CN109873200A - A kind of dication liquid electrolyte and its preparation and application - Google Patents
A kind of dication liquid electrolyte and its preparation and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of dication liquid electrolyte and its preparation and application, the dication is using nitrogenous aromatic compound, halides and lithium salts as raw material, the dication liquid that is prepared by substitution reaction and ion-exchange reactions；Applied to having the effect of inhibiting shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur cell, it while can inhibit polysulfide radical ion to the corrosion of cathode of lithium and the growth of Li dendrite, acted synergistically by zwitterion, effectively improve lithium-sulfur cell cycle life, have a good application prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of novel lithium-sulfur cell electrolysis additives.
Background technique
With fossil resource exhaustion increasingly, ecological pollution constantly aggravates, global climate constantly warms the problems such as appearance,
Secondary cell substitutes the heat that power-equipments become academia and industrial circle is paid close attention to jointly such as traditional fossil fuel driving motor vehicle
Point.In commercialized secondary cell, lithium ion battery is the highest secondary cell of current energy density, but is based on " deintercalation "
Theoretical lithium ion battery, theoretical specific capacity are currently less than 400mA h g-1, actual energy density is less than 300Wh kg-1, far
It is not able to satisfy the demand that people continue a journey to electric car 500km.Lithium-sulfur cell has high theoretical specific capacity (~1675mA h g-1)
With energy density (~2500W h kg-1), and sulphur also has resourceful, asepsis environment-protecting, low-cost as active material
Advantage, thus it is widely regarded as the ideal replacer of lithium ion battery.
Shuttle effect is to restrict the critical issue of lithium-sulfur cell volumetric properties and cycle life.Its specific manifestation are as follows: filling
In discharge process, the poly- lithium sulfide of electric discharge intermediate product of side of the positive electrode can penetrate diaphragm, and shuttle is to battery cathode side, in cathode of lithium
Surface is reduced to lithium sulfide or the poly- lithium sulfide of short chain, and the lithium sulfide of generation, which is attached to negative terminal surface, will cause the corrosion of lithium metal
With the irreversible decaying of capacity, and generate the poly- lithium sulfide of short chain can shuttle return anode be oxidized again, cause battery coulomb
The reduction of efficiency.The main path for solving shuttle effect at present has: 1. press down the suction-operated of poly- lithium sulfide by positive electrode
It is made to dissolve out from anode；2. inhibiting penetrating for poly- lithium sulfide by diaphragm sieving actoion；3. inhibiting polysulfide by the way that electrolyte is modified
Change the dissolution diffusion of lithium；4. inhibiting poly- lithium sulfide in the reduction reaction on lithium surface by lithium anode Preservation tactics.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of novel lithium-sulfur cell electrolysis additives
To achieve the above object, The technical solution adopted by the invention is as follows:
A kind of lithium-sulfur cell electrolysis additive,
Using nitrogenous aromatic compound, halides and lithium salts as raw material, prepared by substitution reaction and ion-exchange reactions
At dication liquid；
The nitrogenous aromatic compound be group containing alkyl functional and/or alkoxy-functional and/or carbonyl functional group,
And/or amido functional group and/or hydroxy functional group and/or alkylene functional group and/or alkynes base functional group and/or cyano
The imidazoles of functional group and/or mercapto functional group and/or sulfo group functional group and/or halogen atom, bipyridyl, connection pyrroles, connection miaow
One of Zole derivatives or two kinds or more；
The halides are an alkyl chloride, in bromoalkanes, an idoalkane, dichloro- alkane, dibromoalkane, two idoalkanes
It is one or two or more kinds of；
The lithium salts is lithium hexafluoro phosphate, LiBF4, dioxalic acid lithium borate, difluorine oxalic acid boracic acid lithium, double fluoroforms
One of base sulfimide lithium, trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid lithium, double fluosulfonic acid imine lithiums, lithium perchlorate or two kinds or more.
