CN109590337B - Control system and method for preventing steel scrap - Google Patents
Control system and method for preventing steel scrap Download PDFInfo
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- CN109590337B CN109590337B CN201811398697.7A CN201811398697A CN109590337B CN 109590337 B CN109590337 B CN 109590337B CN 201811398697 A CN201811398697 A CN 201811398697A CN 109590337 B CN109590337 B CN 109590337B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
- B21B37/005—Control of time interval or spacing between workpieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B33/00—Safety devices not otherwise provided for; Breaker blocks; Devices for freeing jammed rolls for handling cobbles; Overload safety devices
Abstract
The invention discloses a control system and a method for preventing steel scrap, which comprises a controller, and a first thermal detector, a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector which are respectively connected with the controller; the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the tapping roller way along the tapping roller way; wherein the second heat detector is arranged in front of the first heat detector and the third heat detector is arranged in front of the second heat detector in the billet discharging direction; a certain distance exists between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector and between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector; wherein the distance from the second thermal detector to one end of the tapping roller mill side is less than the specified length of one steel billet. The invention can detect the situations that the head of two adjacent steel billets are not jacked and the tail of the two adjacent steel billets are too small and the head of the two adjacent steel billets are jacked and the tail of the two adjacent steel billets are too small, and automatically adjust the distance between the steel billets when the situations occur, thereby preventing the accidents that the steel billets need to be cut to be wasted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of automatic control of a continuous rolling production line, and particularly relates to a control system and method for preventing steel scrap.
Background
The two-bar process in the steel rolling mill consists of a heat accumulating type stepping heating furnace and a bar rolling production line. The normal production flow is as follows: and (3) feeding the steel billet into a furnace, heating the steel billet in the heating furnace to the required temperature, feeding the steel billet into a rolling area through a furnace discharging roller way for rolling, and discharging a finished product in a finish rolling area. During normal production, due to the influences of a plurality of factors such as the change (1-3 seconds) of the action period of the walking beam in the heating furnace area, the uneven wear of the roll surface of the discharging roller way, the bending and slipping of steel billets, the cascade speed regulation of the rolling area and the like, the steel tapping rhythm cannot be ensured to be completely consistent, and the hourly output is restricted. Therefore, the two-bar process always requires operators to shorten the steel-making time as much as possible to improve the production rhythm, but the two-bar process is influenced by the factors to cause steel-making accidents. When a corresponding post finds that the steel is connected and gives an alarm, the flying shears must be started to break off in due time to pull apart the red steel space, so that accidents are avoided, and the condition of cutting waste is often generated. If the steel time is prolonged to avoid accidents, the hourly production is directly lost, and the two are difficult to be selected. The careful operation of the post of the two-bar process can not be lost all the time, and the result of untimely breakage can cause the fine rolling steel piling or flying shear not to cut the head and the tail.
Disclosure of Invention
A first object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages and drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a scrap-preventing control system that can automatically adjust the distance between billets to prevent an accident that billets should be scrap.
A second object of the present invention is to provide a control method for preventing steel scrap based on the first object control system.
The first purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a control system for preventing steel scrap comprises a controller, a first thermal detector, a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector, wherein the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are respectively connected with the controller; the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the tapping roller way along the tapping roller way; wherein the second heat detector is arranged in front of the first heat detector and the third heat detector is arranged in front of the second heat detector in the billet discharging direction; a certain distance exists between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector and between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector; wherein the distance from the second thermal detector to one end of the tapping roller mill side is less than the specified length of one steel billet.
Preferably, the distance between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector is 3 meters, and the distance between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector is 1.2 meters.
Preferably, the controller is connected with a run-out roller way operation control system and a run-out cantilever roller movement control system of the heating furnace.
Preferably, the controller is used for controlling the operation of a tapping roller way and the movement of a tapping cantilever roller of the heating furnace.
Preferably, the controller is a PLC.
