤bnAnd n is 1,2,3, …. And lim an＝lim bn＝ξ。
The method is characterized by comprising the following specific algorithms: first, a reference voltage U is setrAnd an initial value of the disturbance step size delta U, wherein the initial value of the disturbance step size is divided into n intervals; taking a disturbance step length as an initial step length, starting disturbance, detecting output voltage U and current I of the disturbed photovoltaic cell, calculating power P, comparing the power P with set power, calculating power variation quantity delta P, if delta P is larger than 0, keeping the disturbance direction unchanged, continuing the disturbance by taking the interval length of n-1 as the disturbance step length, and if delta P is larger than 0<And 0, changing the vibration step length, determining the disturbance step length as the length of an interval with n being 2, continuously sampling the output voltage U and the current I of the photovoltaic cell, updating the value of the output power, calculating delta P to judge the disturbance direction, and repeatedly changing until n is large enough, so that the working point of the photovoltaic cell array can be stabilized at the maximum power point. A program flow diagram of the algorithm is shown in fig. 3.
The improved MPPT method and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control method of the storage battery adopt a constant-current and constant-voltage charging mode in a low-capacity state of the storage battery; when the capacity of the storage battery reaches about 75 percent and reaches the maximum allowable charging voltage, the charging current must be reduced due to the reduction of the current receiving capacity of the storage battery, and the gradual current limiting charging is usually adopted, so that the continuous charging needs a longer charging process. At the moment, the output electric quantity of the photovoltaic array exceeds the energy required by the storage battery for charging under the current charging condition, solar energy is not fully utilized, waste is caused, and the storage battery is not fully charged due to the fact that the charging speed is low. For this purpose, the charging speed of the battery should be increased as much as possible.
Taking a 12V battery as an example, first, when the terminal voltage of the battery is below 14.5V, constant current charging is adopted. The charging current value is set to a value determined by the capacity of the battery, and is generally 0.1 times the capacity, that is, 0.1C. During the charging process, the terminal voltage of the storage battery is detected in real time, when the terminal voltage reaches 14.5V, the constant-current charging state is finished, the charging enters a constant-voltage charging state, and the constant-voltage charging voltage value is 14.5V. In the constant voltage charging stage, the charging current is continuously reduced, and the charging voltage is kept unchanged. The constant-current constant-voltage charging mode does not consider the characteristics of the storage battery, does not conform to the charging characteristic curve of the storage battery, easily causes the phenomena of overcharge and gassing of the storage battery, and has low charging efficiency. The invention adopts an improved MPPT method and a storage battery self-balancing quick charging coupling control mode, can improve the efficiency of a photovoltaic charging control system and realize the full utilization of solar power generation energy, and realizes the quick charging by improving the acceptable charging current of the storage battery after the capacity of the storage battery reaches 75 percent and when the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity. The control circuit structure design improves the charging capability by adding a large-current discharge pulse; secondly, the output power of the photovoltaic system and the charging current value of the storage battery are monitored in real time by means of the control circuit, the maximum acceptable charging current value of the storage battery is compared by the microprocessor in real time, the charging current is changed, and the instantaneous change of the average charging current is more consistent with the current optimal charging state of the storage battery. A three-stage constant voltage current limited coupled fast charge schematic is shown in fig. 6.
The charging process can form a relatively complete charging state, the instantaneous change of the average charging current of the charging process is more consistent with the current charging state of the storage battery, the charging efficiency of the photovoltaic system can be increased, and the total cycle life of the storage battery can be prolonged.
The self-balancing quick charging method of the storage battery also has the functions of internal temperature compensation and dynamic overcharge, undercharge and overdischarge protection. The accumulator changes its terminal voltage caused by the concentration change of its internal electrolyte with the temperature change, so the invention measures the environment temperature to compensate the accumulator temperature. The charging voltage of a 12V storage battery is generally maintained between 13.5V and 14.5V at 25 ℃, and the floating charging voltage of the storage battery is 13.8V. The correction coefficients when the temperature changes are: the stopping voltage is adjusted by 0.2mV when the temperature changes by 10 ℃. The temperature compensation coefficient is adjusted within the range of 0-5 mV/DEG C, which is better than-3-7 mV/DEG C required by the national standard.
