CN109587696B - Method for balancing energy consumption of wireless sensor network in urban comprehensive pipe gallery - Google Patents
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- H04W40/04—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources
- H04W40/10—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources based on available power or energy
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- H04W40/22—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing using selective relaying for reaching a BTS [Base Transceiver Station] or an access point
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery, which comprises the following steps: the relay nodes are arranged in a triangular mode in a high-frequency working area in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery, common nodes are arranged outside a monitoring area of the relay nodes at random, and a coverage hole of the relay node is covered by the common nodes; in the information transmission process, the common nodes in each cluster are controlled to transmit information to the cluster head nodes, then the cluster head nodes transmit the information to the relay nodes in the coverage area, and finally the relay nodes transmit the received information to the base station. According to the invention, the relay nodes are arranged in a triangular manner, and the common nodes are randomly arranged, so that multiple coverage is realized, the network coverage is ensured, and the node density is balanced. Moreover, a relay forwarding mode is introduced under the condition of comprehensively considering the energy characteristics and the spatial distribution of the nodes, so that the energy consumption speed among the nodes is balanced, and the problems of premature death and coverage holes of the nodes are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of monitoring of urban comprehensive pipe galleries, in particular to a method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery.
Background
Currently, more and more high and new technologies are applied and integrated into urban life. Innovative advances such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), high-speed networks, smart phones, etc., all play an important role in people's daily life. In particular, WSNs are developing their hands in an increasing number of areas, such as the monitoring of urban utility corridors.
The WSN is an emerging network model, and is formed by arranging a large number of sensor nodes with communication and computing capabilities in an unattended monitoring area. With the rapid advance of the WSN technology and the computer technology, the wireless monitoring system based on the WSN technology has the advantages of real-time uninterrupted performance, strong dynamic property, simple and easy installation of facilities and the like, and the wireless monitoring is expected to replace the traditional wired monitoring means. Therefore, one of the current research hotspots is to reliably monitor the running state of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery in real time by using the wireless monitoring system.
The city comprehensive pipe gallery is also called a common ditch, and mainly refers to a building which is built underground on a city road and intensively lays various municipal public pipelines such as electric power, information, water supply, heat power, drainage and the like in the same space. The urban road underground space comprehensive development and utilization and the intensive construction and management of municipal public pipelines are achieved, so that the aims of avoiding the urban road from generating a 'pull link' and improving the efficiency of pipeline maintenance and overhaul are fulfilled. The WSN technology in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery mainly realizes the acquisition and transmission of monitoring data of pipelines in an area, and is an important ring for forming a complete automatic monitoring network, so that a high-performance routing protocol becomes one of key factors for stable operation of a system.
In consideration of the particularity of the urban utility tunnel building structure, deploying WSNs within its area presents a number of difficulties compared to deploying WSNs in other environments. These characteristics make various traditional routing protocols unable to be directly moved to the application of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery WSN. Therefore, these characteristics of the city utility tunnel become a major factor limiting the performance of the protocol when designing the routing protocol. By analysis, the main constraints of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery are as follows:
1. the urban comprehensive pipe gallery is a building structure with length far larger than width. At present, an urban comprehensive pipe gallery is generally unified with projects such as subways, urban trunk lines and underground complexes and incorporated into urban space planning, and a trend of sharing and comprehensive development is formed.
2. City utility tunnel belongs to the enclosed construction. The construction of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery inevitably meets various types of underground spaces. In the planning of the earlier stage, must be with utility tunnel and other underground space construction overall consideration, make city utility tunnel possess independent space, do not receive other buildings to influence.
3. The urban comprehensive pipe gallery comprises various pipelines. In the development period of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery, different pipeline collocation schemes need to be designed according to different sections and function positioning. The types of pipelines considered in the literature are mainly electric, telecommunication, water supply and natural gas pipelines. It can be summarized into four types of pipelines, such as water treatment pipelines, heat supply pipelines, strong current pipelines and weak current pipelines.
4. The sensor types required for monitoring the urban comprehensive pipe gallery are overlapped. The type and the proportion of pipelines designed for the urban comprehensive pipe gallery in different areas are different, but the pipelines are overlapped in a large area (temperature, humidity, water level and gas) on the parameters needing to be monitored. Thus, the types of sensors deployed are about the same when monitoring different types of pipelines.
5. Sensors that collect the same type of data may have different operating frequencies. In the control of pipe rack, multiple type sensor gathers the multiple parameter of pipeline in the city utility tunnel to send the data of gathering to relevant control module and handle. The processor coordinates and controls the work of each part of the node, unifies the collected data, and transmits the data to the communication unit for transmission. In addition, the operating frequency requirements of the sensors are different according to the operating characteristics of different pipelines. I.e. different requirements are placed on the sensor battery energy reserve.
