CN109752759A - A kind of visual realization method and system of aftershock fault structure - Google Patents

A kind of visual realization method and system of aftershock fault structure Download PDF

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CN109752759A
CN109752759A CN201910097575.2A CN201910097575A CN109752759A CN 109752759 A CN109752759 A CN 109752759A CN 201910097575 A CN201910097575 A CN 201910097575A CN 109752759 A CN109752759 A CN 109752759A
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aftershock
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plane
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CN109752759B (en
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汪驰升
王新雨
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Shenzhen University
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Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of visual realization method and systems of aftershock fault structure, are converted into 3-D view point cloud by the aftershock point cloud data that will acquire, and the 3-D view point cloud is projected to the plane perpendicular to tomography and obtains equatorial projection figure;Multiple points that linear character is presented in the equatorial projection figure are selected, fault plane are fitted according to the point with linear character selected, and position to fault structure according to the fault plane fitted;The fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, the visual image of three-dimension disclocation is obtained.Method and system provided by the present invention, aftershock point cloud data is converted into visual image, it not only can accurately show the fault structure of earthquake, but also the time-space process of aftershock generation can be reappeared, seismic mechanism is recognized for researcher and seismic risk assessment provides technical support.

Description

A kind of visual realization method and system of aftershock fault structure
Technical field
The present invention relates to the visual sides of realization of Geodetic Technique field more particularly to a kind of aftershock fault structure Method and system.
Background technique
In all earthquake fault types (walking sliding, normal and reversed), the complexity of tomography is all generally existing.It is logical Often, tomography is divided into several approximately parallel parts that the length of Geometrical discontinuity is about 10-25km along trend, sometimes Also it can be appreciated that the depth segmentation (Elliot) of tomography, cascade earthquake is recurred along updip or have a down dip, such tomography Structure makes the risk assessment of earthquake become complicated.Research find to simplify hypothesis theoretical model (such as single dynamic fracture, Barbot etc.) it has been no longer desirable for nature tomography, just compare earthquake period in the time that Parkfield earthquake in 2004 occurs Expected late ten years.The time interval for cascading Fault Rupture due to caused by fault segmentation was differed from several seconds to several years, and was controlled Factor is still not explicitly shown, so exploring the complicated fault geometry of aftershock is very important.
Therefore, the existing technology needs further improvement.
Summary of the invention
In view of the above shortcomings in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of aftershock fault structure is visual The realization method and system of change overcomes in the prior art since the complexity of fault structure causes the risk to aftershock area to be commented The resultant error estimated is larger, can not accurately deduce the defect of aftershock risk degree.
First embodiment provided by the invention is a kind of visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure, wherein includes:
Aftershock point cloud data is obtained, and 3-D view point cloud is established according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition;
The 3-D view point cloud is projected into the plane perpendicular to tomography and obtains equatorial projection figure;
Multiple points that linear character is presented in the equatorial projection figure are selected from 3-D view point cloud, according to The point with linear character selected fits fault plane, and is carried out according to the fault plane fitted to fault structure Positioning;
The fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, three-dimension disclocation structure corresponding to aftershock point cloud data is obtained Visual image.
Optionally, the method also includes:
After obtaining equatorial projection figure, the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data is calculated, and according to described Local outlier factor carries out denoising to the aftershock point cloud data.
Optionally, the method also includes:
The coloring of aftershock point is adjusted based on different adjustment parameters;The adjustment parameter includes: depth parameter, local anomaly The factor, time parameter and range parameter.
Optionally, the 3-D view point cloud is projected into the plane perpendicular to tomography and obtains the step of equatorial projection figure Suddenly further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond to time model Enclose interior equatorial projection figure animation.
Optionally, the fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, obtains the visual image of aftershock point cloud Step further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond to time model The migration animation of aftershock point cloud in enclosing.
