CN109541043A - A kind of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method and device of the ecosystem - Google Patents
A kind of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method and device of the ecosystem Download PDFInfo
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- CN109541043A CN109541043A CN201811464311.8A CN201811464311A CN109541043A CN 109541043 A CN109541043 A CN 109541043A CN 201811464311 A CN201811464311 A CN 201811464311A CN 109541043 A CN109541043 A CN 109541043A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
Abstract
The invention discloses the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation methods and device of a kind of ecosystem, comprising: determines biomass variety amount according to microbial cell delta data, and calculates biomass according to biomass variety meter；The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to biomass；The soil variable quantity of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite, and the soil content of ammonia and nitrite is calculated according to soil variable quantity；The amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction is determined according to soil content；Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model, and discharge amount cardinal sum is discharged into amendment superposition and obtains discharge amount estimation.Technical solution of the present invention can estimate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity to Different ecosystems or the different types of ecosystem, consider influence of the edaphon to nitration reaction and anti-nitration reaction, improve N2The accuracy of O quantitative predication.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to biochemistries, and more specifically, the nitrous oxide more particularly to a kind of ecosystem is arranged
High-volume estimation method and device.
Background technique
Nitrogen is the most abundant element of content in atmospheric thermodynamics, is the important participant of the various Biochemical processes of earth's surface.
Wherein nitrous oxide (N2O a kind of important greenhouse gases) are not only, are also played in the chain reaction of depletion of the ozone layer
Important role.Edaphon is almost borne by vital task in each step of nitrogen cycle.In our model,
AOA (ammoxidation Archimycetes), the undertaker of AOB (ammonia oxidizing bacteria) and NOB (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) as nitration reaction,
Its characteristic is taken into account in detail, these characteristics mainly include their biomass and variation.Specific nitration reaction can be with
Be divided into two steps: the first step is undertaken by AOA and AOB by ammonia (NH3) it is oxidized to azanol, it is further decomposed into the mistake of nitrite and water
Journey, this needs the participation of oxygen, and oxygen is the deciding step of reaction rate；Second step is undertaken by NOB by nitrite oxygen
The process of nitrate is turned to, this step reaction carries out very fast.The two steps are considered and are simulated respectively in a model.
Existing TEM model possesses mature carbon dynamics framework and basic nitrogen dynamics framework, it is contemplated that Soil Nitrogen
The chemical process and environmental condition of nitration reaction and denitration reaction in circulation, can be to carbon dioxide, methane, an oxidation two
The discharge amount of nitrogen isothermal chamber gas carries out quantitative predication, but to N2The estimation of O quantification is based only on chemical reaction and environment item mostly
Part is simulated, and is all played an important role during entire nitrogen cycle to microorganism, not to the simulation of microbial process
Foot can seriously affect the accuracy of model.
Lead to N for deficiency is simulated to microbial process in the prior art2The low problem of O quantitative predication accuracy, at present
There has been no effective solution schemes.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the purpose of the embodiment of the present invention is to propose a kind of dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation of ecosystem
Method and apparatus can estimate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity to Different ecosystems or the different types of ecosystem, consider soil
Influence of the earth microorganism to nitration reaction and anti-nitration reaction, improves N2The accuracy of O quantitative predication.
Based on above-mentioned purpose, the one side of the embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity of ecosystem
Estimation method, comprising the following steps:
Biomass variety amount is determined according to microbial cell delta data, and biology is calculated according to biomass variety meter
Amount；
The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to biomass；
The soil variable quantity of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite, and is changed according to soil
The soil content of meter calculating ammonia and nitrite；
The amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction is determined according to soil content；
Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model, and discharge amount cardinal sum is discharged and is corrected
Superposition obtains discharge amount estimation.
In some embodiments, microbial cell delta data includes the division rate of microbial cell, withered rate and anti-
Nitration reaction loss late.
In some embodiments, biomass includes the biomass of ammoxidation biology and the biology of nitrite-oxidizing biology
Amount；The absorption rate for determining ammonia and nitrite includes determination by the ammonia bioabsorption rate caused by ammoxidation biology and by Asia
Nitrite bioabsorption rate caused by nitrate oxidative biological.
