CN109807170A - A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination - Google Patents
A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109807170A CN109807170A CN201910177424.8A CN201910177424A CN109807170A CN 109807170 A CN109807170 A CN 109807170A CN 201910177424 A CN201910177424 A CN 201910177424A CN 109807170 A CN109807170 A CN 109807170A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- boron
- underflow
- thickener
- pollution method
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000003900 soil pollution Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013006 addition curing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, including broken, screening, it is secondary size mixing, secondary concentration, filtering, improvement, precipitating.The present invention effectively reduces P in soil H by filter-press dehydration and addition modifying agent by the boron element in secondary concentration removing soil of sizing mixing, and coordinates Mg in soil2+/Ga2+Balance improves soil physico-chemical property, while will improve water utilization rate with recycling after Water warfare by sedimentation basin and additive, and entire treatment process is simple, at low cost, high treating effect, has preferable Social benefit and economic benefit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to contaminated soil processing technology field, specifically a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination.
Background technique
Boron mud is the industrial residue for producing the products such as boric acid, borax and generating, and is canescence, yellow-white powdery solid, is in alkali
Property, it is commonly called as " boron mud ".Average 1 borax of every production incidentally generates 3 ~ 4 tons of boron muds.
Liaoning Province's boron resource ranks first in the country, and accounts for the 68% of National Resources reserves, boron mud heap reserves up to 20,000,000 tons, and with
Annual 150 tons of speed increases.Past never has the utilization for paying attention to boron mud, causes boron mud to accumulate over a long period and is piled into mountain, not only
A large amount of land occupations, and seriously endanger surrounding enviroment.Boron mud heap causes Soil Surrounding salinization of soil, and not even a blade of grass grows, causes atmosphere
Pollution, water pollution, in addition high boron pollution soil will affect development, plant height and the biomass of root system of plant, seriously affect periphery
Life and health safety.
Currently, having increased the comprehensive utilization to boron mud, but to the land occupation after long-term stockpiling boron mud utilization, boron soil pollution
The repairing research of soil is very few.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, to solve the problems, such as above-mentioned background technique.
The technical scheme of the present invention is realized as follows:
A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, comprising the following steps:
(1) soil of boron soil pollution is crushed by crusher；
(2) soil is sieved by rotary screen after being crushed, and oversize return step (1) crusher is crushed again, under sieve
Product gives surge tank one and sizes mixing；
(3) after step (2) being sized mixing ore pulp give thickener one carry out thickening, one underflow of thickener give surge tank two into
Row is sized mixing；
(4) ore pulp gives thickener two and carries out thickening after step (3) being sized mixing, and filter progress is given in two underflow of thickener
Thickening；
(5) step (4) filter underflow and modifying agent are given to blender and is stirred mixing；
(6) step (5) blender discharge is sent to stockyard to store up, then spreads sunning out again, is purified soil；
(7) overflow of thickener one, the overflow of thickener two, the overflow of filter are given to sedimentation basin respectively, then added
Add agent to be uniformly mixed, carries out precipitating boron removal；
(8) sedimentation basin underflow is boracic soil, and by being filled after addition curing agent solidification, surge tank is given in sedimentation basin overflow
One recycles.
Preferably, step (2) rotary screen sieve opening is having a size of 1.5mm.
Preferably, the pulp density after the step (3) is sized mixing is 15% ~ 25%, and one underflow density of thickener is 55%
~60%。
Preferably, the pulp density after the step (4) is sized mixing is 20% ~ 30%, and two underflow density of thickener is 60%
~65%。
Preferably, step (5) the filter underflow stream concentration is 65% ~ 70%.
Preferably, step (5) modifying agent is gypsum, and additive amount is the 5% ~ 8% of filter underflow quality.
Preferably, step (6) the stockpiling time is 10d ~ 15d, and purification soil water content is less than 8%.
Preferably, step (7) additive is lime, and additive amount is 6% ~ 8% of overflow gross mass in sedimentation basin.
Preferably, step (8) the sedimentation basin underflow density is 55% ~ 60%.
