CN109682672A - A kind of system and method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster - Google Patents
A kind of system and method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster Download PDFInfo
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- CN109682672A CN109682672A CN201910060250.7A CN201910060250A CN109682672A CN 109682672 A CN109682672 A CN 109682672A CN 201910060250 A CN201910060250 A CN 201910060250A CN 109682672 A CN109682672 A CN 109682672A
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of system and methods that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster.The system comprises: geotechnical centrifuge, model casing, side slope model, multiple differential displacement sensors and high-speed camera.The geotechnical centrifuge is connect with the model casing, the model casing is used to provide placement space for the side slope model, the side slope model is placed in the model casing, the multiple differential displacement sensor is installed on the side slope model, and the high-speed camera is installed on the hanging in basket of the geotechnical centrifuge.The present invention is by building model identical with Metamorphic Rockss character in practice, simulate valley trenching effect, it is really natural environment using geotechnical centrifuge model, pass through the centrifugal model test in four stages, simulate the evolution process of deep layer Toppling Deformation, and the data and photo acquired according to differential displacement sensor and high-speed camera finally obtain the key factor and Flood inducing factors of deep layer Toppling Deformation by simulation calculation.
Description
Technical field
Developed the present invention relates to geo-technology field more particularly to a kind of simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation and the system caused disaster and
Method.
Background technique
Toppling Deformation, which is that stratiform is counter, inclines rock mass under the action of the comprehensive agent such as gravity, crustal stress, occurs to free face curved
Bent, the phenomenon that fractureing, according to genesis mechanism and scale, it can be divided into shallow-layer Toppling Deformation and deep layer Toppling Deformation.Shallow-layer topples over change
Shape is typically created in the counter-tilt slope being made of rigid rock mass.Such deformation development time is short, and rock stratum is in bending deformation very little
In the case where will generate and fracture, the rock mass after fractureing largely is piled up in slopes superficial portion, and part forms avalanche, typically exhibits
Shallow stability problem out.
Deep layer Toppling Deformation is typically created in the counter-tilt slope being made of flexible rock mass, and such deformation development time is long,
Rock stratum will not generate in the biggish situation of bending deformation and fracture, and deep layer Toppling Deformation can be formed in slopes depths and be slided
Face ultimately forms major landslip.
It is many about the research of Toppling Deformation at present, but majority concentrates on the analysis toppled over for shallow-layer, and research biases toward
Mechanics, has ignored breeding and developing for geological process, and Forming Mechanism and disaster mode about extensive deep layer Toppling Deformation
Research it is then relatively fewer.Therefore, for thin layer sand, slate deep layer Toppling Deformation landslide evolution process, topple over bending band
Differentiation and disaster mode, temporarily there are no relevant data.
Summary of the invention
A kind of system and method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster provided by the invention, specifies gravity
Under, the key factor of the anti-Stratified Rock Slope deep layer Toppling Deformation that inclines, and crucial Flood inducing factors, while passing through simulation test reality
The simulation of existing disaster mode provides for the further research of deep layer Toppling Deformation with reference to basis；And the prior art is solved simultaneously
Test parameters selection requires the problem that excessively high or experimentation cost is higher, the test period is long, complicated for operation.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, it develops and causes disaster the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation
System, the system is applied to deep layer Toppling Deformation and develops and the test caused disaster, and the system comprises geotechnical centrifuges, mould
Molding box, side slope model, multiple differential displacement sensors and high-speed camera, during carrying out the test, to institute
Side slope model is stated to be excavated three times stage by stage, to simulate the native state of prototype ground, and deep layer under cutting status step by step
The process that Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster；
The geotechnical centrifuge is connect with the model casing, for simulating high gravitational field, reproduces the original of the side slope model
The character of type ground；
The model casing is used to provide placement space for the side slope model；
The side slope model is placed in the model casing, and the side slope model meets the character of the prototype ground, is pressed
It is reduced according to preset ratio；
The multiple differential displacement sensor is installed on the side slope model, according to side slope model each stage
Difference acquires the change in displacement data of the side slope surface different parts of side slope model described in each stage；
The high-speed camera is installed on the hanging in basket of the geotechnical centrifuge, during testing described in dynamic acquisition
The slope deforming photo of the side slope model.
Optionally, load bearing capacity, original side slope scale, the model of the side slope model according to the geotechnical centrifuge
Original geological model is carried out appropriate generalization, is divided into the first test block and the second test block by the size and test objective of case；
Bottom of first test block as the side slope model, piles up in the bottom of the model casing；
Second test block is piled up after reducing according to preset ratio according to the feature of original geology domatic line, production
When the side slope model, first test block and the second test block fissure of displacement are piled up in width direction.