The photovoltaic array annual average power generation amount estimation method based on the latitude comprises the following steps: (1) selecting data: obtaining the monthly mean value of the total solar radiation at each month by selecting the actual measurement statistical data of the total solar radiation and the sunshine percentage of each month in each weather station of 14 areas such as Zhengzhou, Lingbao, Nanyang and the like for at least 20 years;
(2) taking the capacity of a 1kW photovoltaic module as an example, placing the photovoltaic module at an optimal installation angle according to the geographical latitude, converting the solar radiation data of each month horizontal plane in different areas into the total solar radiation on the inclined plane of the photovoltaic square matrix, measuring the surface temperature of the photovoltaic module in real time, and performing numerical simulation calculation to obtain the power generation capacity of each month of the 1kWp photovoltaic square matrix; and (3) accumulating the generated energy of each month to obtain annual average generated energy data, fitting the annual average generated energy and the latitude of the annual average generated energy data by taking the geographic latitude value as an independent variable to obtain an annual generated energy model of the photovoltaic power generation system based on geographic latitude information (the latitude range is 31.62-36.10 degrees). And establishing a photovoltaic power generation system annual power generation amount model based on the geographical latitude information. (4) And (4) according to the simulation equation established in the step (3), estimating the annual average power generation amount of the photovoltaic system under the condition of known latitude information according to the component capacity and the optimal installation inclination angle of the photovoltaic system.
The annual average power generation quantity and the geographic latitude value are in approximate linear relation,
wherein E isAM-annual average power generation, kWh; pAM-photovoltaic system installation peak power, kWp; phi-geographical latitude, degree. The correlation coefficient r is 0.94, and the correlation is better. The estimated annual power generation amount and the actually-measured power generation amount have approximately the same trend, the maximum relative error is 5.16%, the minimum relative error is 0.2%, and the average absolute value relative error is 1.86%. Has certain engineering practicability. The method is used for estimating annual generating capacity of the photovoltaic system at the location in the construction and research stage. The photovoltaic system power generation amount estimation flow is shown in figure 5.
The invention is characterized in that:
the improved self-adaptive variable-step-size successive approximation disturbance observation method adopting the closed interval set theorem changes the step size in each cycle in the control process, wherein the step size is (n-1)/n of the last disturbance step size, and the method has higher precision than the classical disturbance observation method adopting the fixed step size; meanwhile, the interference observation method is prevented from oscillating near the maximum power point, the steady-state performance and the dynamic performance are considered, and the working stability is improved.
The MPPT method and the storage battery self-balancing quick charging coupling control method are improved, on one hand, the power generation efficiency of the solar battery can be utilized to the maximum extent, the energy utilization rate is improved, on the other hand, the storage battery can be charged fully quickly, the condition of short charging after long-term working is improved, and the service life of the storage battery is prolonged. The problems of high charging speed and efficiency, less gas generation, dynamic overcharge and undercharge protection and the like of the storage battery are well solved, and the energy storage battery pack can work safely and reliably.
According to the method, the simulation equation based on the latitude information is obtained according to the historical data of the horizontal plane solar radiation month total amount of the estimation region and the generated energy simulation test data, the variables are few, the calculation speed is high, the result is accurate, and the power supply safety and stability of the photovoltaic power generation system can be improved. The method is strong in practicability and can be used for estimating the solar radiation amount, the ambient temperature and the annual average power generation amount of the system under the system structure. The engineering calculation is simplified, and the practicability is strong.
