CN109618302B - Novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method for Internet of vehicles distributed MAC protocol - Google Patents
Novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method for Internet of vehicles distributed MAC protocol Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/40—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for vehicles, e.g. vehicle-to-pedestrians [V2P]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W74/00—Wireless channel access, e.g. scheduled or random access
- H04W74/08—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
- H04W74/0808—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using carrier sensing, e.g. as in CSMA
- H04W74/0816—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using carrier sensing, e.g. as in CSMA carrier sensing with collision avoidance
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W74/00—Wireless channel access, e.g. scheduled or random access
- H04W74/08—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access]
- H04W74/0833—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using a random access procedure
- H04W74/0841—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using a random access procedure with collision treatment
- H04W74/085—Non-scheduled or contention based access, e.g. random access, ALOHA, CSMA [Carrier Sense Multiple Access] using a random access procedure with collision treatment collision avoidance
Abstract
The invention provides a novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method for a distributed Media Access Control (MAC) protocol of the internet of vehicles, which are used for realizing a flexible and efficient carrier monitoring/conflict supervision avoidance competitive distributed MAC protocol. The CSMA/CSA-based distributed MAC protocol mainly comprises carrier wave monitoring, conflict supervision and avoidance and access. The link state monitoring module respectively monitors the accumulated results of successful and failed data packet transmission, the prejudging module judges that the link quality is smooth or congested, the backoff training module flexibly adjusts the link quality to a backoff mode matched with the current link quality, then the hierarchical backoff timer automatically jumps to a backoff level matched with the current link quality, the dynamic backoff timer is started to count down until the time of returning to zero, and new data packets are accessed to a shared random channel. The invention introduces a supervision training and flexible grading back-off mechanism in the collision avoidance process, and effectively overcomes the difficulty of grouping collision of the vehicle networking links.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a novel high-reliability Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSA) strategy and method for an internet of vehicles, and is used for realizing a novel carrier sense/Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSMA/CSA) competitive distributed MAC protocol.
Background
In recent years, with the continuous development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), a vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) becomes an important component of the ITS, not only providing services related to road safety, but also making traffic efficient and safe. Meanwhile, the vehicle network (V2X) is also one of the important scenes for the research of 5G communication in the 3GPP international standard, and for this reason, the 5G network architecture will undergo a significant revolution. Since the mobility of the nodes of the vehicle network is strong, and the network connectivity is reduced due to the dynamic change of the topology, the wireless channel multi-access control strategy in the traditional wireless network is challenged, and therefore, the design of a novel efficient and reliable MAC becomes more important. The VANET system has certain referential significance by using a distributed MAC protocol of a wireless local area network, and for vehicle network communication, the distributed MAC based on a novel competition strategy can expand the access capability of a 5G network, which is beneficial to the diversification of the future 5G network.
There are two types of devices in VANET: a Road Side Unit (RSU) and an On Board Unit (OBU). RSUs are typically installed in traffic lights, light poles, while OBUs are equipped in vehicle nodes and may function when the vehicle nodes are moving. The VANET can implement two communication modes through the OBU and the RSU: vehicle to Vehicle node (V2V) communication with Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I).
Communication nodes of the VANET are mainly vehicles, and the rapid relative mobility of the vehicle nodes causes frequent changes of a VANET topological structure and dynamic changes of communication link quality, so that communication among the nodes is easily interrupted and safety messages cannot be sent in time. In VANET equipment, an MAC protocol is responsible for managing and coordinating the access of vehicle nodes to a shared channel in a network, so that the vehicle nodes can access the channel in time and reliably send safety messages.
VANET adopts the IEEE 802.11p standard, in which the MAC protocol inherits the CSAM/CA protocol of the wireless local area network WLAN. In the IEEE 802.11a standard, a WLAN network adopts a Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) as a basic mechanism for a node to access a channel. In the DCF mechanism, each node first needs to listen to the channel before sending a packet. When the channel is idle, the node can immediately send the data packet, otherwise, the node will wait until the channel is changed from busy state to idle state again and starts a back-off process. The DCF mechanism uses a conventional Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) method to deal with collision problems that occur when data packets are transmitted. Although the BEB method is used for the distributed MAC protocol, the BEB still cannot well meet the requirement of VANET for high-reliability communication, and particularly, under the condition of dynamic change of vehicle density, a BEB back-off mechanism makes nodes unable to select a reasonable contention window, and a large number of data packet packets may collide and retransmit, thereby causing interruption of communication connection between the nodes and reduction of network throughput.