Optionally, the test block of the side slope model includes quartz sand, gypsum, cement and borax solution, is matched in proportion
Than forming, to reach data identical with practical metasandstone and its bond strength between layers.
Optionally, the geotechnical centrifuge applies the side slope model according to the default diminution ratio of the side slope model
Add reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration.
Optionally, the multiple differential displacement sensor includes: the first differential displacement sensor, the second differential type position
Displacement sensor and third differential displacement sensor；First differential displacement sensor is installed on the described of reset condition
In the side slope of side slope model；Second differential generator is installed on the side slope of the side slope model after excavating for the first time
On；According to difference three times stage by stage, the third differential generator is installed on the side of side slope model when different phase
On slope.
Optionally, during according to the test of the multiple differential displacement sensor acquisition, side described in each stage
The change in displacement data of the side slope surface different parts of slope model obtain each highwall displacement with acceleration in conjunction with emulation experiment
The change curve of degree and time.
Optionally, second test block is prefabricated with level-one and excavates test block, second level excavation test block and three-level excavation test block, uses
In the scene that the simulation side slope model is excavated three times stage by stage.
Optionally, the proportion of the test block is quartz sand: gypsum: 2% borax solution: cement=20:12:8:1, described
The proportion of the bond strength between layers of test block is quartz sand: gypsum: 2% borax solution=1:0.5:0.5.
Optionally, according to the high-speed camera acquisition the test during the side slope model deformation photo,
In conjunction with emulation experiment, the slope displacement polar plot and cloud atlas of side slope model described in each stage are obtained.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a kind of method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster, utilization is any of the above-described
The system is tested, which comprises
By the side slope model of reset condition, it is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, is stablized
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g after operating preset time, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of the side slope model；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out level-one and excavates test block, the side after level-one excavates test block will be taken out
Slope model is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, by centrifugal acceleration after steady running preset time
It is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out second level and excavates test block, the side after second level excavates test block will be taken out
Slope model is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, by centrifugal acceleration after steady running preset time
It is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out three-level and excavates test block, the side after three-level excavates test block will be taken out
Slope model is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, after steady running preset time, persistently records this mistake
The surface different parts displacement data of side slope model and final test result in journey.
Compared with prior art, the system and method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation provided by the invention is developed and caused disaster, benefit
With the original geology of side slope modeling and the character of ground, self-weight stress field is reproduced by centrifugal model test, more really
The soil body and earth structure deformation-failure character are reappeared, valley trenching effect is simulated in such a way that classification is excavated, passes through quadravalence
Section centrifugal model test, simulate deep layer Toppling Deformation evolution process, finally obtain the key factor of deep layer Toppling Deformation with
And Flood inducing factors, while realizing the simulation of disaster mode.Operation of the present invention is simple, and test parameters selection requires low, experimentation cost
It is lower, the test period is shorter, compared with prior art, have marked improvement.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to illustrate the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, below by institute in the description to the embodiment of the present invention
Attached drawing to be used is needed to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only some implementations of the invention
Example, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without any creative labor, can also be according to these attached drawings
Obtain other attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is the system schematic that a kind of simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation of the embodiment of the present invention is developed and caused disaster；
Fig. 2 is to carry out side slope model and differential displacement after generally changing according to practical original geology in the embodiment of the present invention
The placement schematic of sensor；
Fig. 3 is that side slope model in the fissure of displacement of width direction piles up schematic diagram in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is side slope model test block Material Physics mechanics parameter table in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 5 be in the embodiment of the present invention centrifugal model test mainly than ruler relation table；
Fig. 6 is the method flow diagram that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation of the embodiment of the present invention is developed and caused disaster；
Fig. 7 is that side slope model is placed on the status diagram in model casing in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 8 is the slope deformation destruction sign after centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention under side slope model reset condition
Schematic diagram；
Fig. 9 is the slope deformation destruction sign after centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention after side slope model level-one excavation
Schematic diagram；
Figure 10 is the slope deformation destruction sign after centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention after side slope model second level excavation
Schematic diagram；
Figure 11 is in the embodiment of the present invention after side slope model three-level excavation, and slope deforming is broken during geotechnical centrifuge test
The schematic diagram of bad sign；
Figure 12 is after the second level bending band of side slope model in the embodiment of the present invention occurs, and geotechnical centrifuge continues test process
The schematic diagram of middle slope deformation destruction sign；
Figure 13 is the status diagram that centrifugal test last slope deforms in the embodiment of the present invention；
Figure 14 is the displacement vector figure of each highwall model in centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention；
Figure 15 is the displacement cloud atlas of each highwall model in centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention；
Figure 16 is that each highwall is displaced the change curve with acceleration and time in centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention
Figure；
Figure 17 be in the embodiment of the present invention in centrifugal test after excavation at different levels side slope per stage deformation elapsed time table；
Figure 18 be in the embodiment of the present invention in centrifugal test after excavation at different levels side slope free face rock displacement mutation value and its
Corresponding acceleration value chart；
Figure 19 is side slope different parts change in displacement peak value during Toppling Deformation in centrifugal test in the embodiment of the present invention
Table.
