CN109799208B - Optical fiber sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer with adjustable light splitting ratio - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable light splitting ratio, which comprises an incident optical fiber, a beam splitter, a modulation arm, a beam combiner and an emergent optical fiber which are connected in sequence; the beam splitter couples the optical signals coming from the incident optical fiber into the modulation arm through the beam splitter, and the modulation arm is used for forming a transmission waveguide to screen different optical wave transmission modes; the beam combiner couples the optical signal coming from the modulation arm into the outgoing optical fiber through the beam combiner; the emergent optical fiber is used for outputting an optical signal and transmitting the optical signal to the detection equipment. According to the invention, the multimode optical fiber forming the beam splitter/combiner is subjected to cladding removal treatment, and the graphene oxide film is coated on the surface of the treated multimode optical fiber, so that the modulation of the beam splitting ratio of the beam splitter/combiner is realized by utilizing the interaction between the fiber core of the multimode optical fiber and the surrounding environment, and the sensing purpose is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of optical fiber sensors, and particularly relates to an optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Background
Humidity detection technology plays an extremely important role in the fields of food processing, instrument manufacturing, construction, structural health monitoring and the like. Electrical parameter sensors (e.g. resistive or capacitive sensors) on the market today, due to measuring essenceThe advantages of high degree, high response speed and the like are dominant. However, under the environments of inflammability, explosiveness, strong electromagnetic interference and the like, the electric parameter sensor has the defects of insurmountable intrinsic safety, poor stability and the like, so that the search for an intrinsic safety and stability sensor has important research significance. The optical fiber sensor is an optical sensor, and compared with the traditional electric sensor, the optical fiber sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, electromagnetic interference resistance, corrosion resistance, simple structure and the like, and is particularly suitable for being applied to the environment of inflammability, explosiveness, strong electromagnetic interference and the like. Therefore, the method attracts the exploration and research of a plurality of scientific researchers at home and abroad. Currently, there are a variety of fiber humidity sensor structures including polymer coated fiber Bragg gratings, long period gratings coated with cobalt polychloride/cobalt chloride, agarose-infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) interferometers, polyvinyl alcohol coated PCF, non-adiabatic tapered fibers coated with PDDA/Poly R-478 film, HEC/PVDF hydrogel coated coreless fibers, coated with CoCl 2 U-shaped bare optical fiber of doped PVA film, WS 2 The optical fiber is polished on the side of the coating, the U-shaped optical fiber coated by the PMMA doped with phenolic red and the agarose gel coating tapered optical fiber. However, the coating materials used in these methods utilize the permeability of water molecules to thin films to change the refractive index of the materials, which can result in poor linearity and reversibility of sensors based on these materials due to the poor permeability of these materials to water molecules. In addition, poor permeability can limit the penetration of water molecules, resulting in lower sensitivity of such sensors.
Graphene Oxide (GO) has been attracting attention due to its excellent aqueous solution processability, amphiphilicity, surface functionality, surface enhanced raman scattering property, and fluorescence quenching ability. The two-dimensional atomic structure and oxygen functional groups in GO, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, epoxide and carbonyl groups, make GO films super-permeable and super-absorptive to water molecules, while the two-dimensional structural features make the charge carrier (electron or hole) density of GO very sensitive to the environment. When chemical molecules are adsorbed on the surface of GO, the carrier density of the GO is changed, and the optical sensor based on the interaction of GO and optical waveguide evanescent waves can be manufactured by utilizing the environmental sensitivity of the optical frequency conductivity of GO. Combining the GO with the optical waveguide, the optical frequency conductivity of the GO affects the effective refractive index of the optical waveguide, and thus the transmitted light field in the optical waveguide.
The existing optical fiber humidity sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer senses the external environment through the sensing arm to cause the phase difference between the reference arm and the sensing arm, so that the wavelength of the interference trough of the interferometer is moved. The change of the wavelength is detected by utilizing wavelength detection equipment such as a spectrum analyzer and the like, so that the outside humidity change is reversely deduced. Because wavelength detection devices such as spectrometers are expensive, such sensors are expensive and practical applications are limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an optical fiber sensor with low cost, high sensitivity and high stability, and provides an optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable spectral ratio, which comprises an incident optical fiber, a beam splitter, a modulation arm, a beam combiner and an emergent optical fiber which are connected in sequence;
and the incident optical fiber is used for inputting optical signals and transmitting the output light of the broadband light source to the sensing device.