Above-mentioned dication liquid preparation method, this method are prepared using following steps:
(1) press aromatic rings: nitrogenous aromatic compound and halides are added in flask halogen atom molar ratio 1:1,20
2~the 48h that flows back at a temperature of~300 DEG C carries out substitution reaction；Reaction product solvent filter, collect filtrate, filter out reactant and
Impurity；Gained filtrate dries 2~48h in vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 25~300 DEG C, obtain dication salt；
(2) 1:2 dissolves dication salt made from step (1) and lithium salts in a solvent respectively in molar ratio, by two kinds
Solution mixing, carries out ion-exchange reactions；Reaction product occurs mutually to separate in a solvent, removes solvent phase with separatory funnel, then
It is cleaned 3 times or more with solvent, finally obtains double positive chaotropic bodies.
The solvent be water, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, DMAC N,N' dimethyl acetamide, methanol,
One of ethyl alcohol, acetone, ethylene glycol, hexamethylene, petroleum ether or two kinds or more.
The dication liquid of above method preparation, it is characterised in that:
The dication liquid fusing point is lower than 25 DEG C, and by one or two or more kinds of bivalent cation and it is a kind of or
Two kinds or more of univalent anion composition；
The dication liquid is applied in lithium-sulfur cell as electrolysis additive.
The electrolysis additive, it is characterised in that:
The dosage of the electrolysis additive accounts for the 1~50% of electrolyte gross mass.
Beneficial outcomes of the invention are as follows:
The present invention has stronger polarizability and biggish volume according to Lewis Lewis acid-base theoryby, soft acid and soft base,
Therefore it is easy to happen that electron cloud is overlapping to form covalent bond；And hard acid and hard base charge density with higher and lesser volume,
Ionic bond is formed more easily by electrostatic attraction.Large volume cation can generate complexing between polysulfide root anion, from
And effectively improve the stability of polysulfide root in the electrolytic solution.But due to single cationic small volume, active site is few, poly- with divalent
Interaction force between sulphur root anion is weaker, can not effectively inhibit shuttle effect.Wherein dication is capable of providing two
Active site, and polarizability is stronger, and polysulfide radical ion can effectively be complexed, inhibit its diffusion；On the other hand, dication liquid
Anion in body also can promote lithium anode surface to form more stable passivating film, inhibit corruption of the poly- lithium sulfide to cathode
Erosion.Zwitterion synergistic effect, the effectively low problem of capacitance loss and coulombic efficiency caused by inhibition shuttle effect, significantly change
The cycle performance of kind lithium-sulfur cell.In addition, dication liquid preparation is simple, and it is low as electrolysis additive dosage, in lithium
Performance boost significant effect in sulphur battery has good market application value.
(1) after dication liquid being added in electrolyte, diffusion of the polysulfide radical ion to negative side is effectively inhibited, is improved
The coulombic efficiency and cyclical stability of lithium-sulfur cell；
(2) the dication liquid in electrolyte can promote cathode of lithium surface to form more stable passivating film, inhibit
Reduction of the polysulfide radical ion on lithium surface deposits, and effectively avoids negative plate and capacitance loss；
(3) after dication liquid being added in electrolyte, the capacity of lithium-sulfur cell plays and cycle life obtains obviously
Improve, apply in flexible-packed battery the cycle life, it can be achieved that the energy density of 300Wh/kg or more and 200 times or more, holds
It measures conservation rate and is higher than 60%, there is important practical application value.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1: embodiment 1-4 dication liquid synthetic reaction equation；
Fig. 2: polysulfide root is from the diffusion phenomena respectively in the electrolyte of comparative example 1 and embodiment 4 at any time；
Fig. 3: the XPS figure on cathode of lithium surface after the lithium-sulfur cell 50 of comparative example 1 and embodiment 4 circle circulation；
Fig. 4: the button lithium-sulfur cell cycle performance of comparative example 1 and embodiment 1-3；
Fig. 5: the flexible package lithium-sulfur cell figure of comparative example 2 and embodiment 4；
Fig. 6: the flexible-packaged lithium sulphur cycle performance of battery of comparative example 2 and embodiment 4；
Fig. 7: the button lithium-sulfur cell cycle performance of embodiment 3,5,6；
Fig. 8: the button lithium-sulfur cell cycle performance of embodiment 3,7,8.
Specific embodiment
Below by embodiment and comparative example, the invention will be further described, rather than limits the present invention.