Specific embodiment
Following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention carries out clear, complete
Site preparation description, it is clear that described embodiments are some of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on this hair
Embodiment in bright, every other implementation obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts
Example, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1 shows the system schematic that a kind of simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation of the embodiment of the present invention is developed and caused disaster.It should
System includes: geotechnical centrifuge, model casing, side slope model, multiple differential displacement sensors and high-speed camera, is being carried out
During test, side slope model is excavated three times stage by stage, to simulate the native state of prototype ground, and is opened step by step
The process that deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster under digging state.
Wherein geotechnical centrifuge refers to a kind of testing equipment for geotechnical engineering physical simulation experiment, usually have drum-type from
Scheming and arm-type centrifuge two major classes, the former is chiefly used in soil mechanics research relevant to clayey soil, and model slot can be longer, energy
It is enough circumferentially to arrange；The latter is used for all kinds of ground physical simulation experiments, and the size that model size depends on model casing limits.It utilizes
Geotechnical centrifuge can simulate the stress of prototype earth structure, deformation and failure, verify design scheme, carry out material parameter and grind
Study carefully, verify mathematical model and numerical analysis result, explore new geotechnical engineering physical phenomenon, with general room physical model
Test is compared, and centrifugal model test can more really reappear the soil body and earth structure composition deformation is broken by reproducing self-weight stress field
Bad feature.Deformable landslide is studies sample before the embodiment of the present invention selects ancient water hydroelectric dam, in such a way that classification is excavated
Valley trenching effect is simulated, by the centrifugal model test in 4 stages, studies anti-Stratified Rock Slope deep layer of inclining under the effect of gravity
The crucial Flood inducing factors and disaster mode toppled over.So the geotechnical centrifuge that the embodiment of the present invention uses is arm-type centrifuge, one
As be used cooperatively with model casing, model casing is used to for model provide placement space, and model casing has size, so side slope mould
Type is placed in model casing, need to be scaled to be reduced, and side slope model refers to the character for meeting prototype ground, according to default ratio
The model that example reduces, such as the side slope model of the embodiment of the present invention, are exactly the original according to deformable landslide before ancient water hydroelectric dam
The feature of beginning geology slope line, the character of prototype ground reduce 1/120 times of model being made into.Indigo plant is hung in geotechnical centrifuge
On high-speed camera is installed, for dynamic acquisition test during side slope model slope deforming photo, on side slope model
Differential displacement sensor is installed, the position for the acquire side slope model in test side slope surface different parts in each stage
Move delta data.
Side slope model used in the embodiment of the present invention, according to original side slope before geotechnical centrifuge load bearing capacity, hydroelectric dam
Scale, select situations such as size and this test objective of model casing, it is appropriate that geological model original before hydroelectric dam is carried out
Generalization, the test model after generalization is having a size of 80cm (length) × 60cm (width) × 67cm (height), 70 ° of anti-inclination angle, model after generalization
As shown in Fig. 2, according to modelling size, two type test blocks of the first test block of pre-production and the second test block, the first test block
Each test block is having a size of 20cm (length) × 10cm (width) × 1.5cm (height), and each test block of the second test block is having a size of 60cm (length)
× 10cm (width) × 1.5cm (height).The different parts in model are piled up in two type test blocks respectively, wherein the first test block is as base
Rock is directly piled up in model casing bottom, and it is identical that the second test block is then sawn into external form according to original geology domatic line, according to 1/120
Size after scale smaller is piled up, as shown in figure 3, piling up, keeping away by the test block fissure of displacement in width direction when production side slope model
Influence of the block layering boundary line of being excused from an examination to test.Terrace situation based on field investigation and geologic information, third terrace is high after selection
Cheng Bianhua designs three-level and excavates, and valley trenching is formed by free face to simulation side slope in its natural state, excavates slope three times than equal
For 1:0.18, slope angle is 80 ° after excavation, because being limited to model casing volume, can not be excavated, therefore piled up in model casing
When model, that is, and prefabricated excavation face and rock mass is excavated, prefabricated level-one is excavated into test block when excavating in test, second level excavates test block
And three-level excavates test block part, takes out according to test procedure.