The second purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the control method for preventing the steel scrap realized by the control system for preventing the steel scrap based on the first object of the invention comprises the following steps:
step X1: firstly, setting the distance between a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector as the distance which needs to be satisfied by the tail of one billet at the head of two adjacent billets and the head of the next billet;
the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the furnace discharging roller way and respectively perform thermal detection work; the steel billet runs on a discharging roller way, when the steel billet passes through the first thermal detector, the first thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller, and when the steel billet passes through the second thermal detector, the second thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller; when the steel billet passes through the third thermal detector, the third thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller;
the controller judges whether the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the conditions of head, top and tail through the thermal detection signal; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
determining a judgment time threshold T according to the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector and the linear speed of the furnace discharging roller way;
the controller records the moment T1 when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the first heat detector disappears;
the controller detects whether a hot detection signal sent by the second hot detector is received after time T1+ T; if yes, the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the furnace roller path have the conditions of head, top and tail;
meanwhile, the controller judges whether two adjacent steel billets on the discharging roller way have small distance without jacking the tail or not through the thermal detection signal; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
when the controller detects the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector, the counter value is increased by a 1;
when the controller detects the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector, the counter value is increased by a 2;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector disappears, adding a3 to the counter value;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, the counter value is cleared;
when the counter value reaches 2a1+ a2+ a3, the controller judges that the two adjacent billets on the furnace roller way have the head and the tail but have too small distance; wherein a1, a2 and a3 are constant;
step X2: when the controller judges that the head and the tail of two adjacent steel billets appear on the discharging roller way but the distance is too small, the discharging roller way is controlled to stop running; then, restarting the furnace discharging roller way when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, namely the counter value is set to a 1;
and when the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the condition of head, top and tail, controlling the tapping roller way and the tapping cantilever roller of the heating furnace to stop operating time T2.
Preferably, the values of a1, a2 and a3 are all 1.
Preferably, the determination time threshold T is:
T＝L/V+a；
wherein L is the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector; v is the linear speed of the discharging roller way, and a is a fixed value.
Preferably, the initial value of T2 is b seconds, and when the controller determines that the number of times N of the top and the tail in a fixed time period exceeds a certain threshold value N, the value of T2 is increased; b and N are constant values.
Further, b is 6.2, N is 10, and T2 increases by 0.1 or 0.2 seconds each time.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1) the control system for preventing steel scrap comprises a controller, a first heat detector, a second heat detector and a third heat detector, wherein the first heat detector, the second heat detector and the third heat detector are respectively connected with the controller in a refining mode, the third heat detector is arranged in front of the second heat detector, namely three heat detectors are arranged in the control system, the controller can judge whether head-top-tail steel connection exists between every two adjacent steel billets or not by detecting heat detection signals of the first heat detector and the second heat detector, and the controller can judge whether head-top-tail steel connection interval between every two adjacent steel billets is too small or not by detecting heat detection signals of the second heat detector and the third heat detector. The control system comprising the three thermal detectors can simultaneously judge whether the two adjacent steel billets have continuous steel from top to bottom and have small distance between the top and the bottom, and can take corresponding measures when the situation occurs to adjust the distance between the two adjacent steel billets to be proper, so that the accident that the steel billets need to be cut off can be effectively prevented.
(2) In the control method for preventing steel scrap, when three heat detectors including the first heat detector, the second heat detector and the third heat detector exist in total, the controller can judge whether the two adjacent steel billets have the condition of top-to-tail steel connection or not in a timing mode on the basis of the first heat detector and the second heat detector; meanwhile, the controller can judge whether the two adjacent steel billets have the condition that the heads and the tails of the two adjacent steel billets do not top and the tails but have too small distance through the counting function of the counter based on the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector, so that in the method, whether the two adjacent steel billets have the conditions that the heads and the tails of the two adjacent steel billets do not top and the tails but have too small distance can be judged at the same time, corresponding measures can be taken when the conditions occur, the two adjacent steel billets can be adjusted to be at proper distance, and the accident that the steel billets need to be scrapped can be effectively prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the installation of two thermal detectors in the control system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block circuit diagram of the control system of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Examples
The embodiment discloses a control system for preventing steel scrap, which comprises a controller, a first thermal detector, a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector, wherein the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are respectively connected with the controller; the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the tapping roller way along the tapping roller way; wherein the second heat detector is arranged in front of the first heat detector and the third heat detector is arranged in front of the second heat detector in the billet discharging direction; a certain distance exists between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector and between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector; wherein the distance from the second thermal detector to one end of the tapping roller mill side is less than the specified length of one steel billet.
