CN109563101B - Light emitting device - Google Patents
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- CN109563101B CN109563101B CN201780044211.7A CN201780044211A CN109563101B CN 109563101 B CN109563101 B CN 109563101B CN 201780044211 A CN201780044211 A CN 201780044211A CN 109563101 B CN109563101 B CN 109563101B
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- -1 rare earth ion Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical group [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002096 quantum dot Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012984 biological imaging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 4
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 4
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002678 macrocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000686 lactone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- AYEKOFBPNLCAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O thiamine pyrophosphate Chemical compound CC1=C(CCOP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N AYEKOFBPNLCAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/331—Metal complexes comprising an iron-series metal, e.g. Fe, Co, Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/351—Metal complexes comprising lanthanides or actinides, e.g. comprising europium
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element and a light-converting portion that absorbs primary light emitted from the light-emitting element and converts it into secondary light of a higher wavelength, the light-converting portion containing a light-emitting material including an organic complex composed of a tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand A, a rare earth ion Ln, and a deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand B. The porphyrin ligand of the organic complex in the luminescent material has high sensitization efficiency (70-100%), external quantum dot efficiency and light extraction stability. When the luminescent material is applied to a light-emitting device, the luminous efficiency and the stability of the light-emitting device are improved. In addition, different rare earth ions or rare earth ion combinations are selected to realize the adjustability and controllability of the position and the width of an emission peak so as to improve the luminescence property of the material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of luminescent materials, in particular to a light-emitting device.
Background
The near infrared region is a wave spectrum with the wavelength of 700 nm-1500 nm, and the wave spectrum has good application prospect in the fields of optical fiber communication, biological imaging, signal conversion and amplification and component analysis, and has attracted wide attention at home and abroad.
The existing near-infrared light-emitting device has the defects of low excitation efficiency and high cost of the used infrared chip. The purple/near ultraviolet and blue light chips are used for compounding the rare earth luminescent material and then are converted to generate near infrared luminescence, so that the cost can be greatly reduced. The existing near-infrared luminescent material is mainly an oxide of a photoluminescent transition metal or rare earth metal, or an electroluminescent organic complex (chem. -eur.j., 2012, 18, 1961-.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to a light emitting device, so as to solve the problems of low light emitting efficiency and poor stability of the light emitting device in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a light emitting device comprising a light emitting element and a light converting portion that absorbs primary light emitted from the light emitting element and converts it into secondary light of a higher wavelength, the light converting portion containing a light emitting material, the light emitting material comprising an organic complex composed of a tetrapyrrole macrocycle ligand a, a rare earth ion Ln, and a deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand B.
Further, the rare earth ions Ln are selected from one or more of Yb, Nd, Er, Pr, Tm and Ho, and the organic complex has a sandwich structure as follows:
further, the above-mentioned tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a is porphyrin; preferably the tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a is a porphyrin having the general formula I,
Further, the rare earth ion Ln is selected from one or more of Yb, Nd, Er and Pr.
Further, the above-mentioned deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand B is deuterated or halogenatedA tripod ligand and/or a deuterated or halogenated Tp tripod ligand.
Furthermore, the emission wavelength range of the light-emitting element is 360-480 nm.
Furthermore, the light-emitting element is a violet/near ultraviolet semiconductor chip with emission wavelength ranging from 390 nm to 430 nm.
Furthermore, the light-emitting element is a blue light semiconductor chip with emission wavelength range of 430-470 nm.
By applying the technical scheme of the invention, the porphyrin ligand of the organic complex in the luminescent material has high sensitization efficiency (70-100%), and meanwhile, the non-radiative transition process is reduced to the maximum extent in the coordination environment which is formed by halogenated tripod ligands or deuterated tripod ligands and lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds, so that the external quantum dot efficiency and the light-emitting stability of the organic complex are improved. When the luminescent material is applied to a luminescent device, the advantages of high external quantum efficiency and long luminescent life can be fully exerted, and the luminescent efficiency and stability of the luminescent device are further improved. In addition, different rare earth ions or rare earth ion combinations are selected to realize the adjustability and controllability of the position and the width of an emission peak so as to improve the luminescence property of the material. Based on the characteristics, the light-emitting device has good application prospect in the fields of optical fiber communication, biological imaging, signal conversion and amplification and component analysis.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 shows a schematic structural diagram of a light emitting device provided according to a preferred embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
As analyzed in the background of the present application, the light emitting material of the prior art has problems of low luminous efficiency and poor stability, and in order to solve the problems, in an exemplary embodiment of the present application, there is provided a light emitting device, as shown in fig. 1, including a light emitting element 2 and a light converting part 3, the light converting part 3 absorbing primary light emitted from the light emitting element 2 and converting it into secondary light of a higher wavelength, the light converting part 3 containing a light emitting material including an organic complex composed of a tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a, a rare earth ion Ln, and a deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand B. The manner of combining the light conversion section 3 with the light emitting element 2 is not limited to the manner shown in fig. 1.