In the embodiment of the present invention, in order to preferably meet the character of original ground, each test block is using change in side slope model
The analog material of matter sandstone, the analog material prototype of metasandstone are Ji Donglong group (P1j) metasandstone of uniting under the Permian System.Using
Quartz sand, gypsum, cement, borax solution production Metamorphic Rockss and analog material, bond strength between layers refer to actual number
According to being matched.Meet the similar material mixture of protolith in order to obtain, designs orthogonal proportioning test first, then by uniaxial anti-
Pressure test, direct shear test, it is final to determine metasandstone and bond strength between layers proportion.The similar material mixture of metasandstone
For quartz sand: gypsum: 2% borax solution: the proportion of cement=20:12:8:1, bond strength between layers is quartz sand: gypsum:
2% borax solution=1:0.5:0.5.Side slope model test block Material Physics mechanics parameter is as shown in figure 4, wherein cast material tries
The density of block metasandstone is 2.38g ﹒ cm-3, bullet mould is 2800E/MPa, and compression strength is 14.8 σ/MPa, test block interlaminar bonding
Cohesive force be 34.5c/KPa, 15.8 φ of internal friction angle/°.
To reach stress level identical with the original side slope in power station, the deformation behaviour of slopes is reproduced, it need to be in centrifugal field
Side slope model applies the centrifugal force of 120 times of gravity, to make up the damage because of weight stress caused by model scale 1/120
It loses, model basic control flow for example selects density, elasticity modulus, compression strength, cohesive force, internal friction angle etc., centrifugal model examination
It tests mainly more as shown in Figure 5 than ruler relationship.
Emphasis record slope-mass slide displacement variation and observation slope deformation destruction process are needed during test, therefore use differential type
The change in displacement of slope surface, utilizes the high speed being assemblied on geotechnical centrifuge hanging basket when displacement sensor (LVDT) monitoring test
Video camera (PIV), slope deformation destruction sign when recording geotechnical centrifuge operating in real time, under the reset condition of side slope model
LVDT1 is installed in side slope, after the completion of level-one is excavated, in the side slope of side slope model of the installation LVDT2 after excavation, LVDT3 is moved
LVDT3 is moved to excavation face bottom, i.e., opened for the second time by the excavation face bottom after excavating to level-one hereafter after the completion of every grade of excavation
After digging, LVDT3 is moved into second of excavation face bottom, as shown in LVTD3 ' in Fig. 2；After third time is excavated, LVDT3 is moved to the
Excavation face bottom three times, as shown in LVTD3 " in Fig. 2.
So far, the system building that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster finishes, and hereafter can use system progress
Test, as Fig. 6 shows the method flow diagram that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation of the embodiment of the present invention is developed and caused disaster, the method for test
Include the following steps:
Step 101: by the side slope model of reset condition, being loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using geotechnical centrifuge, stablize
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g after operating preset time, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model.
In the embodiment of the present invention, during the test, it is necessary first to ready-made side slope model be conserved, requirement is reached
The side slope model of reset condition is tested afterwards, the state that the side slope model conserved is placed in model casing is as shown in Figure 7.It
Reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration is loaded onto using geotechnical centrifuge afterwards, it will centrifugation after steady running preset time
Acceleration is down to 0g, and centrifugal acceleration is 120g in the embodiment of the present invention, and operating preset time is set as 20 minutes, and by difference
Dynamic formula displacement transducer LVDT 1 persistently records side slope model surface different parts displacement data, while high-speed camera also continues
Acquire side slope model photo.The embodiment of the present invention does not limit this in detail, can be configured according to the actual situation.
Step 102: after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, taking out level-one and excavate test block, after level-one excavation test block will be taken out
Side slope model, 120g centrifugal acceleration is loaded onto using geotechnical centrifuge, by centrifugal acceleration after steady running preset time
It is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, model casing is opened by prefabricated level-one and excavates examination
Block takes out, which needs the time 30 minutes, places the free face of LVDT2 side slope model after excavation later, places LVDT3 and exists
Excavation face bottom after level-one excavation.Model casing is closed later, is continued with geotechnical centrifuge and is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration,
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g after twenty minutes by steady running, and is held by differential displacement sensor LVDT1, LVDT2 and LVDT3
Continuous record side slope model surface different parts displacement data, while high-speed camera also continuous collecting side slope model photo.This hair
Bright embodiment does not limit this in detail, can be configured according to the actual situation.