As shown in fig. 1, when the run-out table in the two-bar process of the steel mill applied by the control system of this embodiment is composed of two sections of tables, the run-out table 1 section and the run-out table 2 section are sequentially arranged from the heating furnace side to the rolling mill side, wherein the run-out table 1 section includes 9 rollers, the length is about 10 meters, the run-out table 2 section includes 5 rollers, the length is about 6 meters, in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, beside the run-out table, the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are sequentially arranged from the heating furnace side to the rolling mill side. In the present embodiment, the interval between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector is set to 3 meters; setting the distance between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector to be 1.2 m, wherein the distance is the distance which needs to be met by one billet tail at the head of two adjacent billets and the head of the next billet; .
In this embodiment, the controller can directly use the PLC in the two-bar process of the steel mill, and can also be additionally provided with the PLC, when the PLC is additionally arranged, the PLC is connected with the furnace-discharging roller way operation control system and the heating furnace-discharging cantilever roller motion control system, signals of the furnace-discharging roller way operation control system and the heating furnace-discharging cantilever roller motion control system are sent through the PLC, and the stop and start control of the furnace-discharging roller way and the heating furnace-discharging cantilever roller motion control system can be realized.
In this embodiment, the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector are used for detecting hot metal, and can detect a steel billet moving to a detection position on the tapping roller way. When hot metal is detected, a heat detection signal is sent to the controller.
The embodiment also discloses a control method for preventing steel scrap realized by the control system of the embodiment, which comprises the following steps:
step X1: firstly, setting the distance between a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector as the distance which needs to be satisfied by the tail of one billet at the head of two adjacent billets and the head of the next billet; the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the furnace discharging roller way and respectively perform thermal detection work; the steel billet runs on a discharging roller way, when the steel billet passes through the first thermal detector, the first thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller, and when the steel billet passes through the second thermal detector, the second thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller; when the steel billet passes through the third thermal detector, the third thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller;
wherein:
the controller judges whether the two adjacent steel billets on the discharging roller way have the conditions of head, top and tail through detecting heat detection signals sent by the first heat detector and the second heat detector; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step X11, determining a judgment time threshold T according to the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector and the linear speed of the tapping roller; in this embodiment, the determination time threshold T is:
T＝L/V+a；
wherein L is the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector; v is the linear velocity of the discharging roller way, and a is a fixed value; in this embodiment, a is 2 seconds.
Step X12, the controller records the time T1 when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the first heat detector disappears;
step X13, the controller detects whether a hot detection signal sent by the second hot detector is received after time T1+ T; if yes, the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the furnace roller path have the conditions of head, top and tail;
wherein:
the controller judges whether two adjacent steel billets on the discharging roller way have small spacing without top and tail by detecting heat detection signals of the second heat detector and the third heat detector; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step X1a, when the controller detects a heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector, adding a1 to the counter value;
when the controller detects the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector, the counter value is increased by a 2;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector disappears, adding a3 to the counter value;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, the counter value is cleared;
x1b, when the counter value reaches 2a1+ a2+ a3, the controller judges that the two adjacent billets on the furnace roller path have the head and the tail but are too small in distance; in the embodiment, the values of a1, a2 and a3 are all 1, that is, when the counter value reaches 4, the controller determines that the two adjacent billets on the furnace roller way have the condition that the top and the tail of the billets do not occur but the distance between the two adjacent billets is too small.
Step X2: when the controller judges that the head and the tail of two adjacent steel billets appear on the discharging roller way but the distance is too small, the discharging roller way is controlled to stop running; then, restarting the furnace discharging roller way when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, namely the counter value is set to a 1;
and when the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the condition of head, top and tail, controlling the tapping roller way and the tapping cantilever roller of the heating furnace to stop operating time T2. In this embodiment, the initial value of T2 is b seconds, and when the controller determines that the number of times N of beginning, top and end within a fixed time period exceeds a certain threshold N, the value of T2 is increased; b and N are constant values. In the present embodiment, b is 6.2, N is the value of T2 when the controller determines that the number of times N is more than 10 times, the number of times N is top and bottom within one hour, and the value of T2 may be 0.1 or 0.2 seconds each time, although other suitable times are also possible.