Currently, many improved methods are proposed, such as Enhanced Collision Avoidance (ECA), which can sequentially select until a suitable contention window avoids packet collisions when the vehicle density is low, thereby improving the throughput. However, in the existing back-off algorithm, during the rapid and dynamic change of the vehicle density, the throughput performance is obviously reduced, and even network disconnection can be deteriorated.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: a flexible and efficient carrier sense/collision supervision avoidance (CSMA/CSA) competitive distributed MAC protocol is provided to support high-throughput and high-reliability vehicle networking communication.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention is to provide a novel collision supervision avoidance strategy and method for a distributed MAC protocol in the internet of vehicles, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
and 3, adopting three backoff modes by the backoff training module based on a monitoring result obtained by the link state monitoring counter: if the link becomes unobstructed, reducing the backoff level; if the link becomes congested, increasing the backoff level; otherwise, the original backoff level is kept, when the backoff level changes, the backoff jump is utilized to quickly and automatically jump from the previous backoff level to the backoff level matched with the current link quality, and a proper matching competition window is obtained in time;
step 4, updating the hierarchical backoff timer according to the current matching contention window, and taking any random number in the matching contention window as the maximum possible random value of the initial time of the hierarchical backoff timer, thereby generating a new hierarchical backoff timer;
and 5, starting the hierarchical backoff timer to count down, delaying and waiting for the new data packet until the time when the hierarchical backoff timer returns to zero, and accessing the new data packet to the shared channel.
Preferably, in step 1, the cascaded contention windows are increased by a binary exponential increasing method or by other function models.
Preferably, in step 2, the detection rule adopts continuous success or failure state threshold detection, and if the threshold is reached, the state detection result is output, otherwise, the state is kept unchanged.
Preferably, step 1 comprises:
step 101, presetting an optional time range to [0, CWmax-1], wherein CWmax represents the maximum range of a backoff contention window selectable by a backoff timer;
step 102, initializing a hierarchical backoff timer into m cascaded contention windows corresponding to backoff levels, wherein the contention windows of each level have the following ranges:
BII＝([0,CW0-1],...,[CWi-1,CWi-1],...,[CWm-1,CWm-1])
in the formula, BII represents a complete set of hierarchical backoff contention windows; CWiRepresents the ith level backoff contention window, i ∈ [0, m]，CWi＝2iCWbackoff，CWmin＜CWi＜CWmax，CWmin＝CWbackoff，CWmax＝2mCWbackoff，CWbackoffIs the minimum back-off step length;
103, corresponding to the current backoff level i, the initial value T of the graded backoff timeriComprises the following steps:
Ti＝Niσ, in which the random number Ni∈[CWi-1,CWi-1]And σ represents oneA time slot;
step 104, the competition window is graded by adopting a BEB binary exponential increasing method, or other function model increasing methods, and the competition window corresponding to the backoff level i is [ CW ]i-1,CWi-1]。
Preferably, in step 2, the link state supervision counter is configured with counters NS and NC for respectively counting success or failure of access, and then the supervision process of the link state supervision counter on the channel quality is as follows:
if the source node receives the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission is successful, the counter NS is accumulated, and NS is NS + 1; and if the source node does not receive the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission fails, the counter NC is accumulated, and NC is NC + 1.
Preferably, in step 2, the patency/congestion pre-decision module detects a link status as follows:
if the counter NS reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ S and meets the condition that NS is equal to Th _ S, judging the current link quality as smooth output, and meanwhile, clearing the counter NS, namely, NS is equal to 0; if the counter NC reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ C and meets the condition that NC is equal to Th _ C, judging the current link quality as congestion output, and simultaneously resetting the counter NC, namely, the NC is equal to 0; otherwise, the link state is kept unchanged.