In some embodiments, ammoxidation biology includes ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammoxidation Archimycetes；Nitrite-oxidizing
Biology includes nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
In some embodiments, determine that the soil variable quantity of ammonia includes: according to nitrifying process according to the absorption rate of ammonia
The rate that the oxygenation efficiency of middle ammonia, the absorption rate of ammonia and ammonia are added in anti-nitration reaction determines the soil variable quantity of ammonia.
In some embodiments, the soil variable quantity for determining nitrite according to the absorption rate of nitrite includes:
It is consumed in anti-nitration reaction according to the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia, the absorption rate of nitrite and nitrite in nitrifying process
Rate determines the soil variable quantity of nitrite.
In some embodiments, anti-nitration reaction includes:
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitrite makes nitrogen reduction generate nitric oxide；
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitric oxide makes nitrogen further restore generation nitrous oxide.
In some embodiments, calculating dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix using terrestrial ecosystem model includes: to make
Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated with 4.0 version of TEM.
In some embodiments, it includes: using public that dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using 4.0 version of TEM
The observation data opened calculate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix.
The another aspect of the embodiment of the present invention additionally provides a kind of dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation dress of ecosystem
It sets, comprising:
Processor；With
Memory is stored with the program code that processor can be run, wherein program code execution when being run by processor
Above-mentioned method.
The present invention has following advantageous effects: the nitrous oxide emission of the ecosystem provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Amount estimation method and device, by determining biomass variety amount according to microbial cell delta data, and according to biomass variety
Meter calculates biomass；The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to biomass；According to the absorption of ammonia and nitrite speed
Rate determines the soil variable quantity of ammonia and nitrite, and the soil content of ammonia and nitrite is calculated according to soil variable quantity；
The amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction is determined according to soil content；It is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model
Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix, and discharge amount cardinal sum is discharged into the technical solution that amendment superposition obtains discharge amount estimation, energy
It is enough that dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity is estimated to Different ecosystems or the different types of ecosystem, consider edaphon to nitrification
The influence of reaction and anti-nitration reaction, improves N2The accuracy of O quantitative predication.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to more clearly explain the embodiment of the invention or the technical proposal in the existing technology, to embodiment or will show below
There is attached drawing needed in technical description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, the accompanying drawings in the following description is only this
Some embodiments of invention for those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts, can be with
Other embodiments are obtained according to these attached drawings.
Fig. 1 is the flow diagram of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of the ecosystem provided by the invention；
Fig. 2 is the nitrogen cycle configuration diagram that the present invention uses.
Specific embodiment
To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with specific embodiment, and reference
The embodiment of the present invention is further described in attached drawing.
It should be noted that all statements for using " first " and " second " are for differentiation two in the embodiment of the present invention
The non-equal entity of a same names or non-equal parameter, it is seen that " first ", " second " do not answer only for the convenience of statement
It is interpreted as the restriction to the embodiment of the present invention, subsequent embodiment no longer illustrates this one by one.
Based on above-mentioned purpose, the first aspect of the embodiment of the present invention proposes a kind of pair of Different ecosystems or difference
The embodiment of the method for the ecosystem estimation dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity of type.Shown in fig. 1 is ecology provided by the invention
The flow diagram of the embodiment of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of system.
The dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of the ecosystem, comprising the following steps:
Step S101 determines biomass variety amount according to microbial cell delta data, and according to biomass variety meter
Calculate biomass；
Step S103 determines the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite according to biomass；
Step S105 determines the soil variable quantity of ammonia and nitrite, and root according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite
The soil content of ammonia and nitrite is calculated according to soil variable quantity；
Step S107 determines the amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction according to soil content；
Step S109 calculates dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix using terrestrial ecosystem model, and by discharge amount radix
Superposition, which is corrected, with discharge obtains discharge amount estimation.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that realizing all or part of the process in above-described embodiment method, Ke Yitong
Computer program is crossed to instruct related hardware and complete, the program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium,
The program is when being executed, it may include such as the process of the embodiment of above-mentioned each method.Wherein, the storage medium can for magnetic disk,
CD, read-only memory (ROM) or random access memory (RAM) etc..The embodiment of the computer program, Ke Yida
The effect identical or similar to corresponding aforementioned any means embodiment.
In some embodiments, microbial cell delta data includes the division rate of microbial cell, withered rate and anti-
Nitration reaction loss late.