Optionally, the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data is calculated using following formula:
Wherein, NkIt (p) is the point set of the kth neighborhood of range points p;lrdk(p) be point p local accessibility density;lrdk (o) be point o local accessibility density;Point p and o is any two point on aftershock point cloud data;
The calculation formula of the part accessibility density are as follows:
Wherein, reach-distkThe accessibility distance of (p, o) between point p and o.
Optionally, described that multiple points with linear character are selected in equatorial projection figure, according to what is selected There is the step of point of linear character fits fault plane to include:
Precursor fault plane is fitted using multiple points with linear character;
Each point is calculated the distance between to the precursor fault plane;
Calculate all root-mean-square error of the point with the distance between the precursor fault plane;
Judge the abnormal point for whether being greater than the root-mean-square error presupposition multiple in multiple points containing distance value;If so, then By abnormal point deletion;
Trend and the inclination angle of fault plane are obtained by the normal vector of fit Plane, obtains fault plane.
Optionally, described that multiple points with linear character are selected in 3-D view point cloud, according to the tool selected The step of point of linear feature fits fault plane include:
Multiple points with linear character are fitted to plane based on the algorithm of singular value decomposition.
Second embodiment provided by the invention is that a kind of aftershock fault structure visually realizes system, wherein includes:
3-D view establishes module, establishes three for obtaining aftershock point cloud data, and according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition Dimensional view point cloud;
Two-dimensional projection's module obtains two-dimensional surface for the 3-D view point cloud to be projected to the plane perpendicular to tomography Perspective view;
Fault structure locating module, it is multiple in the equatorial projection figure for being selected from 3-D view point cloud The point that linear character is presented fits fault plane according to the point with linear character selected, and according to fitting Fault plane positions fault structure;
Three-dimensional imaging module obtains aftershock point cloud data for the fault structure oriented to be input in 3-D view The visual image of corresponding three-dimension disclocation structure.
Optionally, the aftershock fault structure visually realizes system further include:
Denoising module, the part for after obtaining equatorial projection figure, calculating the aftershock point cloud data are different Constant factor, and denoising is carried out to the aftershock point cloud data according to the local outlier factor.
Beneficial effect, the present invention provides a kind of visual realization method and systems of aftershock fault structure, by that will obtain The aftershock point cloud data taken is converted into a cloud, and the 3-D view point cloud is projected to the plane perpendicular to tomography, and to obtain two dimension flat Face perspective view;Multiple points that linear character is presented in the equatorial projection figure are selected, there is line according to what is selected The point of property feature fits fault plane, and is positioned according to the fault plane fitted to fault structure;It will orient Fault structure be input in 3-D view, obtain the visual image of three-dimension disclocation.Method and system provided by the present invention, Aftershock point cloud data is converted into visual image, not only can accurately show the fault structure of earthquake, but also The time-space process of aftershock generation can be reappeared, seismic mechanism is recognized for researcher and seismic risk assessment provides technology branch It holds.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the step flow chart of the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure provided by the present invention;
Fig. 2 is that aftershock point cloud data is entered into the table schematic diagram in EXCEL in the method for the invention;
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that aftershock point cloud data is projected to two-dimensional surface in the method for the invention;
Fig. 4 is in the method for the invention by the schematic diagram of the 3-D view of aftershock point cloud data;
Fig. 5 is the score value exemplary diagram of local outlier factor in the method for the invention;
Fig. 6 is that two-dimensional projection plane moves towards figure in the method for the invention;
Fig. 7 is the inclination angle figure of two-dimensional projection plane in the method for the invention;
Fig. 8 is the 3-D view of the method for the invention interrupting layer structure;
Fig. 9 is the theory structure block diagram that the aftershock fault structure provided by the present invention visually realizes system.
Specific embodiment
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer and more explicit, right as follows in conjunction with drawings and embodiments The present invention is further described.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is used only for explaining the present invention, and do not have to It is of the invention in limiting.
First embodiment provided by the invention is a kind of visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure, as shown in Figure 1, packet It includes:
Step S1, aftershock point cloud data is obtained, and 3-D view point cloud is established according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition.