Preferably, in step 3, if the link becomes clear, a smaller matching backoff level MBR is randomly selected; if the link quality is congested, randomly selecting a larger matched backoff level MBR; otherwise, keeping the original backoff level MBR;
obtaining a matching competition window MCW of next data packet access according to MBR as [ CW ]MBR-1,CWMBR-1]And CWMBR＝2MBRCWbackoff。
Preferably, in step 4, the hierarchical backoff timer is updated as follows:
randomly selecting a value N in the range of the matching competition window MCWMBR，NMBR∈[CWMBR-1,CWMBR-1]Updating the start value T of the hierarchical back-off timerMBR＝NMBRσ, where σ represents one slot; a new hierarchical back-off timer is then generated,
the invention introduces a Supervision training and flexible grading back-off mechanism in the Collision back-off process, provides a novel Collision Supervision back-off (CSA) protocol facing to the mobile network such as the vehicle-connected network, effectively overcomes the difficult problem of grouping Collision of the vehicle-connected network links, relieves the rapid decrease of the throughput when the vehicle-connected network channel is busy, avoids the deterioration and even interruption of the network performance, enhances the communication robustness, improves the success rate of grouping delivery, and is particularly suitable for the vehicle-connected network communication application under the traffic flow density, the network topology change and the mobile fading channel.
The new CSMA/CSA contention based distributed MAC (media Access control) still keeps the capability of accessing the shared channel with high throughput rate and high reliability even under the condition of dense traffic. For the application of the vehicle networking, particularly the application of the security class, the CSMA/CSA protocol supports that the safety message data packet can avoid collision in a time-varying channel of the vehicle networking communication under the condition of vehicle density variation and can be transmitted in the channel in time, so that the early warning capability between vehicle nodes is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSA) protocol of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSA) of the present invention (including a primary hierarchical back-off mode);
the dynamic back-off mode supported by the CSA protocol is flexible and mainly comprises three types: when the channel becomes unobstructed, jumping to a small backoff level, the contention window tends to decrease; when the channel is congested and jumps to a large backoff level, the contention window tends to increase; when the channel is relatively stable, keeping the previous backoff level;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSA) protocol in accordance with the present invention;
the Conflict Supervision Avoidance (CSA) protocol comprises two main steps of supervision training and hierarchical backoff, and can effectively overcome the difficulty of packet collision; the system mainly comprises a link state monitoring module, a smooth/congestion pre-judging module, a backoff training module and a graded backoff timer;
FIG. 4 is a carrier sense/collision monitor avoidance (CSMA/CSA) distributed MAC flow diagram of the present invention;
the new CSMA/CSA competition-based distributed MAC protocol flow mainly comprises three steps of carrier monitoring, collision supervision avoidance and access, the CSA protocol is applied in the collision supervision avoidance process, the random channel access control function of the communication node is realized, the new CSMA/CSA competition-based distributed MAC protocol flow is a novel high-reliability channel competition access strategy and is mainly applied to the car networking, the sensor network, the self-organizing network and the like with large network topology change and fast communication link change. Currently, the distributed MAC protocol generally adopts a contention access method based on carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), such as 802.11 standard adopted by WiFi devices in a wireless local area network;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary application of a CSA protocol backoff mode of the present invention when the vehicle network is in communication;
when the internet of vehicles is unblocked, white vehicles in the figure adopt a backoff mode of a CSA protocol: matching contention window to MCW1Backoff counter T1；
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary CSA protocol backoff mode applied when the vehicle network is congested;
when the internet of vehicles is congested, white vehicles in the figure adopt a backoff mode of a CSA protocol: the matching contention window of is MCW3Backoff counter T3；
FIG. 7 is a comparison of the performance of CSA protocol throughput as a function of network node density in accordance with the present invention;
compared with the three protocols, when the node density is low, the CSA protocol can obtain higher throughput, and the throughput performance of the CSA protocol can be reduced and relieved along with the increase of the node density;
FIG. 8 is a comparison of the performance of CSA protocol packet delivery rate as a function of network node density in accordance with the present invention;
compared with the three protocols, the CSA protocol can obtain higher packet delivery rate, and can maintain higher packet delivery rate under the condition of high-density nodes.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Further, it should be understood that various changes or modifications of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the teaching of the present invention, and such equivalents may fall within the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
The invention provides a novel Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSA) strategy and method for a vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol, which are used for realizing a flexible and efficient carrier sense/Collision Supervision Avoidance (CSMA/CSA) competitive distributed MAC protocol, mainly comprising two steps of Supervision training and hierarchical back-off, mainly comprising a link state Supervision module, a smooth/congestion state pre-decision module, a back-off training module and a hierarchical back-off timer, and concretely comprising the following steps:
The step 1 comprises the following steps:
step 101, presetting an optional time range to [0, CWmax-1], wherein CWmax represents the maximum range of a backoff contention window selectable by a backoff timer;
step 102, initializing a hierarchical backoff timer into m cascaded contention windows corresponding to backoff levels, wherein the contention windows of each level have the following ranges:
BII＝([0,CW0-1],...,[CWi-1,CWi-1],...,[CWm-1,CWm-1])
in the formula, BII represents a complete set of hierarchical backoff contention windows; CWiRepresents the ith level backoff contention window, i ∈ [0, m]，CWi＝2iCWbackoff，CWmin＜CWi＜CWmax，CWmin＝CWbackoff，CWmax＝2mCWbackoff，CWbackoffIs the minimum back-off step length;
103, corresponding to the current backoff level i, the initial value T of the graded backoff timeriComprises the following steps:
Ti＝Niσ, in which the random number Ni∈[CWi-1,CWi-1]And σ represents one slot;
104, grading the competition windows by adopting a BEB binary exponential increasing method, wherein the competition window corresponding to the backoff level i is [ CW ]i-1,CWi-1]。
And step 2, the link state supervision counter supervises the accumulated results of successful or failed data packet transmission respectively, and a smooth/congestion pre-judging module judges the smooth or congestion of the link quality according to a preset detection rule. Simply, the detection rule adopts continuous success or failure state threshold detection, if the threshold is reached, the state detection result is output, otherwise, the state is kept unchanged.