In some embodiments, biomass includes the biomass of ammoxidation biology and the biology of nitrite-oxidizing biology
Amount；The absorption rate for determining ammonia and nitrite includes determination by the ammonia bioabsorption rate caused by ammoxidation biology and by Asia
Nitrite bioabsorption rate caused by nitrate oxidative biological.
Disclosed method is also implemented as the computer program executed by CPU, the calculating according to embodiments of the present invention
Machine program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium.When the computer program is executed by CPU, executes the present invention and implement
The above-mentioned function of being limited in method disclosed in example.Above method step also can use controller and for storing so that controlling
Device realizes that the computer readable storage medium of the computer program of above-mentioned steps is realized.
In some embodiments, ammoxidation biology includes ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammoxidation Archimycetes；Nitrite-oxidizing
Biology includes nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
In some embodiments, determine that the soil variable quantity of ammonia includes: according to nitrifying process according to the absorption rate of ammonia
The rate that the oxygenation efficiency of middle ammonia, the absorption rate of ammonia and ammonia are added in anti-nitration reaction determines the soil variable quantity of ammonia.
In some embodiments, the soil variable quantity for determining nitrite according to the absorption rate of nitrite includes:
It is consumed in anti-nitration reaction according to the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia, the absorption rate of nitrite and nitrite in nitrifying process
Rate determines the soil variable quantity of nitrite.
Those skilled in the art will also understand is that, the various illustrative steps in conjunction with described in disclosure herein can be by
It is embodied as the combination of electronic hardware, computer software or both.In order to clearly demonstrate this interchangeability of hardware and software,
General description has been carried out to it with regard to the function of various illustrated steps.This function is implemented as software or quilt
It is embodied as hardware to depend on concrete application and be applied to the design constraint of whole system.Those skilled in the art can be for every
Kind concrete application realizes the function in various ways, but this realization decision should not be interpreted as causing a departure from this hair
Bright embodiment scope of disclosure.
In some embodiments, anti-nitration reaction includes:
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitrite makes nitrogen reduction generate nitric oxide；
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitric oxide makes nitrogen further restore generation nitrous oxide.
In some embodiments, calculating dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix using terrestrial ecosystem model includes: to make
Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated with 4.0 version of TEM.
In some embodiments, it includes: using public that dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using 4.0 version of TEM
The observation data opened calculate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix.
Below according to Fig. 2 shows specific embodiment carry out the specific embodiment that the present invention is further explained.Such as Fig. 2 institute
Show, the embodiment of the present invention joined the more details edaphon of nitrogen cycle process in the core Carbon and nitrogen cycles module of TEM
Dynamics module.Key parameter in the model of Fig. 2 is adjusted using the website observation data of global range, parameter adjustment
As unit of global the Main Types of Vegetation, every kind of vegetation pattern uses one group of identical parameter.It is surveyed simultaneously using the reliability of the adjustment model
Examination compares analog result and website observed result and calculates the two difference.It is arrived finally, applying the model trained 1990
In global range in 2000.Furthermore row model output (N is driven into2O) to the meteorologic parameter of input (temperature, precipitation, radiation
Amount, evaporation capacity etc.) and soil parameters (soil moisture, humidity, organic carbon content, nitrogen content) sensitivity analysis.
The basic framework succession of carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle is in 4.0 version of TEM in Fig. 2 model.In the first step of nitration reaction
In, ammonia is main reactant, and the dynamics calculation method of ammonia content is as follows in soil:
First item on the right side of equationIt is the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia in the nitrifying process first step；Section 2With
It is the rate that ammonia is absorbed and utilized by AOO (ammoxidation biology, including AOA and AOB) and NOB；Last is to go to poison reaction
The rate that middle ammonia is supplemented.
In the second step of nitration reaction, nitrite is main reactant, the meter that content of nitrite changes in soil
Calculation method is as follows:
First item on the right side of equationIt is the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia in the nitrifying process first step；Section 2It is nitration reaction
The rate that nitrite is absorbed and utilized by NOB in second step, Section 3It is to go to poison the nitrous acid reacted away in reaction
Salt.
The ammonia and nitrite mentioned in formula are heavily dependent on it by the absorption rate of AOA, AOB and NOB
Biomass B, then we introduce the biomass of edaphon when calculating these variables, absorption rate
Calculation method is as follows.