Aftershock point cloud data is obtained in this step first, the aftershock point cloud data that then will acquire is converted into a cloud.? When specific embodiment, it can be directly acquired from earthquake catalogue or document.As shown in Fig. 2, the aftershock point cloud data record got Enter into EXCEL and arranged, data attribute includes longitude, latitude and earthquake magnitude etc., first according to the warp of data in this step Degree and longitude attribute establish 3-D view point cloud, form the 3D view of data.Aftershock point cloud data is presented in 3D view window, It can rotate freely, Pan and Zoom carrys out point of observation cloud structure.
Step S2, the 3-D view point cloud is projected into the plane perpendicular to tomography and obtains equatorial projection figure.
For the ease of analyzing aftershock point cloud data, the point cloud of 3-D view obtained in step S1 is thrown in this step On shadow to some preset perspective plane, convenient for the attribute between each point on analyzing three-dimensional viewpoint cloud, to pick out symbol Close desired point.3-D view point cloud is projected into the plane perpendicular to tomography in this step and obtains equatorial projection figure, such as Shown in Fig. 3, the point projected in plane is analyzed, convenient for the association being better understood by between each point.
Specifically, working as since noisy or unrelated data can have a significant impact to the analysis of aftershock point cloud data To after equatorial projection figure, the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data is calculated, and according to the local outlier factor Denoising is carried out to the aftershock point cloud data.
Optionally, the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data is calculated using following formula:
Wherein, NkIt (p) is the point set of the kth neighborhood of range points p;lrdk(p) be point p local accessibility density;lrdk (o) be point o local accessibility density;Point p and o is any two point on aftershock point cloud data;
The calculation formula of the part accessibility density are as follows:
Wherein, reach-distkThe accessibility distance of (p, o) between point p and o.
For the ease of the distribution of point of observation cloud, the method also includes:
The coloring of aftershock point is adjusted based on different adjustment parameters;The adjustment parameter includes: depth parameter, local anomaly The factor, time parameter and range parameter.
Step S3, multiple presentation linear characters in the equatorial projection figure are selected from 3-D view point cloud Point fits fault plane according to the point with linear character selected, and according to the fault plane fitted to tomography Structure is positioned.
After selecting multiple points with linear character in above-mentioned steps S2, by it is each it is described in it is same it is linear on Point is fitted to plane, and obtained multiple planes form fault plane, to position to fault structure.
Specifically, described select multiple points with linear character in 3-D view point cloud, according to the tool selected In the step of point of linear feature fits fault plane based on the algorithm of singular value decomposition by multiple with linear character Point is fitted to selected plane.
Step S4, the fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, obtains three-dimensional corresponding to aftershock point cloud data The visual image of fault structure.
The fault plane fitted in above-mentioned steps S3 is input in 3-D view, the three of fault structure can be obtained Dimensional view, as shown in Figure 4.
Better effect of visualization in order to obtain has further understanding to point data convenient for prognosticator, will be described 3-D view point cloud projects to the step of plane perpendicular to tomography obtains equatorial projection figure further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond to time model Enclose interior equatorial projection figure animation.Preferably, after selection has each cluster point of linear character, it will be by steadily and surely estimating Automatic Fitting plane is counted to disclose potential fault structure, this will be helpful to explore tomography geometry.
It is disconnected by what is oriented in order to more intuitively observe the formational situation of fault structure corresponding to aftershock point cloud data The step of layer structure is input in 3-D view, obtains the visual image of three-dimension disclocation further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond to time model The migration animation of aftershock point cloud in enclosing.Specifically, observation is migrated along the aftershock of the selected direction of propagation, after assigned direction, The aftershock distance in the direction that drafting is changed over time, it will help the time-shift for disclosing aftershock obtains the migration Animation.