Preferably, step (8) curing agent is slag cements and polyacrylamide Mixture, slag cements and polypropylene
Amide mass ratio is 10:1, and curing agent additive amount is the 3% ~ 5% of sedimentation basin underflow quality.
The invention has the benefit that
The present invention removes the boron element in soil by secondary concentration of sizing mixing, and effective by filter-press dehydration and addition modifying agent
P in soil H is reduced, Mg in soil is coordinated2+/Ga2+Balance improves soil physico-chemical property, while will be used by sedimentation basin and additive
It is recycled after Water warfare, improves water utilization rate, entire treatment process is simple, at low cost, high treating effect, has preferable
Social benefit and economic benefit.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it is therefore apparent that the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this hair
Bright some embodiments for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with root
Other attached drawings are obtained according to these attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination flow diagram of the present invention.
1- crusher, 2- rotary screen, 3- surge tank one, 4- thickener one, 5- surge tank two, 6- thickener two, 7- in figure
Filter, 8- sedimentation basin, 9- blender, the stockyard 10-.
Specific embodiment
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Site preparation description, it is clear that described ground embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, it is obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts every other
Embodiment shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Dandong boron soil pollution soil, effective boron content 400mg/kg, full content of magnesium 31g/kg.
Embodiment 1
Present embodiments provide a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, comprising the following steps:
(1) soil of boron soil pollution is crushed by crusher；
(2) soil is sieved by rotary screen after being crushed, and oversize return step (1) crusher is crushed again, under sieve
Product gives surge tank one and sizes mixing；
(3) concentration is that 15% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener one after step (2) being sized mixing, and one concentration of thickener is 55%
Underflow gives surge tank two and sizes mixing；
(4) concentration is that 20% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener two after step (3) being sized mixing, and two concentration of thickener is 60%
Underflow gives filter and carries out thickening；
It (5) is that 65% underflow and gypsum give blender and be stirred mixing by step (4) filter concentration, gypsum additive amount is
The 5% of filter underflow quality；
(6) step (5) blender discharge is sent to stockyard and carries out stockpiling 10d, then spread sunning out again, obtain water content be less than
8% purification soil；
(7) overflow of thickener one, the overflow of thickener two, the overflow of filter are given to sedimentation basin respectively, then adds stone
Ash is uniformly mixed, and carries out precipitating boron removal, and lime-crushed stone pile is 8% of overflow gross mass in sedimentation basin；
(8) sedimentation basin concentration is 60% underflow by being filled after addition curing agent solidification, and surge tank one is given in sedimentation basin overflow
It recycles, curing agent additive amount is the 3% of sedimentation basin underflow quality.
According to the present embodiment processing method treated soil regime: effective boron content 0.8mg/kg, full content of magnesium 7g/
kg。
Embodiment 2
Present embodiments provide a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, comprising the following steps:
(1) soil of boron soil pollution is crushed by crusher；
(2) soil is sieved by rotary screen after being crushed, and oversize return step (1) crusher is crushed again, under sieve
Product gives surge tank one and sizes mixing；
(3) concentration is that 20% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener one after step (2) being sized mixing, and one concentration of thickener is 58%
Underflow gives surge tank two and sizes mixing；
(4) concentration is that 25% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener two after step (3) being sized mixing, and two concentration of thickener is 62%
Underflow gives filter and carries out thickening；
It (5) is that 67% underflow and gypsum give blender and be stirred mixing by step (4) filter concentration, gypsum additive amount is
The 6% of filter underflow quality；
(6) step (5) blender discharge is sent to stockyard and carries out stockpiling 13d, then spread sunning out again, obtain water content be less than
8% purification soil；
(7) overflow of thickener one, the overflow of thickener two, the overflow of filter are given to sedimentation basin respectively, then adds stone
Ash is uniformly mixed, and carries out precipitating boron removal, and lime-crushed stone pile is 7% of overflow gross mass in sedimentation basin；
(8) sedimentation basin concentration is 57% underflow by being filled after addition curing agent solidification, and surge tank one is given in sedimentation basin overflow
It recycles, curing agent additive amount is the 4% of sedimentation basin underflow quality.