Claims (3)
1. A photovoltaic power generation system based on an improved MPPT method and storage battery self-balancing quick charging coupling control is characterized by being realized through the following method:
the method comprises the steps that solar energy is converted into electric energy by a solar photovoltaic square array, a main controller detects real-time output power of the photovoltaic square array through a current acquisition circuit and a voltage acquisition circuit, and then the duty ratio D of PWM is adjusted according to an improved MPPT algorithm, so that the photovoltaic square array works at the maximum power point; under the control of the main controller, the direct current electric energy passes through the anti-reverse charging diode and charges the storage battery pack through the bidirectional DC/DC conversion and output protection circuit; meanwhile, the MCU microprocessor samples voltage, current and temperature in real time through a detection loop, calculates and judges the MPPT working state of the photovoltaic square matrix and the charging state and capacity of a storage battery pack, and when the storage battery is in a low-capacity stage, the photovoltaic square matrix outputs electric quantity to charge the storage battery by adopting a constant-current and constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode; when the capacity of the storage battery reaches 75% and the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity, the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted, the step-by-step current-limiting charging current is increased by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery, the charging speed of the storage battery is improved, the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the storage battery is realized, and the charging capacity is improved by adding a large-current discharging pulse in the structural design of a control circuit; secondly, monitoring the output power of the photovoltaic system and the charging current value of the storage battery in real time by virtue of a control circuit, comparing the maximum acceptable charging current value of the storage battery in real time by virtue of a microprocessor, and changing the charging current to enable the instantaneous change of the average charging current to be in accordance with the optimal charging state of the storage battery; when the photovoltaic array is insufficient in power supply, the controller controls the storage battery pack to discharge for the direct-current load; the other path of the direct current is converted into alternating current with common frequency and voltage through the controller and the inverter, and then the alternating current is transmitted to a load for power supply through an alternating current distribution system and a power transmission line;
the photovoltaic power generation system device comprises a solar photovoltaic square matrix, a controller, an inverter, an energy storage battery pack, a square matrix bracket, an alternating current distributor, a power transmission cable and an electric load, wherein the direct current input end of a DC/DC conversion circuit of the controller is respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the output end of the solar photovoltaic square matrix, one path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the energy storage battery and the direct current load, and the other path of the direct current output end of the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the input; the output end of the inverter is connected with an alternating current load;
the controller comprises a voltage and temperature sampling module, a control loop, a power driving module and a DC/DC conversion circuit module; the control loop circuit is provided with three control loops which are respectively regulated and controlled by three PWM signals sent by the MCU microprocessor, and the first path of PWM signal controls the maximum output power tracking of the controller to ensure that the solar photovoltaic square matrix outputs to work at the maximum power point at the moment; the second path of PWM signal adjusts the charging state of the energy storage battery pack by the controller, so that the energy storage battery pack is in a constant-current or constant-voltage current-limiting or self-balancing quick charging coupling control state of the storage battery; the third PWM signal is used for discharge control management of the energy storage battery and provides undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection and temperature compensation for the energy storage battery;
the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is connected with the solar photovoltaic square matrix maximum power tracker, and the generated pulse width modulation signal of the maximum power output by the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT in the DC/DC conversion circuit1A control end; the feedback end of the PWM control circuit is respectively connected with a constant voltage tracker and a step-by-step current limiting and self-balancing quick charging current detection tracker, and a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the DC/DC conversion circuit to output constant current or constant voltage current limiting or quick charging current is generated and connected with an MOSFET switching tube VT of the DC/DC conversion circuit2The control end is used for coupling the energy storage battery pack with rapid charging management and overvoltage protection; the feedback end of the output protection and drive circuit is connected with the discharge end of the energy storage battery, and a pulse width modulation signal for generating and controlling the discharge current and the voltage output by the DC/DC conversion circuit is connected with the MOSFET switching tube VT of the DC/DC conversion circuit3The control end is used for providing undervoltage protection, over-discharge protection and temperature compensation for the energy storage battery by the discharge management unit;