Specifically, described select multiple points with linear character in equatorial projection figure, according to what is selected There is the step of point of linear character fits fault plane to include:
Precursor fault plane is fitted using multiple points with linear character;
Each point is calculated the distance between to the precursor fault plane;
Calculate all root-mean-square error of the point with the distance between the precursor fault plane;
Judge the abnormal point for whether being greater than the root-mean-square error presupposition multiple in multiple points containing distance value;If so, then By abnormal point deletion;
Trend and the inclination angle of fault plane are obtained by the normal vector of fit Plane, obtains fault plane.
Below by taking concrete application embodiment of the present invention as an example, more detailed explanation is done to the method for the invention.
1) 3D view: aftershock point cloud data can show that some typical 3D interactions include: contracting in 3D view control Put, translate, rotating, the Notes of Key Data and data brush can all operate, also permission interactive browse and editor draw data with improve view Feel display.
2) interactive floor perspective view: since cross-sectional view is the main method for visualizing for exploring complicated fault geometry, when When aftershock is projected in the plane perpendicular to tomography, tomography is usually indicated by linear character, and providing an interface here can be with The trend for inputting projection plane and inclination angle are with plane projection profile needed for Fast Drawing.
3D aftershock point cloud is projected into the feature that tomography geometry can be remarkably reinforced in 2D plane, provides a kind of dividing here The interactive mode of projection is quickly calculated when with plane.It is used to make interactive operation be easy to geologist, we use geology art Language is the direction for moving towards to define projection plane with inclination angle, as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.Projection can be rotated by two reference axis It realizes, the angle of z-axis rotation here is -90 °, and it is-dip that x-axis, which rotates angle,.
Spin matrix ((RzAnd Rx) it is given by:
Projection coordinate (P) from aftershock point (u) is by meeting formula: P=RxRzu;Wherein it is flat to correspond to projection for x and y coordinates Coordinate in face, z coordinate indicate the distance to plane.
3) filter or denoise: noisy or unrelated data can have a significant impact to the analysis of aftershock point cloud data, filtering or Person's denoising is the important step eliminated noisy or incoherent aftershock point cloud and retain tomography geometric detail simultaneously.Filtering is to be based on Four features of aftershock, including depth, local outlier factor (LOF), time and amplitude.Wherein local outlier factor (LOF) is The index for searching exceptional data point denoises data used here as the filter method based on local outlier factor (LOF).
The concept of local outlier factor (LOF) value: the averag density ratio of the sample point present position around a sample point The density of the upper sample point position.Ratio is more greater than 1, then the density of the position is more less than around it where sample The density of position.
The calculating of the local outlier factor (LOF) is as follows:
Define the kth distance that k-distance is p, that is, the distance of the remote point of distance p kth, between point p and o can It is given by up to property distance:
reach-distancek(p, o)=max { k-distance (o), d (p, o) }
Wherein, d (p, o) is the actual range between p and o.
Then the local accessibility density of defining point p, is shown below:
Wherein Nk(p) it is defined as the point set of the kth neighborhood of range points p.
The local outlier factor (LOF) for finally obtaining point p, is shown below:
As shown in figure 5, the example for showing and calculating local outlier factor (LOF) value is given, wherein this it appears that Local outlier factor (LOF) value greater than 1 indicates sparse region.
4) it colours: aftershock Point Coloring can be switched fast between depth, local outlier factor (LOF), time and amplitude Function allows user to efficiently identify the data of different dimensions.
5) fault plane is fitted: the probability in order to test identification tomography, user pick out to form line in sectional view first Property feature point, be then based on steady estimation fault plane will adapt to automatically these point quantitatively to position potential tomography knot Structure.