The porphyrin ligand of the organic complex in the luminescent material has high sensitization efficiency (70-100%), and meanwhile, the non-radiative transition process is reduced to the greatest extent in the coordination environment which is formed by the halogenated tripod ligand or the deuterated tripod ligand and lacks of a carbon-hydrogen bond, so that the external quantum dot efficiency and the light extraction stability of the organic complex can be improved. When the luminescent material is applied to a luminescent device, the advantages of high external quantum efficiency and long luminescent life can be fully exerted, and the luminescent efficiency and stability of the luminescent device are further improved. In addition, different rare earth ions or rare earth ion combinations are selected to realize the adjustability and controllability of the position and the width of an emission peak so as to improve the luminescence property of the material. Based on the characteristics, the light-emitting device has good application prospect in the fields of optical fiber communication, biological imaging, signal conversion and amplification and component analysis.
Further, it is preferable that the rare earth ion Ln is one or more selected from Yb, Nd, Er, Pr, Tm and Ho, and the organic complex has a sandwich structure of:
the sandwich structure has higher stability than a complex formed by rare earth ions and a single ligand (a tetrapyrrole macrocycle or a tripod ligand). And the central rare earth ions can be better wrapped and are less influenced by the outside.
Wherein halo as defined above refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo as conventional herein.
The tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a for use in the present application can be selected from such ligands commonly used in the art, preferably the tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a is a porphyrin; preferably the tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a is a porphyrin having the general formula I,
wherein the content of the first and second substances,x is deuterium or fluorine, and R is a fluorinated benzene ring.
In addition, in order to improve the stability of the light emitting effect, it is preferable that the rare earth ion Ln is selected from one or more of Yb, Nd, Er, and Pr.
The deuterated or halogenated tripod ligands used in the present application can be selected from such ligands of the prior art, preferably such deuterated or halogenated tripod ligands B are deuterated or halogenated for a structurally better cooperation with the above-mentioned rare earth ions and tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligandsA tripod ligand and/or a deuterated or halogenated Tp tripod ligand.
The luminescent material can be prepared by the following method: 1) under the condition of non-oxidizing atmosphere, reacting a tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand and a rare earth salt in a first organic solvent at 100-300 ℃ to obtain an intermediate product; 2) and reacting the intermediate product with a deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand in a second organic solvent to obtain the luminescent material. The preparation method has simple flow, easy operation and relatively mild reaction conditions, thereby being beneficial to the preparation of the luminescent material.
In order to better adapt to the reaction in each step, the first organic solvent is preferably at least one of trichlorobenzene, decahydronaphthalene, dimethyl sulfoxide, o-dichlorobenzene, n-hexanol, and toluene, more preferably at least one of trichlorobenzene, decahydronaphthalene, and dimethyl sulfoxide, the non-oxidizing atmosphere is nitrogen, argon, vacuum, helium, hydrogen, a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture, and the like, preferably nitrogen, argon, or vacuum, and the second organic solvent is preferably at least one of chloroform, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, o-dichlorobenzene, n-hexanol, and toluene, and more preferably chloroform, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
The emission wavelength of the light-emitting element may be appropriately selected on the premise that the light-emitting material can be excited to emit light, and the emission wavelength range of the light-emitting element 2 is preferably 360 to 480 nm. Under the excitation of the light-emitting element with the emission wavelength, the light-emitting device can realize high-efficiency near infrared light (800-1600 nm) emission, and has high external quantum efficiency and long light-emitting service life, wherein the external quantum efficiency can reach more than 0.63.
Further preferably, the light emitting device 2 is a violet/near ultraviolet semiconductor chip with an emission wavelength range of 390 to 430nm, or the light emitting device 2 is a blue semiconductor chip with an emission wavelength range of 430 to 470 nm.
The advantageous effects of the present application will be further described below with reference to examples and comparative examples.
The experiments and effects are as described in the specific examples, wherein the test conditions are as follows:
the external quantum efficiency is measured by a relative method, which specifically comprises the following steps: using (TPP) Yb (LOET) as reference (2.4%, CH)2Cl2,λex425nm) according to the following formula:
Φs=(ks/kr)×(ns/nr)×Φr。
wherein the subscripts s and r are eachRepresenting the sample and the reference,. phi.represents the external quantum efficiency, k represents the slope of the curve of the integral of the emission intensity versus the absorption value at the excitation wavelength, and n represents the solvent (CH)2Cl2) The refractive index, the emission intensity integral and the absorption value curve of (a) are measured by a spectrometer FLS920 of Edinburgh.