It the variation of biomass B and the division rate of microbial cell, apoptosis rate and goes to poison the loss late in reacting related:
It is above-mentioned go to poison reaction (i.e. anti-nitration reaction) it is specific as follows: nitration reaction is divided into two steps, and the first step generates sub-
Nitrate, second step consume nitrite.When reaction condition is conducive to first step reaction, can accumulate in soil has microorganism
The nitrite of toxicity is understood some organic matter and is reacted with nitrite to dissolve this some toxic, generates gas discharge
Reaction system.In a model, the step for we contemplate, chemical equation are as follows.
8NO+2CH2O→4N2O+2CO2+2H2O
It is noted that being 4 times of corresponding organic matter going the amount for poisoning the substance of nitrogen in reaction, this has corresponded to aforementioned public affairs
Coefficient a quarter in formula.
In addition, the meteorology and satellite data of the soil data from open source of input model, for training and verifying model ginseng
Several website observation data observe data distribution between 1980 to 2010 years from the article delivered in the past.Edaphon
The initial parameter of part formula is referred to related experiment result.When adjusting parameter with global MAIN SOILS vegetation pattern be point
The lattice point of class standard, each classification shares same set of parameter.The susceptibility test of model is divided into both direction: a direction is not
With amplitude the meteorology of (± 5%, ± 10%, and ± 25%) adjustment input, soil data, probe into output quantity (N2O variation)
Rate；Another direction is the major parameter in model to be carried out different degrees of adjustment, probes into output quantity (N2O change rate).
From above-described embodiment as can be seen that the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity of the ecosystem provided in an embodiment of the present invention is estimated
Method by determining biomass variety amount according to microbial cell delta data, and calculates biology according to biomass variety meter
Amount；The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to biomass；Ammonia and Asia are determined according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite
The soil variable quantity of nitrate, and calculate according to soil variable quantity the soil content of ammonia and nitrite；According to soil content
Determine the amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction；Nitrous oxide is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model to arrange
High-volume radix, and discharge amount cardinal sum is discharged into the technical solution that amendment superposition obtains discharge amount estimation, it can be to different ecological
System or the different types of ecosystem estimate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity, consider edaphon to nitration reaction and denitrification
The influence of reaction, improves N2The accuracy of O quantitative predication.
It is important to note that in each embodiment of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of the above-mentioned ecosystem
Each step can intersect, replace, increase, delete, therefore, these reasonable permutation and combination transformation in ecosystem
The dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of system should also be as belonging to the scope of protection of the present invention, and should not be by protection of the invention
Range is confined on the embodiment.
Based on above-mentioned purpose, the second aspect of the embodiment of the present invention proposes a kind of pair of Different ecosystems or difference
The embodiment of the device of the ecosystem estimation dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity of type.Described device includes:
Processor；With
Memory is stored with the program code that processor can be run, wherein program code execution when being run by processor
Above-mentioned method.
It can be various electric terminal equipments, such as mobile phone, a number that the embodiment of the present invention, which discloses described device, equipment etc.,
Word assistant (PDA), tablet computer (PAD), smart television etc., are also possible to large-scale terminal device, such as server, therefore this hair
Protection scope disclosed in bright embodiment should not limit as certain certain types of device, equipment.The embodiment of the present invention discloses described
Client can be with the combining form of electronic hardware, computer software or both be applied to any one of the above electric terminal
In equipment.
From above-described embodiment as can be seen that the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity of the ecosystem provided in an embodiment of the present invention is estimated
Device by determining biomass variety amount according to microbial cell delta data, and calculates biology according to biomass variety meter
Amount；The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to biomass；Ammonia and Asia are determined according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite
The soil variable quantity of nitrate, and soil content is calculated according to soil variable quantity；It is anti-by denitrification according to soil content determination
The amendment of nitrous oxide emission caused by answering；Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model, and will
The discharge amendment superposition of discharge amount cardinal sum obtains the technical solution of discharge amount estimation, can be to Different ecosystems or different type
The ecosystem estimate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity, consider influence of the edaphon to nitration reaction and anti-nitration reaction, mention
High N2The accuracy of O quantitative predication.