According to the present embodiment processing method treated soil regime: effective boron content 0.7mg/kg, full content of magnesium 6g/
kg。
Embodiment 3
Present embodiments provide a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, comprising the following steps:
(1) soil of boron soil pollution is crushed by crusher；
(2) soil is sieved by rotary screen after being crushed, and oversize return step (1) crusher is crushed again, under sieve
Product gives surge tank one and sizes mixing；
(3) concentration is that 25% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener one after step (2) being sized mixing, and one concentration of thickener is 60%
Underflow gives surge tank two and sizes mixing；
(4) concentration is that 30% ore pulp gives the progress thickening of thickener two after step (3) being sized mixing, and two concentration of thickener is 65%
Underflow gives filter and carries out thickening；
It (5) is that 70% underflow and gypsum give blender and be stirred mixing by step (4) filter concentration, gypsum additive amount is
The 8% of filter underflow quality；
(6) step (5) blender discharge is sent to stockyard and carries out stockpiling 15d, then spread sunning out again, obtain water content be less than
8% purification soil；
(7) overflow of thickener one, the overflow of thickener two, the overflow of filter are given to sedimentation basin respectively, then adds stone
Ash is uniformly mixed, and carries out precipitating boron removal, and lime-crushed stone pile is 6% of overflow gross mass in sedimentation basin；
(8) sedimentation basin concentration is 55% underflow by being filled after addition curing agent solidification, and surge tank one is given in sedimentation basin overflow
It recycles, curing agent additive amount is the 5% of sedimentation basin underflow quality.
According to the present embodiment processing method treated soil regime: effective boron content 0.6mg/kg, full content of magnesium 5g/
kg。
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all in essence of the invention
Within mind and principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on be should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination, comprising the following steps:
(1) soil of boron soil pollution is crushed by crusher；
(2) soil is sieved by rotary screen after being crushed, and oversize return step (1) crusher is crushed again, under sieve
Product gives surge tank one and sizes mixing；
(3) after step (2) being sized mixing ore pulp give thickener one carry out thickening, one underflow of thickener give surge tank two into
Row is sized mixing；
(4) ore pulp gives thickener two and carries out thickening after step (3) being sized mixing, and filter progress is given in two underflow of thickener
Thickening；
(5) step (4) filter underflow and modifying agent are given to blender and is stirred mixing；
(6) step (5) blender discharge is sent to stockyard to store up, then spreads sunning out again, is purified soil；
(7) overflow of thickener one, the overflow of thickener two, the overflow of filter are given to sedimentation basin respectively, then added
Add agent to be uniformly mixed, carries out precipitating boron removal；
(8) sedimentation basin underflow is boracic soil, and by being filled after addition curing agent solidification, surge tank is given in sedimentation basin overflow
One recycles.
2. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (2) roller
Sieve screen size is 1.5mm.
3. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the step (3) is sized mixing
Pulp density afterwards is 15% ~ 25%, and one underflow density of thickener is 55% ~ 60%.
4. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the step (4) is sized mixing
Pulp density afterwards is 20% ~ 30%, and two underflow density of thickener is 60% ~ 65%.
5. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (5) filtering
Machine underflow stream concentration is 65% ~ 70%.
6. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (5) improvement
Agent is gypsum, and additive amount is the 5% ~ 8% of filter underflow quality.
7. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (6) stockpiling
Time is 10d ~ 15d, and purification soil water content is less than 8%.
8. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (7) addition
Agent is lime, and additive amount is 6% ~ 8% of overflow gross mass in sedimentation basin.
9. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (8) precipitating
Pond underflow density is 55% ~ 60%.