Comparative example 1
0.4g is commercialized KB 600 and 0.6g S after evenly mixing, is dissolved in 10mL CS2In, to CS2After volatilization completely, it is placed in
In tube furnace, 155 DEG C are warming up to, heating rate is 1 DEG C of min-1, constant temperature 20h, obtained C/S compound.Take 0.2g C/S compound
It is scattered in 2.8g N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) with 0.025g commercialization Super P, stirs 1h, it is poly- that 0.25g 10wt% is added
Vinylidene (PVDF) solution, solvent NMP stir 5h, adjust scraper to 220 μm, scratch and form a film in aluminum laminated films, and 70 DEG C
After drying overnight, cutting into diameter is 14mm sequin, after weighing, after 60 DEG C of vacuum drying for 24 hours, to be coated with synthesized carbon material
Sequin be anode (monolithic carry sulfur content be about 1.5mg cm-2), lithium piece is cathode, and celgard 2325 is diaphragm, bis- with 1M
(trifluoromethyl semi-annular jade pendant acyl) imine lithium solution (LiTFSI) is electrolyte solution, and solvent is 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and dimethyl ether
(DME) mixed liquor (volume ratio v/v=1:1) assembles CR2016 button cell, and cycle performance charge and discharge is carried out under 0.2C multiplying power
Electrical testing.
Comparative example 2
Positive electrode is prepared as shown in comparative example 1.Wherein anode sizing agent is using the two-sided blade coating of coating machine in aluminum laminated films
On, carrying sulfur content is about 4mg cm-2.Anode is cut to 5 × 8cm, the lithium band of 5cm wide is cathode, the commercialization of 6cm wide, 8 μ m-thicks
SK is diaphragm, and Z-shaped assembled folding is at flexible package lithium-sulfur cell.With the S/ electrolyte quality of 1:4 than the electrolysis in addition comparative example 1
Liquid, 12h is to guarantee that positive electrode is sufficiently infiltrated for standing, vacuum sealing battery.Cycle performance charge and discharge is carried out under 0.05C multiplying power
Electrical testing.
Embodiment 1
3.3g N- methylimidazole and 5.0g 1 are weighed, 6- dibromo-hexane is in 100mL flask, 70 DEG C of reflux 5h, to temperature
It is cooled to room temperature and 10mL deionized water is added, filtrate 120 DEG C of dry 48h in vacuum drying oven are obtained by filtration, obtain white powder
For dication bromide, yield 98%.Dication bromide made from 2.0g is weighed to be dissolved separately in 2.9g LiTFSI
In 20mL deionized water, two kinds of solution are slowly mixed together, occurs mutually to separate in water, obtains lower liquid with separatory funnel, be used in combination
Deionized water is cleaned 3 times, and colourless dication liquid, yield 99% are obtained.
Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1, and mass fraction is 2%.According to the method for comparative example 1
Preparation anode, selects the electrolyte of the diionic liquid containing 2wt.%, assembles CR2016 button cell, is followed under 0.2C multiplying power
Ring performance charge-discharge test.
Embodiment 2
Dication liquid is prepared according to the method for example 1.Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1,
And mass fraction is 5%.Anode is prepared according to the method for comparative example 1, selects the electrolyte of the diionic liquid containing 5wt.%, assembling
CR2016 button cell carries out cycle performance charge-discharge test under 0.2C multiplying power.
Embodiment 3
Dication liquid is prepared according to the method for example 1.Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1,
And mass fraction is 10%.Anode is prepared according to the method for comparative example 1, selects the electrolyte of the diionic liquid containing 10wt.%, group
CR2016 button cell is filled, cycle performance charge-discharge test is carried out under 0.2C multiplying power.
Embodiment 4
Dication liquid is prepared according to the method for example 1.Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 2,
And mass fraction is 10%.Anode is prepared according to the method for comparative example 2, selects the electrolyte of the diionic liquid containing 10wt.%, group
Flexible-packed battery is filled, cycle performance charge-discharge test is carried out under 0.2C multiplying power.
Embodiment 5
5.0g N- butyl imidazole and 5.0g 1 are weighed, 6- dibromo-hexane is in 100mL flask, 30 DEG C of reflux 2h, to temperature
It is cooled to room temperature and 10mL deionized water is added, filtrate 120 DEG C of dry 48h in vacuum drying oven are obtained by filtration, obtain white powder
For dication bromide, yield 98%.Dication bromide made from 2.5g is weighed to be dissolved separately in 2.9g LiTFSI
In 20mL deionized water, two kinds of solution are slowly mixed together, occurs mutually to separate in water, obtains lower liquid with separatory funnel, be used in combination
Deionized water is cleaned 3 times, and colourless dication liquid, yield 99% are obtained.
Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1, and mass fraction is 10%.According to the side of comparative example 1
Method preparation anode, select the diionic liquid containing 10wt.% electrolyte, assemble CR2016 button cell, under 0.2C multiplying power into
Row cycle performance charge-discharge test.
Embodiment 6
3.2g 4 is weighed, in 100mL flask, 150 DEG C of reflux 10h are down to temperature for 4'- bipyridyl and 6.6g bromohexane
10mL deionized water is added after room temperature, filtrate 120 DEG C of dry 48h in vacuum drying oven are obtained by filtration, it is double for obtaining white powder
Cationic bromide, yield 98%.It weighs dication bromide made from 2.2g and is dissolved separately in 20mL with 2.9g LiTFSI
In ionized water, two kinds of solution are slowly mixed together, occur mutually to separate in water, obtain lower liquid with separatory funnel, and use deionization
Water cleans 3 times, obtains colourless dication liquid, yield 99%.
Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1, and mass fraction is 10%.According to the side of comparative example 1
Method preparation anode, select the diionic liquid containing 10wt.% electrolyte, assemble CR2016 button cell, under 0.2C multiplying power into
Row cycle performance charge-discharge test.
Embodiment 7
3.3g N- methylimidazole and 5.0g 1 are weighed, 6- dibromo-hexane is in 100mL flask, 70 DEG C of reflux 5h, to temperature
It is cooled to room temperature and 10mL deionized water is added, filtrate 120 DEG C of dry 48h in vacuum drying oven are obtained by filtration, obtain white powder
For dication bromide, yield 98%.It weighs dication bromide made from 2.0g and 1.6g trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid lithium is distinguished
It is dissolved in 20mL deionized water, two kinds of solution is slowly mixed together, occur mutually to separate in water, obtain subnatant with separatory funnel
Body, and cleaned 3 times with deionized water, obtain colourless dication liquid, yield 99%.
Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1, and mass fraction is 10%.According to the side of comparative example 1
Method preparation anode, select the diionic liquid containing 10wt.% electrolyte, assemble CR2016 button cell, under 0.2C multiplying power into
Row cycle performance charge-discharge test.
Embodiment 8
3.3g N- methylimidazole and 5.0g 1 are weighed, 6- dibromo-hexane is in 100mL flask, 70 DEG C of reflux 5h, to temperature
It is cooled to room temperature and 10mL deionized water is added, filtrate 120 DEG C of dry 48h in vacuum drying oven are obtained by filtration, obtain white powder
For dication bromide, yield 98%.Dication bromide made from 2.0g is weighed to dissolve respectively with 1.6g lithium hexafluoro phosphate
In 20mL deionized water, two kinds of solution are slowly mixed together, occur mutually to separate in water, obtain lower liquid with separatory funnel, and
It is cleaned 3 times with deionized water, obtains colourless dication liquid, yield 99%.
Diionic liquid is added in the electrolyte in comparative example 1, and mass fraction is 10%.According to the side of comparative example 1
Method preparation anode, select the diionic liquid containing 10wt.% electrolyte, assemble CR2016 button cell, under 0.2C multiplying power into
Row cycle performance charge-discharge test.
As seen from Figure 2, after dication liquid being added in electrolyte, the diffusion velocity of polysulfide radical ion obviously drops
It is low, apparent diffusion phenomena are not shown after standing 96h；And be not added in the electrolyte of dication liquid, after standing 4h
Polysulfide radical ion starts to spread to the other side.Illustrate that dication liquid really can to the diffusion of polysulfide radical ion in electrolyte
Enough play effective inhibiting effect.After Fig. 2 indicates circulating battery, the cathode of lithium surface of embodiment 3 has no apparent poly- lithium sulfide
Attachment illustrates that being added for dication liquid being capable of effectively corrosion of the poly- lithium sulfide to lithium anode in suppression solution.Comparison
The cycle performance and coulombic efficiency of Fig. 4 finds the increase with dication strength of fluid in electrolyte, capacity retention ratio and library
Logical sequence efficiency steps up.The cycle performance of embodiment 3 is optimal, recycled under 0.1C 100 circle capacity remain to be maintained at 900mAh/g with
On, capacity retention ratio 70%, average coulombic efficiencies 95%.Fig. 6 can be seen that addition 10wt.% double ion in electrolyte
After liquid, the circulation of flexible-packed battery can be obviously improved, and can be realized the energy density of 320Wh/kg, be followed for 0.05C lower 200 times
Capacity keeps 60% after ring, average coulombic efficiencies 97%.Confirm that diionic liquid is added as a kind of electrolyte above
Agent can effectively improve lithium-sulfur cell coulombic efficiency and cycle life, have wide actual application prospect.