Specifically, steps are as follows for the calculating of plane fitting in this step:
Given 3D aftershock point is fitted to selected plane using the algorithm based on singular value decomposition.Wherein based on unusual The calculating for being worth the plane parameter (ax+by+cz=d) decomposed is as follows:
Provide one group of point (xi, yi, zi, i=1...n) and their central pointWe form a matrix A, such as Shown in following formula:
Again SVD is applied to obtain in matrix: A=UDVT
Parameter vector [a, b, c] corresponds to the minimum singular vector of minimum singular value, the last one parameter d can pass through Following manner obtains:
In order to avoid the interference of noise spot, an iterative step is provided to identify exceptional value and by them from plane fitting It excludes, algorithm is as follows:
1) plane is fitted using available point;
2) distance (D) that point arrives plane is calculated;
3) root-mean-square error (σ) of all distances (D) is calculated;
4) point that distance is greater than 3 times is found, and they are defined as exceptional value;
5) these points then return step 1 is deleted;
6) stopping when can not find exceptional value, and return to plane parameter.
By the normal vectors of fit Plane (a, b, c), trend and the inclination angle of fault plane are obtained, is shown below:
6) tomography visualizes: as shown in figure 8, tomography can be imported into 3D view by user, more than the presentation of 3D view Fault structure is shaken, can be obtained preferably to the visual analyzing of aftershock point cloud.
7) animation: can gradually carry out the drafting of aftershock, form animation in 3D view and 2D cross-sectional view, animation can There is unique advantage depending on changing, the change in time and space it is appreciated that with prediction aftershock can be helped.
8) propagation distance-time diagram: the transition process in order to further quantify aftershock, user can define the direction of propagation, And distance in the direction is drawn according to the time.
It is bright between the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure and traditional aftershock means of interpretation proposed by the invention Significant difference is different to be to have used interactive operation.Traditional static display cannot allow analysis personnel directly and quickly to explore aftershock point Data.However, interactive display can deeper into easier understanding 3D aftershock point data, and can be found that new tomography Structure or Spatio-temporal Evolution mode, and limited by seismic inversion data resolution, aftershock position there are certain uncertainty, Some earthquake points are caused to deviate fault plane.So during this investigation it turned out, we use (local outlier factor (LOF)), with detection Deviate considerably from the abnormal point of fault plane;And 3D aftershock point cloud is projected into the spy that tomography geometry can be remarkably reinforced in 2D plane Sign, when researcher identifies potential linear character from cross-sectional view, plane fitting can be with rapid evaluation possibility simultaneously Quantitatively provide geometric parameter.
Second embodiment provided by the invention is that a kind of aftershock fault structure visually realizes system, as shown in figure 9, packet It includes:
3-D view establishes module 910, establishes for obtaining aftershock point cloud data, and according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition 3-D view point cloud;Its function is as described in step S1;
Two-dimensional projection's module 920 obtains two dimension for the 3-D view point cloud to be projected to the plane perpendicular to tomography Plane figure;Its function is as described in step S2;
Fault structure locating module 930, it is multiple in the equatorial projection for being selected from 3-D view point cloud The point that linear character is presented in figure, fits fault plane according to the point with linear character selected, and according to fitting Fault plane out positions fault structure;Its function is as described in step S3;
Three-dimensional imaging module 940 obtains aftershock point cloud for the fault structure oriented to be input in 3-D view The visual image of three-dimension disclocation structure, function is as described in step S4.
Preferably, the aftershock fault structure visually realizes system further include:
Denoising module, the part for after obtaining equatorial projection figure, calculating the aftershock point cloud data are different Constant factor, and denoising is carried out to the aftershock point cloud data according to the local outlier factor.
The present invention provides a kind of visual realization method and systems of aftershock fault structure, pass through the aftershock point that will acquire Cloud data conversion establishes the 3-D view point cloud of aftershock at a cloud;The 3-D view point cloud is projected to perpendicular to tomography Plane obtains equatorial projection figure;It is selected from 3-D view point cloud and multiple line is presented in the equatorial projection figure Property feature point, fault plane is fitted according to the point with linear character selected, and flat according to the tomography fitted It is positioned in face of fault structure;The fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, the visualization of three-dimension disclocation is obtained Image.Aftershock point cloud data is converted into visual image by method and system provided by the present invention, not only can be accurate The fault structure for showing earthquake, but also can reappear aftershock generation time-space process, be researcher to seismic mechanism Understanding and seismic risk assessment provide technical support.