Step 103: after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, taking out second level and excavate test block, after second level excavation test block will be taken out
Side slope model, 120g centrifugal acceleration is loaded onto using geotechnical centrifuge, by centrifugal acceleration after steady running preset time
It is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, model casing is opened by prefabricated second level and excavates examination
Block takes out, which needs the time 30 minutes, keeps the position LVTD2 motionless later, and LVDT3 is placed on opening after second level is excavated
Model casing is closed in digging face bottom, continues with geotechnical centrifuge and is loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration, steady running after twenty minutes will
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g, and persistently records side slope model surface by differential displacement sensor LVDT1, LVDT2 and LVDT3
Different parts displacement data, while high-speed camera also continuous collecting side slope model photo.The embodiment of the present invention is not made this in detail
It is thin to limit, it can be configured according to the actual situation.
Step 104: after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, taking out three-level and excavate test block, after three-level excavation test block will be taken out
Side slope model, be loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration using geotechnical centrifuge, after steady running preset time, persistently record this mistake
The surface different parts displacement data of side slope model and final test result in journey.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, model casing is opened by prefabricated three-level and excavates examination
Block takes out, which needs the time 30 minutes, still keeps the position LVTD2 motionless later, after LVDT3 is placed on three-level excavation
Excavation face bottom, close model casing, continue with geotechnical centrifuge and be loaded onto 120g centrifugal acceleration, steady running 20 minutes
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g afterwards, and side slope model is persistently recorded by differential displacement sensor LVDT1, LVDT2 and LVDT3
Surface different parts displacement data, while also continuous collecting side slope model photo, at this time off-test record most high-speed camera
Whole test result.The embodiment of the present invention does not limit this in detail, can be configured according to the actual situation.
With reference to the accompanying drawing, test of embodiment of the present invention process is illustrated and is analyzed, referring to Fig. 8, shown original
State slope model is after geotechnical centrifuge 120g centrifugal acceleration, the schematic diagram of slope deformation destruction sign, original side
Slope does not generate under gravity condition topples over, and occurs apparent " recurvation " phenomenon instead, this is because rotating in centrifugal testing machine
During, caused by side slope model left bottom rock stratum is squeezed, bottom basement rock is crushed, and 22 lis of side slope model integral sinking
Rice, leading edge slide 2 centimetres, this is related with the difference of Model Material intensity, not the Major Deformation Features of side slope model, in addition to slope
Outside the sedimentation and deformation of body, visible a small amount of shear crack inside slopes, wherein rear shearing crack and middle part shearing crack are brighter
It is aobvious.
Referring to Fig. 9, shows side slope model after level-one is excavated and pass through geotechnical centrifuge 120g centrifugal acceleration test, side slope
Prefabricated level-one is excavated rock mass and taken out by the schematic diagram of deformation failure sign, excavation height 13cm.The slopes macroscopic view of side slope model becomes
Shape phenomenon is unobvious, and rock stratum " recurvation " phenomenon fades away, and nearby rock mass has the tendency that dumping forward free face, and generation is toppled over
There is interrupted tension crack in gesture rock, rock mass inside, and a small amount of infiltration and development occurs for rear shear crack.
Referring to Fig.1 0, side slope model is shown after second level is excavated by geotechnical centrifuge 120g centrifugal acceleration test, side
Prefabricated second level is excavated rock mass and taken out by the schematic diagram of slope deformation failure sign, excavation height 10cm.Under gravity, side
Side slope " recurvation " phenomenon of slope model completely disappears, and free face attachment rock mass occurs slightly toppling over bending deformation, near free face
Rock mass tension crack gradually increases, the sustainable development of already present tension crack, and side slope top of the slope generates a small amount of drawing crack seam.
Referring to Fig.1 1, side slope model is shown after three-level is excavated by geotechnical centrifuge 120g centrifugal acceleration test process
In, it bends with the schematic diagram formed, prefabricated three-level is excavated into rock mass and is taken out, excavation height 6cm.As shown in Figure 11 (a), when beginning
Slope rimrock layer slight bending, slope foot rock stratum is counter to incline, but has no and topple over；As centrifugal acceleration increases, Slope rimrock layer
Substantially unchanged, and slope foot rock stratum is bent fractures first, as shown in Figure 11 (b)；A period of time is run with 120g centrifugal acceleration
Afterwards, the side slope of side slope model topples over bending aggravation, tension crack intensive development, and side slope top of the slope top rock stratum bend creep stiffness aggravates,
Rock stratum fracture to it is lower and on extend in the middle part of side slope model, level-one bending band is gradually formed, as shown in Figure 11 (c)；With the time
Passage, rock stratum fracture to it is lower and on extend at the top of side slope model, level-one bending band gradually penetrates through, and rock stratum is toppled over obviously, such as
Shown in Figure 11 (d)；Hereafter, band rear portion being bent in level-one and gradually forming second level bending band, side slope top of the slope drawing crack aggravation is toppled over
Fracture rock mass, while local avalanche phenomenon occurs in side slope, as shown in figure 12；Geotechnical centrifuge continues with 120g centrifugal acceleration work
Make, there is early period the rock mass for toppling over trend to slide along level-one bending band, formation landslide, the slope instability of side slope model,
Overall shear failure occurs, as shown in figure 13.