Comparative example 1
The test luminescence property test was carried out using the light-emitting device shown in fig. 1, in which the emission wavelength of the light-emitting element 2 was 414nm, and the structural formula of the luminescent material of the light-converting portion 3 is shown in table 1. The light conversion part 3 is prepared from the luminescent material, and the light conversion part 3 and the light-emitting element 2 are further assembled into a light-emitting device.
Example 1
A test of luminescence property was conducted by using the luminescent device shown in FIG. 1, in which the emission wavelength of the luminescent element 2 was 405nm, and the structural formula of the luminescent material of the photoconversion portion 3 was as follows, wherein A was porphyrin (C was a lactone ring, X was fluorine, R was a fluorinated benzene ring), and B was deuteratedTripod ligands, Ln is Yb. The light conversion part 3 is prepared from the luminescent material, and the light conversion part 3 and the light-emitting element 2 are further assembled into a light-emitting device.
Examples 2 to 20
Similar to example 1, examples 2 to 20 were subjected to a test light emitting property test using the light emitting device shown in fig. 1, in which the emission wavelength of the light emitting element 2 and the structural formula of the light emitting material of the light converting moiety 3 are shown in the following table 1, respectively. The light conversion part 3 is prepared from the luminescent material, and the light conversion part 3 and the light-emitting element 2 are further assembled into a light-emitting device.
TABLE 1
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
the porphyrin ligand of the organic complex in the luminescent material has high sensitization efficiency (70-100%), and meanwhile, the non-radiative transition process is reduced to the greatest extent in the coordination environment which is formed by the halogenated tripod ligand or the deuterated tripod ligand and lacks of a carbon-hydrogen bond, so that the external quantum dot efficiency and the light extraction stability of the organic complex can be improved. The luminescent material can realize high-efficiency near-infrared light (800-1600 nm) emission under the excitation of purple light and blue light, and has high external quantum efficiency and luminescent life, wherein the external quantum efficiency can reach more than 0.63. In addition, different rare earth ions or rare earth ion combinations are selected to realize the adjustability and controllability of the position and the width of an emission peak so as to improve the luminescence property of the material. Based on the characteristics, the luminescent material has good application prospect in the fields of optical fiber communication, biological imaging, signal conversion amplification, component analysis and the like, and is not limited to the application fields.
Moreover, the sandwich structure has higher stability than a complex formed by rare earth ions and a single ligand (a tetrapyrrole macrocycle or a tripod ligand). And the central rare earth ions can be better wrapped and are less influenced by the outside.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A light-emitting device comprising a light-emitting element (2) and a light-converting portion (3), said light-converting portion (3) absorbing primary light emitted from the light-emitting element (2) and converting it into secondary light of a higher wavelength, said light-converting portion (3) containing a light-emitting material, characterized in that said light-emitting material comprises an organic complex composed of a tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand a, a rare earth ion Ln, and a deuterated or halogenated tripod ligand B which is deuterated or halogenatedA tripod ligand and/or a deuterated or halogenated Tp tripod ligand;
the rare earth ions Ln are selected from one or more of Yb, Nd, Er, Pr, Tm and Ho, and the organic complex has a sandwich structure as follows:
the tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligand A is porphyrin with a general formula I,
2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the rare-earth ion Ln is selected from one or more of Yb, Nd, Er, and Pr.
3. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting element (2) has an emission wavelength in a range of 360 to 480 nm.
4. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting element (2) is a violet/near ultraviolet semiconductor chip emitting light having a wavelength range of 390 to 430 nm.
5. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light-emitting element (2) is a blue semiconductor chip emitting light having a wavelength range of 430 to 470 nm.
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CN201611258525.0A CN108269932A (en) | 2016-12-30 | 2016-12-30 | Light-emitting device |
PCT/CN2017/119954 WO2018121754A1 (en) | 2016-12-30 | 2017-12-29 | Light emitting device |
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2017
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Facile Preparation and Photophysics of Near-Infrared Luminescent Lanthanide(III) Monoporphyrinate Complexes;Timothy J. Foley等;《Inorganic Chemistry》;20030712;第5023-5032页 * |
Gadolinium(III) Porpholactones as Efficient and Robust Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers;Xian-Sheng Ke等;《Chem. Eur. J.》;20160601;第9676-9686页,Scheme 1,Figure 1.至Figure 4. Table 1. Table 2. * |
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