And the input end of the beam splitter is connected with the incident optical fiber, and the output end of the beam splitter is connected with the modulation arm, so that an optical signal entering from the incident optical fiber enters the modulation arm after passing through the beam splitter.
The input end of the modulation arm is connected with the beam splitter, the output end of the modulation arm is connected with the beam combiner, and the length of the modulation arm is about 36mm. The modulation arm is used for forming a transmission waveguide so as to screen and transmit different optical transmission modes;
the beam combiner has the same structure as the beam splitter, the input end is connected with the modulation arm, and the output end is connected with the emergent optical fiber.
And the emergent optical fiber transmits the emergent signal to the detection equipment.
The incident optical fiber is composed of a common single-mode optical fiber, and the incident light is transmitted by a fiber core in the single-mode optical fiber.
As a preferable technical scheme, the beam splitter and the beam combiner have the same structure, are bare multimode fiber cores and are coated with graphene oxide on the surfaces of the bare multimode fiber cores so as to realize adjustable beam splitting ratio.
The bare multimode fiber core structure is characterized in that a cladding part of the multimode fiber (105/125 mu m) is corroded by hydrofluoric acid solution, so that the change of ambient humidity causes the change of evanescent waves of the fiber. The processed multimode fiber core has a diameter of about 80 μm and a length of about 2mm.
The modulation arm consists of a single-mode fiber and comprises a first modulation arm and a second modulation arm, wherein the first modulation arm consists of a cladding in the single-mode fiber, and the second modulation arm consists of a fiber core in the single-mode fiber; the first modulating arm and the second modulating arm are equal in length. I.e. the core and cladding of the modulation arm constitute the two interference arms of the mach-zehnder interferometer.
The outgoing optical fiber structure consists of a single-mode optical fiber.
The optical fiber sensor is formed by alternately welding two sections of multimode optical fibers and three sections of single-mode optical fibers. When light propagates from a single mode fiber to a multimode fiber, the eigenmodes of the single mode fiber begin to diffract and are excited into a plurality of higher order modes within the MMFC, the excitation of the higher order modes being accommodated by the effective radius of the MMFC. After the multimode fiber portion is tapered, a strong evanescent field is formed at the MMFC surface and the refractive index change of the outer coating film is made sensitive. The "effective" lateral dimensions in the waveguide are closely related to the refractive index, and changing the effective refractive index of the core and the environment can change the lateral mode field distribution in the waveguide.
The optical signal is transmitted into the beam splitter via an incident optical fiber, with one portion coupled to the first modulation arm and another portion coupled to the second modulation arm. After the transmission distance L, the light wave will have a phase delay between the two waveguides due to the different propagation constants between the first and second modulation arms. Finally, when the two parts of light reach the exit fiber through the combiner, interference will occur in the core of the exit fiber. The output intensity and phase difference can be expressed as follows:
I core and I cladding The light intensity transmitted in the fiber core and the cladding, respectively, and I is the output intensity; l is the length of the modulation arm, Δn eff Is the effective index difference between the core and cladding of the modulation arm; lambda is the wavelength of light;is the phase difference +.>The trough wavelength of the k-order mode interference output spectrum, equal to (2k+1) pi, can be expressed as:
from equation (1), it is known that the output intensity is I core 、I cladding And Deltan eff Is a function of (2). Furthermore, when Deltan eff The wavelengths of the troughs of the transmission spectrum will also shift when varied. Typically, MZI-based sensors obtain environmental parameters by measuring the shift in the trough wavelength of the transmission spectrum as described above. In the invention, the graphene on the MMFC surface senses the external humidity, thereby causing I core And I cladding Eventually causing a change in the output intensity I. By measuring the size of I, the ambient humidity can be reversely deduced.
The graphene oxide film coated on the MMFC surface is taken as a moisture sensitive material to be an important link of sensor sensitization, and the combination of water molecules and graphene oxide changes the effective refractive index of the graphene oxide, so that the effect of enhancing the sensitivity to moisture can be achieved. The outer surface layer of the MMFC partially covered GO membrane layer can be considered as a spliced multi-atomic layer graphene oxide, which plays a key role in humidity sensing. As the relative humidity increases, the GO film will absorb more water molecules. The absorbed water molecules will fill the slice of the GO layer, which will cause the GO film to expand directly, changingEffective refractive index of GO film. On the other hand, GO has p-type semiconductor conductivity, and water molecules are acceptors of electrons, so that adsorption of water molecules on the GO surface increases the density of carriers (holes) on the GO surface. As humidity increases, more and more water molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the GO film, and the GO carrier density increases. The fermi level of GO then increases at the dirac point, which results in retardation of the interband transition and a decrease in conductivity. Effective refractive index vs chemical potential (μ) of GO film c ) Is sensitive to changes in (c). μ of conductivity (σ) and GO c The relationship between them can be calculated by an equation.