The link state supervision counter is configured with counters NS and NC for respectively counting success or failure of access, and the supervision process of the link state supervision counter on the channel quality is as follows:
if the source node receives the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission is successful, the counter NS is accumulated, and NS is NS + 1; and if the source node does not receive the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission fails, the counter NC is accumulated, and NC is NC + 1.
The patency/congestion pre-decision module detects the link state as follows:
if the counter NS reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ S and meets the condition that NS is equal to Th _ S, judging the current link quality as smooth output, and meanwhile, clearing the counter NS, namely, NS is equal to 0; if the counter NC reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ C and meets the condition that NC is equal to Th _ C, judging the current link quality as congestion output, and simultaneously resetting the counter NC, namely, the NC is equal to 0; otherwise, keeping the link state unchanged
And 3, adopting three backoff modes by the backoff training module based on a monitoring result obtained by the link state monitoring counter: if the link becomes smooth, reducing the backoff level, and randomly selecting a smaller matched backoff level MBR; if the link is congested, increasing the backoff level, and randomly selecting a larger matched backoff level MBR; otherwise, keeping the original backoff level MBR. The CSA supports sequential, cross-level, continuous and equal backoff skipping, and automatically skips from the previous backoff level to the backoff level matched with the current link quality quickly to obtain a proper timer matching competition window in time.
Obtaining a matching competition window MCW of next data packet access according to MBR as [ CW ]MBR-1,CWMBR-1]And CWMBR＝2MBRCWbackoff
And 4, updating the hierarchical backoff timer according to the current matching contention window, and taking any random number in the matching contention window as the maximum possible random value of the initial time of the hierarchical backoff timer, thereby generating a new hierarchical backoff timer. Updating the hierarchical backoff timer is as follows:
randomly selecting a value N in the range of the matching competition window MCWMBR，NMBR∈[CWMBR-1,CWMBR-1]Updating the start value T of the hierarchical back-off timerMBR＝NMBRσ, where σ represents one slot; a new hierarchical back-off timer is then generated.
And 5, starting the hierarchical backoff timer to count down, delaying and waiting for the new data packet until the time when the hierarchical backoff timer returns to zero, and accessing the new data packet to the shared channel.
The vehicle network node communication adopts a new competitive distributed MAC protocol based on carrier wave monitoring/collision supervision avoidance (CSMA/CSA), and mainly comprises three steps of carrier wave monitoring, collision supervision avoidance and access; in addition, the technical scheme provided by the invention is applied in the collision supervision and avoidance process, the random channel access control function is realized, and the method is a novel high-throughput and high-reliability channel competition access strategy. Particularly, for the application of the security class of the Internet of vehicles, due to the supervision training and the hierarchical back-off of the CSA, the method is flexible and efficient when the problem of packet collision of the dynamic link of the Internet of vehicles is solved, and the CSMA/CSA protocol supports that the data packets of the safety messages can be prevented from collision and transmitted in a channel in time under the condition of vehicle density change, so that the early warning capability among vehicle nodes is improved.