In the prior art, a single sensor network node is adopted for coverage, and in the information transmission process, all nodes in a cluster need to transmit information to a cluster head node firstly and then transmit the information to a base station by the cluster head node. The process does not consider the problems of high data transmission distance and high energy consumption of cluster head nodes. In fact, the single sensor network node is adopted for covering, the extension along with the pipeline distance can be generated in the process of transmitting the information of the pipe gallery, the energy consumption generated by the communication between the nodes is larger and larger, and the node information far away from the sink node can not be effectively transmitted to the sink node. And as can be known from analysis, in a linear-like environment of a city pipe gallery, the sensing capability and the communication capability of the network are fully considered in terms of length extension of node deployment, and a sensor network generally needs redundant deployment nodes to meet the requirements of strong connectivity and strong coverage. In this way, even if some nodes fail, the whole network still can keep perception of the coverage area and the connection of the whole network. Therefore, a single sensor network node is adopted in a sensing area for coverage, and if the requirement of effective information acquisition and transmission in the whole monitoring area is met, the node deployment density must be uneven, so that the energy consumption imbalance of the wireless sensor network is caused, and the problems of early node death and coverage holes are easy to occur.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery, so as to solve the problem of unbalanced network energy consumption in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method for balancing the energy consumption of the wireless sensor network in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery comprises the following steps:
in the node deployment process of the wireless sensor network, the relay nodes are deployed in a high-frequency working area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery in a triangular arrangement mode, and the sensing radius of each relay node is ensured to be larger than the width of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery where the relay node is located; deploying common nodes randomly outside a monitoring area of the relay node in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery to enable a coverage hole of the relay node to be covered by the common nodes;
in the information transmission process, the common nodes in each cluster are controlled to transmit information to the cluster head nodes, then the cluster head nodes transmit the information to the relay nodes in the coverage area, and finally the relay nodes transmit the received information to the base station.
As an implementation manner, multiple deployment coverage areas exist between two relay nodes, and the maximum depth of a coverage overlapping area between the two relay nodes is smaller than the coverage radius of the relay node.
As an implementation manner, if a cluster head node is located in the coverage area of two relay nodes at the same time, the relay node with a shorter distance is selected to perform information transmission.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method for balancing the energy consumption of the wireless sensor network in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery, the network nodes are deployed in a mode of combining triangular arrangement, connection, deployment and relay nodes and random deployment and common nodes, so that multiple coverage is achieved, the network coverage is guaranteed, and the node density is balanced. On the basis, a relay forwarding mode is introduced under the condition of combining the energy characteristics and the spatial distribution of the nodes, so that the energy consumption speed among the nodes is balanced, and the problems of premature death and loophole coverage of the nodes are avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic flowchart of a method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship of a square deployment of relay nodes;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship of a triangular deployment of relay nodes;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating connection of relay nodes arranged in a triangular manner in a pipe gallery;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a triangular deployment coverage hole of a relay node;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a relay node forwarding principle.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solution of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to fig. 1 to 6. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the scope of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the quasi-linear environment of a city pipe gallery, the cross-sectional area of the pipeline is negligible compared with the coverage of the node. Therefore, the sensing capability and the communication capability of the network are fully considered in the length extension of node deployment, and the sensor network generally needs redundant deployment nodes to meet the requirements of strong connectivity and strong coverage. Then, even if some nodes fail, the whole network can still keep the perception of the coverage area and the connection of the whole network. Further, in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery WSN, the sensor nodes are responsible for collecting information of the monitoring area. Therefore, the entire tube lane area must be effectively covered. However, due to the limitation of the WSN nodes and the particularity of the comprehensive pipe gallery environment, if the sensing area is covered by a single node, the requirement for effectively acquiring information of the whole monitoring area cannot be met.
Considering that the difference between the sensing capacity and the hardware cost of common nodes and relay nodes in a WSN is very different, the invention provides a method for balancing the energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery. Further, on the basis of the node deployment mode, a coverage area of the relay node is defined, and cluster head information in the coverage area of the relay node is sent to the base station through the relay node. Because the sensing area of the common node in the deployment range of the comprehensive pipe rack is limited, the high-energy relay node is adopted to realize multiple coverage. The invention can greatly improve the utilization rate of the nodes and balance the energy consumption of the network while ensuring the network coverage.