In this embodiment, the control principle that the controller determines whether the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the condition of head, top and tail by detecting the thermal detection signals sent by the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector in the above steps is as follows:
when the tail of the first billet of the two adjacent billets leaves the first heat detector, the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the first heat detector disappears and records the time T1; and if the head of the next steel billet is contacted with the tail of the first steel billet at the position between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector, the controller detects that the thermal detection signal sent by the second thermal detector disappears at the T1+ T moment, and if the head of the next steel billet is contacted with the tail of the first steel billet at the position between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector, the controller detects that the thermal detection signal sent by the second thermal detector does not disappear at the T1+ T moment. Therefore, in this embodiment, the controller determines that the two adjacent billets have top and bottom by determining whether the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector is disappeared at time T1+ T.
In this embodiment, the controller determines whether two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller table have a head which is not pushed against the tail but has a too small distance by detecting the thermal detection signals of the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector according to the following control principle:
when the first billet of two adjacent billets passes through the second thermal detector, the second thermal detector detects a thermal signal and sends the thermal signal to the controller, and the value of the counter is increased by 1; the first billet continues to run, when the first billet passes through the third heat detector, the third heat detector detects a heat signal and sends the heat signal to the controller, and the value of the calculator is changed into 2 after being added with 1; when the first steel billet continues to run and leaves the second heat detector, the value of the calculator is added with 1, namely the value is changed into 3; when the first steel billet does not leave the third heat detector in the running process, the later steel billet reaches the second heat detector, the value of the calculator is added with 1 and is changed into 4, and the distance between two adjacent steel billets is smaller than the distance between the second heat detector and the third heat detector, namely the distance between the two adjacent steel billets is too small. And when the tail part of the first steel billet leaves the third detector in the running process, the latter steel does not reach the second thermal detector, and the value of the calculator is cleared, which is only found when the distance between the tail part of the first steel billet and the head part of the latter steel billet is greater than or equal to the distance between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector. Therefore, the controller can judge whether the two adjacent steel billets on the furnace roller way have the situation that the heads and the tails of the two adjacent steel billets do not push against each other but the distance between the two adjacent steel billets is too small through judging whether the counter value reaches 4.
The control system of the embodiment comprises three thermal detectors, wherein the controller can judge whether the two adjacent steel billets have the condition of top-to-tail steel connection or not by detecting thermal detection signals of the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector; the controller can judge whether the distance between the head and the tail of two adjacent steel billets is too small by detecting heat detection signals of the second heat detector and the third heat detector. Therefore, the control system of the three thermal detectors of the embodiment can simultaneously judge whether the two adjacent billets have the condition that the steel is connected from top to bottom and the steel is not connected from top to bottom but the distance is too small, and can take corresponding measures when the condition occurs so as to adjust the two adjacent billets to the proper distance, so that the control system is more suitable for being used in a steelmaking field and can further prevent the occurrence of accidents that the billets need to be cut into waste.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A scrap steel prevention control method realized based on a scrap steel prevention control system is characterized in that the scrap steel prevention control system comprises a controller, and a first thermal detector, a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector which are respectively connected with the controller; the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the tapping roller way along the tapping roller way; wherein the second heat detector is arranged in front of the first heat detector and the third heat detector is arranged in front of the second heat detector in the billet discharging direction; a certain distance exists between the first thermal detector and the second thermal detector and between the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector; wherein the distance from the second thermal detector to one end of the side of the tapping roller mill is less than the specified length of a steel billet;
the control method for preventing steel scrap comprises the following steps:
step X1: firstly, setting the distance between a second thermal detector and a third thermal detector as the distance which needs to be satisfied by the tail of one billet at the head of two adjacent billets and the head of the next billet;