By above-mentioned experimental phenomena it can be concluded that
1, under the conditions of identical centrifugal acceleration (120g), side slopes at different levels show difference with the development for facing empty condition
Deformation behaviour, the slope deforming of reset condition based on settling, level-one excavate side after side slope do not topple over, second level excavate after
Side slope occurs slightly to topple over bending, and side slope generation obviously topples over bending and breakage phenomenon after three-level is excavated, and side slope is different
The deep layer Toppling Deformation stage of development, this shows that the variation for facing empty condition in the case where other conditions are certain topples over change to deep layer
The influence of shape is very big.
2, side slope topples over aggravation with the increase of centrifugal acceleration after three-level is excavated, and generates and multistage bend band, it may be said that
The bright anti-stratiform sloe that inclines is internal after undergoing multiple valley trenching (from multilevel cutting simulation) effect may to will form many places
The different bending band of depth, and band is bent by slope foot to lower and upper progressive perforation.
3, the side slope of side slope model is finally slided along level-one bending band, illustrates that counter-tilt slope is finally likely to form edge
Perforation bending band occur overall shear failure.
During the whole test process, high-speed camera continuous collecting side slope model photo, using the picture of acquisition, in conjunction with
Matlab (matrix&laboratory) matrix factory and surfer software (three-dimensional drawing software) emulation obtain each stage
The displacement vector figure of side slope model is as shown in figure 14, and displacement cloud atlas is as shown in figure 15.Wherein matlab is main in face of science meter
Calculate, visualization and programming of interactive high-tech calculate environment, it by numerical analysis, matrix calculate, science data can
A wieldy windowing environment is integrated in depending on many powers such as the modeling and simulations of change and nonlinear dynamic system
In, for scientific research, engineering design and must carry out Effective Numerical calculating numerous scientific domains provide it is a kind of comprehensive
Solution；The powerful interpolation function and draw graph ability that surfer has, make it the first choice for handling XYZ data
Software is the professional Become the picture software of geologist's indispensability, can make basal plane figure, data bit map/bitmap, classification data figure, equivalence
Line chart, line frame graph, topography and geomorphology figure, tendency chart, polar plot and three-dimension surface etc..
As shown in figure 14, in the original state, slope displacement direction vector is totally downward for side slope model, and the deformation of side slope becomes
Gesture shows as the shearing of internal sedimentation and surface element；Though the displacement vector orientation of the neighbouring rock mass of side slope free face after level-one is excavated
There is part to turn to outside slope, but side slope middle and back displacement vector orientation still it is overall downwards, slope deforming faces sky based on shearing with gravity
The appearance in face causes rock mass generation to topple over trend；After second level is excavated, the displacement vector orientation variation of slopes is obvious, near free face
The displacement vector orientation of rock mass essentially toward slope outside, in side slope, rear portion occur to slope outer displacement vector, slope deforming with topple over for
Main, the increase of free face topples over rock stratum；After three-level is excavated, the displacement vector variation of slopes is obvious, based on to outside slope,
And closer to free face, resultant displacement is bigger, and gradually increasing for free face aggravates side slope Toppling Deformation.It follows that with facing
The deformation pattern of the generation in empty face, side slope gradates to topple over, and topples over and gradually develop to deep, may finally form entirety
Failure by shear, it is seen then that face empty condition be the key that side slope Toppling Deformation development Flood inducing factors.
As shown in figure 15, with the progress excavated three times, there is apparent variation in the deformation range in slopes, except for the first time
It is unobvious outer that concentration phenomenon is displaced after excavation, after second is excavated, deformation is concentrated at the top of side slope, and displacement magnitude becomes larger, at this moment
The Toppling Deformation of side slope starts to generate in slopes superficial portion, with facing being further exacerbated by for empty condition, the change in displacement in slopes
Range (Toppling Deformation boundary) is gradually developed to slopes deep, and forms two belt-like zones that deformation is concentrated, and position value is anxious
Increase severely big, this two-stage shown with Figure 11 in test bending band is consistent.As it can be seen that the Toppling Deformation range of side slope and boundary will
It changes with empty condition variation is faced, the result of this deformation, which may cause, multistage bending band occurs in slopes, bending
The development of band and change procedure will determine that side slope topples over final evolution result.