Specifically, referring to fig. 1, a method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery provided in an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s100, in the node deployment process of the wireless sensor network, the relay nodes are deployed in a high-frequency working area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery in a triangular arrangement mode, and the sensing radius of each relay node is ensured to be larger than the width of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery where the relay node is located; the method comprises the steps that common nodes are randomly deployed outside a monitoring area of a relay node in a city comprehensive pipe gallery, so that a coverage hole of the relay node is covered by the common nodes;
s200, in the information transmission process, controlling common nodes in each cluster to transmit information to the cluster head nodes, transmitting the information to relay nodes in a coverage area by the cluster head nodes, and finally transmitting the received information to a base station by the relay nodes.
First, in step S100, in order to improve the utilization rate of the sensor nodes in the WSN in the urban utility tunnel, on the basis that the central processing unit can unify the collected data, the sensor network may exhibit the characteristic of energy heterogeneity according to the fact that the energy usage of each sensor node is not uniform according to the diversity of pipelines and sensor types (different operating frequencies of sensors of different pipelines, batteries with different capacities are required to be equipped). Therefore, the present embodiment adopts a heterogeneous design on node deployment. Considering that energy requirements of different sensor nodes are different, the sensor nodes are divided into two types, namely common nodes and relay nodes. The common nodes mainly have the functions of collecting pipeline data and internal cluster head election. And the relay node has more initial energy, so that the relay node can finish the acquisition work of high-frequency data and relay forwarding of cluster head data in a coverage area. However, in terms of quantity and position, the number of high-energy relay nodes is much less than that of common nodes, and meanwhile, due to the fact that pipelines on two sides of the pipe wall of the pipe gallery are dense and the working frequency of the sensor is higher, the relay nodes are deployed close to the pipe wall, namely, a high-frequency working area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery.
In the embodiment, the relay nodes are arranged in a triangular manner and are deployed in a high-frequency working area in an urban comprehensive pipe rack, and the perception radius of the relay nodes is ensured to be larger than the width of the urban comprehensive pipe rack in which the relay nodes are located; and (4) randomly deploying common nodes outside the monitoring area of the relay nodes in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery, so that the coverage holes of the relay nodes are covered by the common nodes. Through node classification arrangement mode, can the monitoring energy consumption condition in the comprehensive pipe gallery of audio-visual reflection for the average energy of relay node in high frequency work area is higher, more accords with pipe gallery actual condition. Moreover, the problem of 'energy holes' caused by multi-hop transmission can be relieved.
One of the main points of the invention is that the relay nodes are arranged in a triangular manner and are deployed in a high-frequency working area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery on the basis of the heterogeneous structure of the sensor nodes, and the common nodes are randomly deployed outside the coverage area of the relay nodes, so that the coverage holes of the relay nodes are covered by the common nodes, and the multiple effective coverage of the monitoring area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery is realized.
The relay nodes can be deployed in various regular manners, and in consideration of the fact that the number of the relay nodes is generally limited, two manners of triangular deployment and square deployment are adopted. Referring to fig. 2 and 3, fig. 2 shows a square deployment of relay nodes and fig. 3 shows a triangular deployment of relay nodes.
Comparing fig. 2 and fig. 3, in general, both the triangular deployment and the square deployment achieve the effect of multiple coverage. However, in pipe gallery WSN design, the number of relay nodes (i.e., high energy nodes) is limited, a larger number of relay nodes are required for deployment in a square under the same coverage area, and this number gap will continue to expand as the pipeline extends. The triangular deployment of the invention only needs 66.7 percent of the original relay nodes on the basis of realizing the multiple coverage. Therefore, the utilization rate of the relay node is greatly improved, the network energy consumption is reduced, and the method has obvious advantages in economic benefit.
Considering the number of high energy nodes and the high energy nodes will also assume the relaying function, its sensing radius will be larger than the utility tunnel width.
Next, a key analysis is performed on the deployment mode of the relay nodes in the triangular connection, and the node deployment characteristics of the relay nodes are that the relay nodes are arranged and connected in a triangular manner in the pipe gallery, as shown in fig. 4.
If the sensing radius of the relay nodes deployed according to the triangular connection in fig. 3 is reduced or the distance between each relay node is enlarged, a gap is generated in the center of each relay node, and a coverage hole is formed, as shown in fig. 5. The coverage area of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery is located in a monitoring area formed by the relay nodes, and the coverage area is inevitably larger than the formed coverage hole, so that the coverage hole can be filled by deploying the common nodes in the coverage area, and the problem of the coverage hole is solved.
In fig. 5, the distances between nodes deployed in a triangular structure are quantitatively displayed by establishing a node area coverage model, and a common node with a smaller sensing radius is added to solve the problem of coverage holes. The coverage relationship between the two types of nodes is calculated as follows:
let the coverage radius of the relay node A, B, C shown in fig. 5 be R1The coverage radius of the common node O is R2And R is1＞R2，R1/R2Let us make the assumption R1＝r，R2＝r/k。
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the included angle
Included angle
Then it is determined that,
therefore, the triangular area of the coverage area is:
in addition, the maximum triangle area including the formation of the coverage hole is:
coverage area ratio:
according to the great number ratio of the common node to the relay node in the node setting, namely R1/R2The value of k is large.