the first thermal detector, the second thermal detector and the third thermal detector are arranged beside the furnace discharging roller way and respectively perform thermal detection work; the steel billet runs on a discharging roller way, when the steel billet passes through the first thermal detector, the first thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller, and when the steel billet passes through the second thermal detector, the second thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller; when the steel billet passes through the third thermal detector, the third thermal detector sends a thermal detection signal to the controller;
the controller judges whether the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the conditions of head, top and tail through the thermal detection signal; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
determining a judgment time threshold T according to the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector and the linear speed of the furnace discharging roller way;
the controller records the moment T1 when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the first heat detector disappears;
the controller detects whether a hot detection signal sent by the second hot detector is received after time T1+ T; if yes, the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the furnace roller path have the conditions of head, top and tail;
meanwhile, the controller judges whether two adjacent steel billets on the discharging roller way have small distance without jacking the tail or not through the thermal detection signal; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
when the controller detects the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector, the counter value is increased by a 1;
when the controller detects the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector, the counter value is increased by a 2;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the second heat detector disappears, adding a3 to the counter value;
when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, the counter value is cleared;
when the counter value reaches 2a1+ a2+ a3, the controller judges that the two adjacent billets on the furnace roller way have the head and the tail but have too small distance; wherein a1, a2 and a3 are constant;
step X2: when the controller judges that the head and the tail of two adjacent steel billets appear on the discharging roller way but the distance is too small, the discharging roller way is controlled to stop running; then, restarting the furnace discharging roller way when the controller detects that the heat detection signal sent by the third heat detector disappears, namely the counter value is set to a 1;
and when the controller judges that the two adjacent steel billets on the tapping roller way have the condition of head, top and tail, controlling the tapping roller way and the tapping cantilever roller of the heating furnace to stop operating time T2.
2. The scrap steel prevention control method according to claim 1, wherein the values of a1, a2 and a3 are all 1.
3. The scrap steel prevention control method according to claim 1, wherein,
the determination time threshold T is:
T＝L/V+a；
wherein L is the distance between the second thermal detector and the first thermal detector; v is the linear speed of the discharging roller way, and a is a fixed value.
4. The scrap steel prevention control method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the T2 is initialized to b seconds, and when the controller determines that the number of top and bottom N exceeds a certain threshold N within a fixed period of time, the value of T2 is increased; b and N are constant values.
5. The scrap steel prevention control method according to claim 4, wherein b is 6.2, N is 10, and each increment of T2 is 0.1 or 0.2 seconds.
6. The scrap steel prevention control method according to claim 1, wherein the interval between the first heat detector and the second heat detector is 3 m, and the interval between the second heat detector and the third heat detector is 1.2 m.
7. The control method for preventing the steel scrap according to claim 1, wherein the controller is connected with a run-out table operation control system and a run-out cantilever roller motion control system of the heating furnace.
8. The control method for preventing scrap according to claim 1, wherein the controller is a controller for controlling the run of a tapping table and the run of a tapping cantilever roll of a heating furnace.
9. The control method for preventing scrap steel in accordance with claim 1, wherein the controller is a PLC.
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| CN112872044B (en) * | 2021-01-13 | 2023-02-17 | 首钢京唐钢铁联合有限责任公司 | Method and device for controlling rolling rhythm |
| CN114054518B (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2024-01-30 | 中天钢铁集团有限公司 | Operation method of device for preventing steel bar wire grouping rack from being blocked |
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| BR8802266A (en) * | 1988-05-10 | 1989-12-05 | Mendes Junior Siderurgica | SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR TIME INTERVAL CONTROL BETWEEN PIECES IN LAMINATORS |
| CN101701287B (en) * | 2009-10-28 | 2011-06-22 | 南京钢铁股份有限公司 | Method for controlling automatic equidistant steel tapping of heating furnace |
| CN104360626B (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-08-01 | 河北钢铁股份有限公司邯郸分公司 | Steel rider road automated intelligent control method is fed in steel rolling |
| CN105834224B (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-08-25 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | A kind of method for preventing hot rolling layer-cold roller way from chasing after steel |
| CN106670241B (en) * | 2017-01-19 | 2018-03-27 | 宣化钢铁集团有限责任公司 | A kind of steel rolling production-line that shortens continuously is tapped the device and method of time interval |
| CN206435577U (en) * | 2017-01-19 | 2017-08-25 | 宣化钢铁集团有限责任公司 | A kind of steel rolling production-line that shortens continuously is tapped the device of time interval |
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