Further the zwitterion of dication is optimized.For cation, on imidazoles, alkyl functional rolls into a ball chain
Growth, cationic Lewis acidity reduces, thus, lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability weaker to the complexing of polysulfide
It decreases with coulombic efficiency；The Lewis acidity of bipyridyl dication is higher than double glyoxaline cations, thus to polysulfide
Complexing it is most strong, lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability and coulombic efficiency highest, but synthesis condition is harsher.Anion is come
It says, in the presence of TFSI anion, lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability and coulombic efficiency highest, and hexafluoro-phosphate radical and trifluoromethyl sulphur
In the presence of acid group, lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability and coulombic efficiency decrease.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of dication liquid preparation method, it is characterised in that:
Using nitrogenous aromatic compound, halides and lithium salts as raw material, it is prepared by substitution reaction and ion-exchange reactions
Dication liquid；
The nitrogenous aromatic compound be group containing alkyl functional and/or alkoxy-functional and/or carbonyl functional group and/or
Amido functional group and/or hydroxy functional group and/or alkylene functional group and/or alkynes base functional group and/or cyano function
The imidazoles of group and/or mercapto functional group and/or sulfo group functional group and/or halogen atom, bipyridyl, connection pyrroles, bisglyoxaline spread out
One of biology or two kinds or more；
The halides are one of an alkyl chloride, bromoalkanes, an idoalkane, dichloro- alkane, dibromoalkane, two idoalkanes
Or two kinds or more；
The lithium salts is lithium hexafluoro phosphate, LiBF4, dioxalic acid lithium borate, difluorine oxalic acid boracic acid lithium, bis trifluoromethyl sulphur
One of imide li, trifluoromethyl sulfonic acid lithium, double fluosulfonic acid imine lithiums, lithium perchlorate or two kinds or more.
2. preparation method described in accordance with the claim 1, it is characterised in that: the preparation step of the dication liquid is as follows:
(1) press aromatic rings: nitrogenous aromatic compound and halides are added in flask halogen atom molar ratio 1:1,20~300
2~the 48h that flows back at a temperature of DEG C carries out substitution reaction；Reaction product solvent filter collects filtrate, filters out reactant and impurity；
Gained filtrate dries 2~48h in vacuum drying oven at a temperature of 25~300 DEG C, obtain dication salt；
(2) 1:2 dissolves dication salt made from step (1) and lithium salts in a solvent respectively in molar ratio, by two kinds of solution
Mixing carries out ion-exchange reactions；Reaction product occurs mutually to separate in a solvent, removes solvent phase with separatory funnel, then with molten
Agent cleaning 3 times or more, finally obtain double positive chaotropic bodies.
3. preparation method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
The solvent be water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, DMAC N,N' dimethyl acetamide, methanol, ethyl alcohol, acetone,
One of ethylene glycol, hexamethylene, petroleum ether or two kinds or more.
4. a kind of dication liquid that any preparation method of claim 1-3 prepares.
5. according to dication liquid described in claim 4, it is characterised in that:
The dication liquid fusing point is lower than 25 DEG C, and by one or two or more kinds of bivalent cation and one kind or two kinds
Above univalent anion composition.
6. a kind of application of claim 4 or 5 dication liquid, it is characterised in that:
The dication liquid is applied in lithium-sulfur cell as electrolysis additive.
7. according to according to electrolysis additive described in claim 6, it is characterised in that:
The dosage of the electrolysis additive accounts for the 1~50% of electrolyte gross mass.
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