Therefore, the formula (3) is limited to
Order to
Then
Then, the coverage relationship between the relay node and the normal node is: an area multiple coverage deployment is needed between two relays, and the coverage overlapping range must be smaller than the coverage radius R1. Namely, a multiple deployment coverage area exists between two relay nodes, and the maximum depth of a coverage overlapping area between the two relay nodes is smaller than the coverage radius of the relay nodes.
In the information transmission process, all nodes in a cluster need to transmit information to a cluster head first and then to a base station by the cluster head in a traditional mode. The process does not consider the problems of high data transmission distance and high energy consumption of cluster head nodes. In the urban comprehensive pipe gallery, all nodes must be divided due to the great increase of the distance. Therefore, the invention also improves the information transmission mode on the basis of node heterogeneity.
Another main inventive point of the present invention is that, on the basis of the above deployment of the triangular relay node positions, in order to balance network energy consumption to a greater extent, an information relay forwarding scheme adopted according to distances between different clusters and base stations is proposed, that is, step S200.
As shown in fig. 6, a triangle represents a cluster head node, a small circle represents a common node, a pentagon represents a relay node, and an arrow represents an information transmission direction. The specific information transmission flow is as follows: after clustering is completed, controlling common nodes in each cluster to transmit information to cluster head nodes, transmitting the information to relay nodes in a coverage range by the cluster head nodes, if a certain cluster head node is positioned in the coverage range of two relay nodes at the same time, selecting the relay node with a shorter distance to transmit the information, and finally transmitting the received information to a base station by the relay nodes).
Then, the calculation analysis for the relay transmission scheme is as follows. The length of a model of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery is 2L, the width of the model is W, wherein W & lt L, and the base station is positioned in the geometric center. One half of the model is taken for research, namely the part with the length L and the width W and the base station positioned at one side. The method is characterized in that N common nodes and m relay nodes are arranged in the area, the coverage diameter of each relay node is A, and the cluster head election probability is P.
In an ideal state, assuming that the whole network is clustered uniformly, the number of common nodes (including cluster heads) covered by each relay node is:
if the data quantity transmitted by each cluster head node is k bits, the total energy required by all the relay nodes for receiving and forwarding is Etotal＝ERX-total+ETX-total。
Receiving end: eRX-total＝NPk×Eelec
A sending end:
therefore, the method comprises the following steps:
when the pipe gallery length is extended, more relay nodes are deployed, i.e. m is larger:
therefore, as can be seen from the analysis formula (6), the forwarding performance of the relay node is determined by a plurality of parameters P, a, and m.
The invention provides a scheme for deploying relay nodes and relaying forwarding based on triangles, aiming at the problem of unbalanced energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery. The relay nodes are arranged in a triangular mode and deployed in a high-frequency working area in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery, and common nodes are deployed outside a monitoring area of the relay nodes at random, so that multiple coverage is achieved, network coverage is guaranteed, and node density is balanced. Furthermore, a relay forwarding mode is introduced under the condition of comprehensively considering the energy characteristics and the spatial distribution of the nodes, so that the energy consumption speed among the nodes is balanced, the node utilization rate is improved, the energy consumption of the whole network is reduced, and the problems of premature death and coverage holes of the nodes are solved well. Furthermore, the life cycle of the WSN is prolonged, and the data throughput capacity is improved.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make variations and modifications of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention by using the methods and technical contents disclosed above.
Claims (2)
1. A method for balancing energy consumption of a wireless sensor network in an urban comprehensive pipe gallery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
in the node deployment process of the wireless sensor network, the relay nodes are deployed in a high-frequency working area in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery in a triangular arrangement mode, and the sensing radius of each relay node is ensured to be larger than the width of the urban comprehensive pipe gallery where the relay node is located; deploying common nodes randomly outside a monitoring area of the relay node in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery to enable a coverage hole of the relay node to be covered by the common nodes; a multiple deployment coverage area exists between the two relay nodes, and the maximum depth of a coverage overlapping area between the two relay nodes is smaller than the coverage radius of the relay nodes;
in the information transmission process, the common nodes in each cluster are controlled to transmit information to the cluster head nodes, then the cluster head nodes transmit the information to the relay nodes in the coverage area, and finally the relay nodes transmit the received information to the base station.
2. The method for balancing energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks in the urban comprehensive pipe gallery according to claim 1, wherein if a cluster of head nodes is simultaneously located in the coverage area of two relay nodes, the relay node with the shorter distance is selected for information transmission.
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