It is important to note that the embodiment of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation device of the above-mentioned ecosystem uses
The embodiment of the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of the ecosystem illustrates the course of work of each module, ability
Field technique personnel can be it is readily conceivable that by the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation side of these module applications to the ecosystem
In the other embodiments of method.Certainly, due to each in the dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method embodiment of the ecosystem
A step can be intersected, replaces, increases, be deleted, therefore, these reasonable permutation and combination transformation in the ecosystem
The dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation device of system should also be as belonging to the scope of protection of the present invention, and should not be by protection of the invention
Range is confined on the embodiment.
It is exemplary embodiment disclosed by the invention above, it should be noted that in the sheet limited without departing substantially from claim
Under the premise of inventive embodiments scope of disclosure, it may be many modifications and modify.According to open embodiment described herein
The function of claim to a method, step and/or movement be not required to the execution of any particular order.In addition, although the present invention is implemented
Element disclosed in example can be described or be required in the form of individual, but be unless explicitly limited odd number, it is understood that be multiple.
It should be understood that it is used in the present context, unless the context clearly supports exceptions, singular " one
It is a " it is intended to also include plural form.It is to be further understood that "and/or" used herein refers to including one or one
Any and all possible combinations of a above project listed in association.The embodiment of the present invention discloses embodiment sequence number
Description, does not represent the advantages or disadvantages of the embodiments.
It should be understood by those ordinary skilled in the art that: the discussion of any of the above embodiment is exemplary only, not
It is intended to imply that range disclosed by the embodiments of the present invention (including claim) is limited to these examples；In the think of of the embodiment of the present invention
Under road, it can also be combined between the technical characteristic in above embodiments or different embodiments, and exist as described above
Many other variations of the different aspect of the embodiment of the present invention, for simplicity, they are not provided in details.Therefore, all at this
Within the spirit and principle of inventive embodiments, any omission, modification, equivalent replacement, improvement for being made etc. should be included in this hair
Within the protection scope of bright embodiment.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation method of ecosystem, which comprises the following steps:
Biomass variety amount is determined according to microbial cell delta data, and biology is calculated according to the biomass variety meter
Amount；
The absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to the biomass；
The soil variable quantity of ammonia and nitrite is determined according to the absorption rate of ammonia and nitrite, and is changed according to the soil
The soil content of meter calculating ammonia and nitrite；
The amendment of the nitrous oxide emission as caused by anti-nitration reaction is determined according to the soil content；
Dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix is calculated using terrestrial ecosystem model, and will be discharged described in the discharge amount cardinal sum
Amendment superposition obtains discharge amount estimation.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the microbial cell delta data includes microbial cell
Division rate, withered rate and anti-nitration reaction loss late.
3. the method according to claim 1, wherein the biomass includes biomass and the Asia of ammoxidation biology
The biomass of nitrate oxidative biological；The absorption rate for determining ammonia and nitrite includes caused by determining by ammoxidation biology
Ammonia bioabsorption rate and the nitrite bioabsorption rate as caused by nitrite-oxidizing biology.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the ammoxidation biology includes ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammoxidation
Archimycetes；The nitrite-oxidizing biology includes nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
5. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, determining the soil variable quantity packet of ammonia according to the absorption rate of ammonia
It includes: true according to the rate that the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia, the absorption rate of ammonia and ammonia are added in the anti-nitration reaction in nitrifying process
Determine the soil variable quantity of ammonia.
6. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the absorption rate according to nitrite determines nitrite
Soil variable quantity includes: according to the oxygenation efficiency of ammonia, the absorption rate of nitrite and nitrite in nitrifying process described anti-
The rate being consumed in nitration reaction determines the soil variable quantity of nitrite.
7. the method according to claim 1, wherein the anti-nitration reaction includes:
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitrite makes nitrogen reduction generate nitric oxide；
Being reacted by formaldehyde with nitric oxide makes nitrogen further restore generation nitrous oxide.
8. being arranged the method according to claim 1, wherein calculating nitrous oxide using terrestrial ecosystem model
High-volume radix includes: to calculate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix using 4.0 version of TEM.
9. according to the method described in claim 8, it is characterized in that, calculating nitrous oxide emission using 4.0 version of TEM
Measuring radix includes: to calculate dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity radix using disclosed observation data.
10. a kind of dinitrogen monoxide discharging quantity estimation device of ecosystem characterized by comprising
Processor；With
Memory is stored with the program code that processor can be run, and wherein said program code by the processor when being run
Execute the method as described in any one of claim 1-9.
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