10. a kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (8) solidification
Agent is slag cements and polyacrylamide Mixture, and slag cements and polyacrylamide mass ratio are 10:1, curing agent additive amount
It is the 3% ~ 5% of sedimentation basin underflow quality.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910177424.8A CN109807170A (en) | 2019-03-09 | 2019-03-09 | A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910177424.8A CN109807170A (en) | 2019-03-09 | 2019-03-09 | A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109807170A true CN109807170A (en) | 2019-05-28 |
Family
ID=66608511
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910177424.8A Pending CN109807170A (en) | 2019-03-09 | 2019-03-09 | A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN109807170A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110367024A (en) * | 2019-08-19 | 2019-10-25 | 大连地拓环境科技有限公司 | A kind of boron mud stockyard is sowed grass seeds by duster restorative procedure |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN205128589U (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2016-04-06 | 中机国际（湖南）环保科技有限公司 | Can carry out prosthetic device of drip washing to heavy metal contaminated soil |
| CN206965905U (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2018-02-06 | 大连地拓环境科技有限公司 | A kind of innocuity disposal system containing cyanogen golden mine tailing |
| CN108746159A (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-11-06 | 安徽金安矿业有限公司 | A kind of slurry concentrating dewatering and device |
-
2019
- 2019-03-09 CN CN201910177424.8A patent/CN109807170A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN205128589U (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2016-04-06 | 中机国际（湖南）环保科技有限公司 | Can carry out prosthetic device of drip washing to heavy metal contaminated soil |
| CN206965905U (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2018-02-06 | 大连地拓环境科技有限公司 | A kind of innocuity disposal system containing cyanogen golden mine tailing |
| CN108746159A (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2018-11-06 | 安徽金安矿业有限公司 | A kind of slurry concentrating dewatering and device |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 潘文德;苏长禄;: "硼泥利用工艺简介" * |
| 王文侠;: "低品位硼矿生产硼酸硼泥中硼的回收技术" * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110367024A (en) * | 2019-08-19 | 2019-10-25 | 大连地拓环境科技有限公司 | A kind of boron mud stockyard is sowed grass seeds by duster restorative procedure |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103881727B (en) | The stabilizing and curing agent of remediating heavy metal and toxic organic compound combined contamination soil and using method thereof | |
| CN106282585A (en) | The detoxification classification resource utilization method of one way of life incineration of refuse flyash | |
| JP6473885B2 (en) | Plating wastewater treatment process | |
| CN107344141B (en) | Process for extracting clean coal from coal slime | |
| CN107779196A (en) | A kind of preparation and application of soil heavy metal combined passivator | |
| JP2013095662A (en) | Method for immobilizing carbon dioxide | |
| CN103831165A (en) | Harmless treatment method of gold cyanidation tailings highly containing arsenic | |
| CN112940681A (en) | Dust suppressant and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109807170A (en) | A kind of boron soil pollution method of soil decontamination | |
| CN106734146B (en) | Soil heavy metal pollution remediation method | |
| CN110885686A (en) | Soil conditioner and preparation method thereof | |
| CN1208404C (en) | Water inner wall mastic for building and its preparing method | |
| CN109127114B (en) | Comprehensive utilization method of low-grade magnesite | |
| CN111039299A (en) | Method for efficiently recycling lead-zinc tailings | |
| CN107487952B (en) | Combined treatment method for beneficiation wastewater containing xanthate residues | |
| CN104823748A (en) | Method for preparing artificial soil combination from red mud by Bayer method and obtained artificial soil combination | |
| CN113401928B (en) | Method for removing calcium from fly ash and/or coal gangue by acid washing with ultrasonic waves | |
| CN108480390A (en) | A kind of heavy-metal contaminated soil renovation agent and preparation method thereof | |
| CN109538289B (en) | Underground filling material suitable for pipeline transportation and preparation method thereof | |
| CN209680796U (en) | A kind of boron soil pollution soil sanitation system | |
| CN109439898B (en) | Iron removal method for treating vanadium-containing shale by microorganisms | |
| CN116511220B (en) | Manganese slag multistage countercurrent classification resource utilization method based on particle size distribution | |
| CN107381601B (en) | A kind of method of high boron carnallite production KCl | |
| CN105126995A (en) | Iron separating method for metamorphic iron tailings | |
| CN111423198A (en) | Coal gangue ceramsite and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20190528 |