During the whole test process, differential displacement sensor continuous collecting, the side slope surface of each highwall model
The change in displacement data of different parts, it is as shown in figure 16 with the change curve of acceleration and time to obtain the displacement of each highwall,
Wherein Figure 16 (a) is the slope displacement variation diagram under side slope model reset condition, and Figure 16 (b) is side slope model after level-one excavation
Slope displacement variation diagram, Figure 16 (c) be side slope model second level excavation after slope displacement variation diagram, Figure 16 (d) be side slope
Slope displacement variation diagram of the model after three-level excavation obtains by comparison and is become side slope according to the variation of the rock displacement of free face
Shape development process is divided into three phases: first is the linear deformation stage；Second is acceleration deformation stage；Third is to stablize deformation rank
Section, the deformation in side slope per stage lasts as shown in figure 17 after excavations at different levels；Side slope need to undergo prolonged linear deformation early period, when
When energy and deformation are accumulated to a certain extent, large deformation can be just generated, this is accelerates deformation stage, and then slope deforming reduces,
Gradually stable, this is stablizes deformation stage, to generate large deformation again, then with the change of external condition (such as excavation, earthquake)
Change closely related.
Position since obvious Toppling Deformation occurs is exactly near the free face of side slope model, so side slope Toppling Deformation
Development degree mainly quantified by LVDT2, after excavations at different levels side slope free face rock displacement (being collected by LVDT2) be mutated
Value and its corresponding acceleration value are as shown in figure 18；With the progress of excavation, slopes leading edge sidewise restraint is gradually reduced, final complete
Complete to lose, side slope is gradually controlled by Toppling Deformation, and after the tensile stress suffered by the side slope rock beam is greater than certain threshold value, side slope generates big
Deformation, displacement mutate, and Displacement Saltation numerical value is then related with side slope Toppling Deformation degree, and according to experimental phenomena, second level is excavated
Side slope slightly topples over bending afterwards, and side slope, which is toppled over, after three-level is excavated fractures, thus two, three-level excavate after side slope Displacement Saltation value difference compared with
Greatly, side slope different parts change in displacement peak value is as shown in figure 19 during Toppling Deformation, slopes internal crack is developed, rock
Body is broken, and rock stratum tensile stress threshold value reduces, therefore relatively small centrifugal acceleration just can promote entire side slope to topple over aggravation.
By the way that the phenomenon that above-mentioned test process and the analysis of each data obtains, anti-Stratified Rock slope deep layer of inclining is toppled over
The generation of deformation, be developed to destruction to undergo the very long earth history time, the accumulation of energy and deformation is one longer
Process, and the aggravation deformed and the variation of external condition (such as excavating, earthquake) are closely related；Wherein lithology condition is (relatively soft
Weak rock mass), structural condition (suitable thickness and inclination angle), external condition (valley trenching or slope toe excavation) etc. be occur it is deep
The key factor of layer Toppling Deformation, and facing empty condition is the key that deep layer Toppling Deformation destroys Flood inducing factors；Deep layer Toppling Deformation
It is internal after undergoing multiple valley trenching (multilevel cutting) effect to will form the different bending band of many places depth, and bend band
By slope foot to lower and upper progressive perforation, slope failure boundary is eventually become, the development and perforation of bending may cause side slope
Along the overall shear failure of bending band.
Through the foregoing embodiment, the present invention simulates river valley by building model identical with Metamorphic Rockss character in practice
Downcutting is really natural environment using geotechnical centrifuge model, by the centrifugal model test in four stages, simulates deep layer and topples over
The evolution process of deformation, and according to differential displacement sensor and the data and photo of high-speed camera acquisition, by imitative
It is true to calculate, finally obtain the key factor and Flood inducing factors of deep layer Toppling Deformation.Operation of the present invention is simple, and test parameters is chosen
It is required that low, experimentation cost is lower, the test period is shorter, compared with prior art, has marked improvement.
Finally, it is to be noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second and the like be used merely to by
One entity or operation are distinguished with another entity or operation, without necessarily requiring or implying these entities or operation
Between there are any actual relationship or orders.Moreover, herein, the terms "include", "comprise" or its it is any its
He is intended to non-exclusive inclusion by variant, so that process, method, article or device including a series of elements are not
Only include those elements, but also including other elements that are not explicitly listed, or further include for this process, method,
Article or the intrinsic element of device.In the absence of more restrictions, being wanted by what sentence "including a ..." limited
Element, it is not excluded that there is also other identical elements in process, method, article or the device for including the element.