Claims (7)
1. A novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method for a distributed MAC protocol of Internet of vehicles are characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, a hierarchical backoff timer initializes a preset whole selectable time range to a plurality of cascaded contention windows corresponding to backoff levels, wherein the contention windows are timing selection ranges allowing nodes to compete for a random access channel, and the timing selection ranges comprise:
step 101, presetting an optional time range to be [0, CWmax-1], wherein CWmax represents a backoff contention window maximum range threshold value which can be selected by a backoff timer;
step 102, initializing a hierarchical backoff timer into m cascaded contention windows corresponding to backoff levels, wherein the contention windows of each level have the following ranges:
BII＝([0,CW0-1],...,[CWi-1,CWi-1],...,[CWm-1,CWm-1])
in the formula, BII represents a complete set of hierarchical backoff contention windows; CWiRepresents the ith level backoff contention window, i ∈ [0, m]，CWi＝2iCWbackoff，CWmin<CWi<CWmax，CWmin＝CWbackoff，CWmax＝2mCWbackoff，CWbackoffIs the minimum back-off step length;
103, corresponding to the current backoff level i, the initial value T of the graded backoff timeriComprises the following steps:
Ti＝Niσ, in which the random number Ni∈[CWi-1,CWi-1]And σ represents one slot;
step 104, the competition window is graded by adopting a BEB binary exponential increasing method or adopting other function model increasing methods, and the competition window corresponding to the backoff level i is [ CWi-1,CWi-1]
Step 2, the link state supervision counter supervises the accumulated results of successful or failed data packet transmission respectively, and a smooth/congestion pre-decision module decides the smooth or congestion of the link quality according to a preset detection rule;
and 3, adopting three backoff modes by the backoff training module based on a monitoring result obtained by the link state monitoring counter: if the link becomes unobstructed, reducing the backoff level; if the link becomes congested, increasing the backoff level; otherwise, the original backoff level is kept, when the backoff level changes, the backoff jump is utilized to quickly and automatically jump from the previous backoff level to the backoff level matched with the current link quality, and a proper matching competition window is obtained in time;
step 4, updating the hierarchical backoff timer according to the current matching contention window, and taking any random number in the matching contention window as the maximum possible random value of the initial time of the hierarchical backoff timer, thereby generating a new hierarchical backoff timer;
and 5, starting the hierarchical backoff timer to count down, delaying and waiting for the new data packet until the time when the hierarchical backoff timer returns to zero, and accessing the new data packet to the shared channel.
2. The novel collision supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1, the cascaded contention window adopts a binary exponential increasing method.
3. The novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the detection rule adopts continuous success or failure state threshold detection, if the threshold is reached, the state detection result is output, otherwise, the state is kept unchanged.
4. The new collision supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the car networking distributed MAC protocol as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2, the link state supervision counter is configured with counters NS and NC for respectively counting access success or failure, and then the link state supervision counter supervises the channel quality as follows:
if the source node receives the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission is successful, the counter NS is accumulated, and NS is NS + 1; and if the source node does not receive the ACK frame sent by the destination node and indicates that the data packet transmission fails, the counter NC is accumulated, and NC is NC + 1.
5. The novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol according to claim 4, wherein in step 2, the patency/congestion pre-decision module detects the link status as follows:
if the counter NS reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ S and meets the condition that NS is equal to Th _ S, judging the current link quality as smooth output, and meanwhile, clearing the counter NS, namely, NS is equal to 0; if the counter NC reaches a preset upper threshold value Th _ C and meets the condition that NC is equal to Th _ C, judging the current link quality as congestion output, and simultaneously resetting the counter NC, namely, the NC is equal to 0; otherwise, the link state is kept unchanged.
6. The novel conflict supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 3, if the link is smooth, a smaller matching backoff level MBR is randomly selected; if the link quality is congested, randomly selecting a larger matched backoff level MBR; otherwise, keeping the original backoff level MBR;
obtaining a matching competition window MCW of next data packet access according to MBR as [ CW ]MBR-1,CWMBR-1]And CWMBR＝2MBRCWbackoff。
7. The novel collision supervision avoidance strategy and method oriented to the vehicle networking distributed MAC protocol as claimed in claim 6, wherein in step 4, the step of updating the hierarchical back-off timer is as follows:
in a piece of paperRandomly selecting a value N within the range of the competition matching window MCWMBR，NMBR∈[CWMBR-1,CWMBR-1]Updating the start value T of the hierarchical back-off timerMBR＝NMBRσ, where σ represents one slot; a new hierarchical back-off timer is then generated.
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