It, can according to the technique and scheme of the present invention and its hair it is understood that for those of ordinary skills Bright design is subject to equivalent substitution or change, and all these changes or replacement all should belong to the guarantor of appended claims of the invention Protect range.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure characterized by comprising
Aftershock point cloud data is obtained, and 3-D view point cloud is established according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition;
The 3-D view point cloud is projected into the plane perpendicular to tomography and obtains equatorial projection figure;
Multiple points that linear character is presented in the equatorial projection figure are selected from 3-D view point cloud, according to selection The point with linear character out fits fault plane, and is determined according to the fault plane fitted fault structure Position;
The fault structure oriented is input in 3-D view, the visualization of fault structure corresponding to aftershock point cloud data is obtained Image.
2. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the method is also wrapped It includes:
After obtaining equatorial projection figure, the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data is calculated, and according to the part Outlier factor carries out denoising to the aftershock point cloud data.
3. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the method is also wrapped It includes:
The coloring of aftershock point is adjusted based on different adjustment parameters;The adjustment parameter include: depth parameter, local anomaly because Son, time parameter and range parameter.
4. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that by the three-dimensional view Figure point cloud projects to the step of plane perpendicular to tomography obtains equatorial projection figure further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond in time range Equatorial projection figure animation.
5. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that disconnected by what is oriented The step of layer structure is input in 3-D view, obtains the visual image of aftershock point cloud further include:
Based on time value corresponding to each data point in aftershock point cloud data, obtains aftershock point cloud data and correspond in time range Aftershock point cloud migration animation.
6. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 2, which is characterized in that utilize following formula Calculate the local outlier factor of the aftershock point cloud data:
Wherein, NkIt (p) is the point set of the kth neighborhood of range points p;lrdk(p) be point p local accessibility density;lrdk(o) it is The local accessibility density of point o;Point p and o is any two point on aftershock point cloud data;
The calculation formula of the part accessibility density are as follows:
Wherein, reach-distkThe accessibility distance of (p, o) between point p and o.
7. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described flat in two dimension Multiple points with linear character are selected in the perspective view of face, it is flat to fit tomography according to the point with linear character selected The step of face includes:
Precursor fault plane is fitted using multiple points with linear character;
Each point is calculated the distance between to the precursor fault plane;
Calculate all root-mean-square error of the point with the distance between the precursor fault plane;
Judge the abnormal point for whether being greater than the root-mean-square error presupposition multiple in multiple points containing distance value;If so, then will be different Normal point deletion;
Trend and the inclination angle of fault plane are obtained by the normal vector of fit Plane, obtains fault plane.
8. the visual implementation method of aftershock fault structure according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described to be regarded in three-dimensional Multiple points with linear character are selected in figure point cloud, fault plane is fitted according to the point with linear character selected The step of include:
Multiple points with linear character are fitted to plane based on the algorithm of singular value decomposition.
9. a kind of aftershock fault structure visually realizes system characterized by comprising
3-D view establishes module, establishes three-dimensional view for obtaining aftershock point cloud data, and according to the aftershock point cloud data of acquisition Figure point cloud;
Two-dimensional projection's module obtains equatorial projection for the 3-D view point cloud to be projected to the plane perpendicular to tomography Figure;
Fault structure locating module multiple is presented for selecting from 3-D view point cloud in the equatorial projection figure The point of linear character fits fault plane according to the point with linear character selected, and according to the tomography fitted Plane positions fault structure;
It is right to obtain aftershock point cloud data institute for the fault structure oriented to be input in 3-D view for three-dimensional imaging module Answer the visual image of fault structure.
10. aftershock fault structure according to claim 9 visually realizes system, which is characterized in that further include:
Denoising module, for after obtaining equatorial projection figure, calculate the local anomaly of the aftershock point cloud data because Son, and denoising is carried out to the aftershock point cloud data according to the local outlier factor.
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