the improved MPPT method adopts a self-adaptive variable step size gradual approximation disturbance observation method based on a closed interval set theorem, tracks the maximum power point when the external environment changes suddenly, eliminates the oscillation phenomenon of the system at the maximum power point, and considers both the steady state performance and the dynamic performance;
the self-balancing quick charging method of the storage battery comprises the following steps: the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the output end of the solar photovoltaic array are respectively connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the energy storage battery pack through a controller, and direct current electric energy output by the solar photovoltaic array is converted into chemical energy to be stored; the controller is used for comparing the electric energy output by the solar photovoltaic array with the energy value required by the energy storage battery under the current charging condition, and a constant-current and constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted at the low-capacity stage of the energy storage battery; after the capacity of the energy storage battery reaches 75% and the photovoltaic square matrix outputs enough electric quantity, the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode is adopted, the charging acceptance ratio of the energy storage battery is improved through the controller, the step-by-step current-limiting charging current is increased, the charging speed of the energy storage battery is improved, and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the solar photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the energy storage battery is realized; the control circuit structure design improves the charging capability by adding a large-current discharge pulse; secondly, monitoring the output power of the photovoltaic system and the charging current value of the storage battery in real time by virtue of a control circuit, comparing the maximum acceptable charging current value of the storage battery in real time by virtue of a microprocessor, and changing the charging current to enable the instantaneous change of the average charging current to be in accordance with the optimal charging state of the storage battery;
the annual average power generation capacity of the photovoltaic system is estimated according to the following formula:
wherein E isAM-annual average power generation, kWh; pAM-photovoltaic system installation peak power, kWp; phi-geographical latitude.
2. The photovoltaic power generation system based on the improved MPPT method and the battery self-balancing fast charging coupling control as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the improved MPPT method realizes the tracking control of the maximum power point with precision and stability by continuously changing the disturbance step length; before the main circuit does not start working, the control algorithm assigns a fixed disturbance step length to the controller, and divides the given disturbance step length intonThe maximum interval is the 1 st interval, the range is sequentially reduced inwards, the 2 nd interval, the 3 rd interval, … …, the third intervalnAn interval; at the start of a disturbance, the step length isnThe interval length of =1, continuously sampling the required variable information in the disturbance process, comparing the sampled results, judging the disturbance direction according to the variable information, changing the original disturbance direction if the disturbance direction is detected to be wrong, reducing the disturbance step length, and taking the step length asnInterval length of =2, perturbing in the opposite direction until a perturbation direction error is detected again, determining the step size atnThe interval length is 3, then the disturbance is continued according to the changed direction, and so on, after the direction is changed, the step length is determinednInterval length of +1, up tonThe disturbance step length is infinite and is small enough, namely the maximum power point of the photovoltaic square matrix; the algorithm controls the electricityThe method is realized by changing the conduction time of an MOSFET switching tube in a pulse width modulation Boost circuit through a PWM technology and changing the duty ratio D, thereby controlling the output power of the photovoltaic cell and carrying out maximum power point tracking control.
3. The photovoltaic power generation system based on the improved MPPT method and the battery self-balancing fast charging coupling control as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the self-balancing quick charging control module of the storage battery consists of an intelligent charging module, a maximum power tracking module and a PWM module; the intelligent charging module comprises a maximum power coupling quick charging, overcharging and floating charging module, and is used for controlling the charging process, detecting the state of the storage battery and determining the working state of the photovoltaic charging controller;
the maximum power tracking module and the PWM module control self-balancing quick charging coupling of the storage battery, and when the storage battery can receive the maximum power generated by the photovoltaic array in a constant-current or constant-voltage charging mode, the storage battery is charged to keep the original mode; when the storage battery cannot accept the maximum power output by the photovoltaic square matrix in a constant-voltage step-by-step current-limiting charging mode, the current-limiting charging current is increased by improving the charging acceptance ratio of the storage battery besides the constant-voltage current-limiting charging mode, the charging speed is increased, the storage battery is charged fully quickly, and the self-balancing quick charging coupling control of the photovoltaic square matrix MPPT mode and the storage battery is realized; when the storage battery is short-charged for a long time, the storage battery pack is subjected to grouped cyclic charging, namely the storage battery pack is divided into small groups with the same capacity, and limited square matrix energy is concentrated to charge the small groups so that the small groups are in a full-charge state.
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