Where e is the charge of an electron, k B Is the Boltzmann constant, T is the ambient temperature, andis the planck constant, ω, Γ represents the angular frequency and scattering rate of the transmitted light, respectively, in imaginary units, and therefore the effective refractive index of the GO film will decrease with increasing absorbed water molecules. The effective refractive index of the fiber core of the MMFC is reduced, the excitation of the eigenmodes in the MMFC is affected, and the spectral ratio is affected, so that the intensity of the trough of the transmission spectrum is changed.
The invention is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the intensity of interference trough of interferometer can be changed by changing the light intensity of two interference arms, and the change of external humidity can be reversely deduced by detecting the change of trough intensity. Specifically, the cladding removing treatment is carried out on the multimode optical fiber forming the beam splitter/combiner, and the graphene oxide film is coated on the surface of the multimode optical fiber after the treatment, and the interaction between the multimode optical fiber core and the surrounding environment is utilized, namely, the effective refractive index of the exposed multimode optical fiber core part is changed, so that the propagation mode of the light wave in the multimode optical fiber part is correspondingly changed, the change of the beam splitting ratio of the beam splitter/combiner is realized, the change of the final output light intensity is realized, and the sensing purpose is achieved. The optical fiber sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the adjustable light splitting ratio has the characteristics of low cost, high sensitivity and high stability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a sensor head of an optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable spectral ratio according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the change of the intensity of the trough of the transmission spectrum of an optical fiber sensor with the change of the intensity of the trough of the transmission spectrum along with the humidity of the environment based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the adjustable light splitting ratio in the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the variation of the interference spectrum trough power of an optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable spectral ratio according to the embodiment of the invention;
wherein: 1. an incident optical fiber; 21. a graphene oxide film; 22. a beam splitter; 31. a first modulating arm; 32. a second modulating arm; 41. a graphene oxide film; 42. a beam combiner; 5. and (5) emitting the optical fiber.
Detailed Description
The following describes the embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the drawings, but the embodiments and the protection scope of the present invention are not limited thereto, and the same equivalent substitutions for the embodiments of the present invention are all within the protection scope of the present invention.
An optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable optical splitting ratio, as shown in FIG. 1, comprises:
an incident optical fiber 1 for inputting an optical signal;
a beam splitter 22, as a preferred embodiment, is a bare multimode fiber core (MMFC) having a diameter of about 80 μm and a length of about 2mm, coated with a graphene oxide coating 21, and is connected to the incident fiber and the modulation arm such that an optical signal coming from the incident fiber is coupled into the mach-zehnder structure through the beam splitter.
The first modulation arm 31 and the second modulation arm 32 are respectively composed of a cladding layer and a core layer in a single-mode fiber, the input end of the first modulation arm is connected with the beam splitter, the output end of the second modulation arm is connected with the beam combiner, and the length of the second modulation arm is about 36mm. For forming a transmission waveguide to screen and transmit different optical transmission modes.
A combiner 42, as a preferred solution, is a bare multimode fiber core, coated with a graphene oxide coating 41, the multimode fiber core having a diameter of about 80 μm and a length of about 2mm, and connected to the outgoing optical fiber and the modulation arm, such that the optical signal coming from the modulation arm is coupled into the outgoing optical fiber structure through the combiner.
And an outgoing optical fiber 5 for outputting the optical signal and transmitting the optical signal to the detecting device.