The embodiment of the present invention is described with above attached drawing, but the invention is not limited to above-mentioned specific
Embodiment, the above mentioned embodiment is only schematical, rather than restrictive, those skilled in the art
Under the inspiration of the present invention, without breaking away from the scope protected by the purposes and claims of the present invention, it can also make very much
Form, all of these belong to the protection of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of system that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster, which is characterized in that the system is toppled over applied to deep layer
Evolution of deformation and the test caused disaster, the system comprises: geotechnical centrifuge, model casing, side slope model, multiple differential displacements pass
Sensor and high-speed camera excavate the side slope model during carrying out the test three times stage by stage, with
The native state of prototype ground is simulated, and the process that deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster under cutting status step by step；
The geotechnical centrifuge is connect with the model casing, for simulating high gravitational field, reproduces the prototype rock of the side slope model
The character of soil；
The model casing is used to provide placement space for the side slope model；
The side slope model is placed in the model casing, and the side slope model meets the character of the prototype ground, according to pre-
If scale smaller；
The multiple differential displacement sensor is installed on the side slope model, not according to side slope model each stage
Together, the change in displacement data of the side slope surface different parts of side slope model described in each stage are acquired；
The high-speed camera is installed on the hanging in basket of the geotechnical centrifuge, for described during test described in dynamic acquisition
The slope deforming photo of side slope model.
2. system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the side slope model is according to the load of the geotechnical centrifuge
Original geological model is carried out appropriate generalization by capacity, original side slope scale, the size and test objective of the model casing, point
For the first test block and the second test block；
Bottom of first test block as the side slope model, piles up in the bottom of the model casing；
Second test block is piled up, described in production according to the feature of original geology domatic line after reducing according to preset ratio
When side slope model, first test block and the second test block fissure of displacement are piled up in width direction.
3. system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the test block of the side slope model includes quartz sand, gypsum, water
Mud and borax solution, match in proportion, to reach number identical with practical metasandstone and its bond strength between layers
According to.
4. system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the geotechnical centrifuge is according to the default of the side slope model
Diminution ratio applies reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration to the side slope model.
5. system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the multiple differential displacement sensor includes: first poor
Dynamic formula displacement sensor, the second differential displacement sensor and third differential displacement sensor；First differential type position
Displacement sensor is installed in the side slope of the side slope model of reset condition, and second differential generator is installed on for the first time
In the side slope of the side slope model after excavation, according to difference three times stage by stage, the third differential generator is installed on
When different phase in the side slope of the side slope model.
6. system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the institute acquired according to the multiple differential displacement sensor
During stating test, the change in displacement data of the side slope surface different parts of side slope model described in each stage, in conjunction with emulation experiment,
Each highwall displacement is obtained with the change curve of acceleration and time.
7. system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that second test block is prefabricated with level-one and excavates test block, second level
It excavates test block and three-level excavates test block, the scene excavated three times stage by stage for simulating the side slope model.
8. system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the proportion of the test block is quartz sand: gypsum: 2% borax
Aqueous solution: the proportion of cement=20:12:8:1, the bond strength between layers of the test block is quartz sand: gypsum: 2% borax is water-soluble
Liquid=1:0.5:0.5.
9. system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the test process acquired according to the high-speed camera
Described in the deformation photo of side slope model obtain the slope displacement polar plot of side slope model described in each stage in conjunction with emulation experiment
And cloud atlas.
10. a kind of method that simulation deep layer Toppling Deformation is developed and caused disaster, which is characterized in that utilize any institute of claim 1-9
The system stated is tested, which comprises
By the side slope model of reset condition, reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugation is loaded onto using the geotechnical centrifuge
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g after steady running preset time, persistently records the surface difference portion of the side slope model by acceleration
Bit Shift data；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out level-one and excavates test block, the side slope mould after level-one excavates test block will be taken out
Type, is loaded onto reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, after steady running preset time
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out second level and excavates test block, the side slope mould after second level excavates test block will be taken out
Type, is loaded onto reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, after steady running preset time
Centrifugal acceleration is down to 0g, persistently records the surface different parts displacement data of side slope model during this；
It after the geotechnical centrifuge stops operating, takes out three-level and excavates test block, the side slope mould after three-level excavates test block will be taken out
Type, is loaded onto reciprocal times of default diminution ratio of centrifugal acceleration using the geotechnical centrifuge, after steady running preset time,
Persistently record this surface different parts displacement data of side slope model and final test result in the process.
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