In the humidity measurement experiment, the optical fiber sensing head is placed in a closed constant temperature and humidity box, the temperature of the humidity box is kept at room temperature, the input end of the sensor is connected with a broadband light source, and the output end of the sensor is connected with a spectrum analyzer.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the humidity in the constant temperature and humidity cabinet was increased from 35% to 85% in the laboratory environment. It is apparent that the intensity of the trough of the interference waveform changes due to the coupling of light from the single mode fiber into the multimode fiber, the excited higher order modes react with the graphene oxide film. Along with the increase of relative humidity, water molecules act on the graphene oxide film to reduce the effective refractive index of the graphene oxide film, and a strong evanescent field is induced. The change of the effective refractive index affects the intrinsic mode excitation of the core part of the bare multimode fiber, and the intensity of the high-order transmission mode coupled into the base film in the core and the intensity of the high-order transmission mode in the cladding are changed, so that the spectral ratio in the interference theory is affected, and the contrast of the transmitted light intensity is increased. To obtain the sensitivity of the sensor, the change in the intensity of the resonance trough at 1567nm with relative humidity was measured, as shown in FIG. 3. Wherein discrete points represent the variation of the light intensity and solid lines represent the corresponding linear fit. As can be seen from fig. 3, the resonance valley intensity varies linearly with the relative humidity, the linear sensitivity is 0.26dB/RH%, and the corresponding linear correlation is 98.7%.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the invention thereto, but to limit the invention thereto, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and equivalents thereof may be made without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. An optical fiber sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adjustable light splitting ratio, which is characterized by comprising: the incident optical fiber, the beam splitter, the modulation arm, the beam combiner and the emergent optical fiber are connected in sequence; the beam splitter couples the optical signals coming from the incident optical fiber to the modulation arm through the beam splitter, the modulation arm is used for forming a transmission waveguide to screen different light wave transmission modes, the beam combiner couples the optical signals coming from the modulation arm to the emergent optical fiber through the beam combiner, and the emergent optical fiber is used for outputting the optical signals and transmitting the optical signals to the spectrum analyzer;
the incident optical fiber consists of a single-mode optical fiber, and the incident light is transmitted by a fiber core in the single-mode optical fiber;
the beam splitter and the beam combiner have the same structure, and each beam splitter comprises a bare multimode fiber core and a graphene oxide film, and the graphene oxide films are uniformly coated on the surface of the bare multimode fiber; the diameter of the multimode fiber core is 80 mu m, and the length is 2mm;
the modulation arm consists of a single-mode fiber and comprises a first modulation arm and a second modulation arm, wherein the first modulation arm consists of a cladding in the single-mode fiber, and the second modulation arm consists of a fiber core in the single-mode fiber; the length of the first modulation arm is equal to that of the second modulation arm, and the length is 36mm;
the emergent optical fiber is composed of a single-mode optical fiber;
light is coupled into the multimode fiber from the single mode fiber, the excited high-order mode acts on the graphene oxide film, and as relative humidity increases, water molecules act on the graphene oxide film to reduce the effective refractive index of the graphene oxide film, so that a strong evanescent field is induced, the intrinsic mode excitation of the fiber core part of the exposed multimode fiber is influenced by the change of the effective refractive index, and the intensity of the high-order transmission mode in the fundamental mode and the cladding layer coupled into the fiber core is changed, so that the spectral ratio in an interference theory is influenced, and the contrast of the transmitted light intensity is increased.
2. The optical fiber sensor based on the mach-zehnder interferometer with adjustable spectral ratio according to claim 1, wherein: the bare multimode fiber core structure is obtained by corroding multimode fiber by hydrofluoric acid solution.
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| CN110501091B (en) * | 2019-08-12 | 2021-01-05 | 北京航空航天大学 | Temperature sensor based on graphene film modified biconical micro-nano optical fiber coupler |
| CN110726697A (en) * | 2019-10-12 | 2020-01-24 | 华南师范大学 | Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical fiber ammonia gas sensor based on tapered fine core optical fiber |
| CN110873701B (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2023-11-28 | 华南师范大学 | Optical fiber humidity sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer |
| CN110987227B (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2022-07-12 | 燕山大学 | Temperature sensor based on graphene micro-nano optical fiber and preparation method thereof |
| CN111829986A (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2020-10-27 | 华南师范大学 | Mach-Zehnder interference humidity sensor based on corrosion optical fiber cladding |
| CN112558330A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-26 | 北京交通大学 | Optical modulator based on graphene oxide film phase shift fiber grating |
| CN112763458A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-05-07 | 汕头大学 | Optical fiber humidity detection device based on Mach-Zehnder interference |
| CN113884467B (en) * | 2021-09-28 | 2024-05-03 | 天津理工大学 | Refractive index optical fiber sensor based on coreless optical fiber bipyramid structure |
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