CN109523115A - A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data - Google Patents
A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109523115A CN109523115A CN201811182030.3A CN201811182030A CN109523115A CN 109523115 A CN109523115 A CN 109523115A CN 201811182030 A CN201811182030 A CN 201811182030A CN 109523115 A CN109523115 A CN 109523115A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- data
- layer
- electricity consumption
- analysis
- consumption data
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013316 zoning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013439 planning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001269238 Data Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004308 accommodation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007418 data mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
- G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
- G06Q10/0639—Performance analysis of employees; Performance analysis of enterprise or organisation operations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q50/00—Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
- G06Q50/06—Electricity, gas or water supply
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/80—Management or planning
- Y02P90/82—Energy audits or management systems therefor
Abstract
The invention proposes a kind of analysis systems based on electricity consumption data, comprising: electricity consumption data acquisition layer, big data storage visualize represent layer with parallel computation layer, System Functional Layer and large-size screen monitors.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of analysis systems based on electricity consumption data.
Background technique
With the continuous development of national grid data center and big data technology, electricity consumption data is in explosive growth, data
Acquisition, processing and the technology that stores and it is matched with that everyway is gradually perfect, but the value of these mass datas itself is simultaneously
Do not excavated sufficiently.Currently, have more research and product in terms of the analysis mining inside electric power data, but
It is spatial data analysis aspect or blank based on electricity consumption geographical location.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, the invention proposes a kind of analysis systems based on electricity consumption data, comprising: electricity consumption number
Represent layer is visualized with parallel computation layer, System Functional Layer and large-size screen monitors according to acquisition layer, big data storage.
Wherein, electricity consumption data acquisition layer is used to acquire, handle and monitor in real time the power information of power consumer, and big data is deposited
Storage is used for Mass storage and the calculating of data involved by the analysis system based on electricity consumption data, system with parallel computation layer
Functional layer is used for based on electricity consumption data and the analysis of the data of geographical space and excavates, and it is different for rendering that large-size screen monitors visualize represent layer
The data of type.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structure chart of the analysis system of the invention based on electricity consumption data.
Fig. 2 is resident's population distribution thermodynamic chart of the invention.
Fig. 3 is city function Division schematic diagram of the invention.
Fig. 4 is comprehensive analysis report schematic diagram of the invention.
Specific embodiment
To make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be made further in conjunction with attached drawing
Detailed description.This description is to describe specific implementation consistent with the principles of the present invention by way of example, and not limitation
Mode, the description of these embodiments is detailed enough, so that those skilled in the art can practice the present invention, is not being taken off
Other embodiments can be used in the case where from scope and spirit of the present invention and can change and/or replace each element
Structure.Therefore, the following detailed description should not be understood from restrictive sense.
The present invention provides a kind of analysis systems based on electricity consumption data, comprising: electricity consumption data acquisition layer, big data storage
Represent layer is visualized with parallel computation layer, System Functional Layer and large-size screen monitors.
Wherein, electricity consumption data acquisition layer is used to acquire, handle and monitor in real time the power information of power consumer, and big data is deposited
Storage is used for Mass storage and the calculating of data involved by the analysis system based on electricity consumption data, system with parallel computation layer
Functional layer is used for based on electricity consumption data and the analysis of the data of geographical space and excavates, and it is different for rendering that large-size screen monitors visualize represent layer
The data of type.
According to the present invention, the electricity consumption data acquisition layer includes main website layer, communication channel layer, acquisition mechanical floor;It is described to adopt
Collection mechanical floor is for collecting and providing the power information of power consumer;The communication channel layer is for providing wiredly and/or wirelessly
Communication channel;The main website layer includes WEB application system, preposition communication scheduling system and data base management system, the WEB
Application system is for realizing the various applied business logics of system, and the preposition communication scheduling system is for various and terminal
The management and scheduling that telecommunication mode is communicated, the data base management system be used to be managed the data of acquisition and
Storage.
Further, the communication channel layer provides link basis for the information exchange of main website and terminal.Mainly use
Communication channel has: optical fiber private network, GPRS/CDMA wireless public network, 230MHz wireless private network.
Further, the acquisition mechanical floor includes terminal sublayer and measuring equipment sublayer.It is possible that there are many forms, including
Concentrator+electric energy meter and concentrator+collector+electric energy meter etc..Terminal sublayer collects the information of user's measuring equipment, processing and jelly
Pass data are had, and realize the interaction with upper layer main website;Measuring equipment layer realizes the functions such as electrical energy measurement and data output.
According to the present invention, big data storage and parallel computation layer include: data acquisition module, data memory module and
Data processing module, the data acquisition module is for the parsing, conversion and/or reprinting to data, the data memory module
For storing data, the data processing module is used for the inquiry of big data, calculating, processing and/or analysis.
Further, the data acquisition module is by improving the acquisition techniques such as existing ETL, file adapter, fusion point
The highly reliable data of cloth high speed such as crawl or acquire at the novel acquisition technique, complete available data centre data, business datum, terminal
The parsing of the magnanimity enriched data such as data, conversion and reprinting.
Further, the data memory module is by improving existing relational database, data warehouse storage technology, fusion
The big data memory technology of reliable distributed file system (DFS), big data de-redundancy and high efficiency, low cost, completes big data
Storage, establish corresponding association index, be managed and call service.Under normal conditions, unstructured data is stored in point
In cloth file system, semi-structured data uses columnar database or key value database, and structural data is stored using line
Database purchase, real-time is high, the demanding data of calculated performance are stored in memory database or real-time data base.
Further, the data processing module has inquiry calculating, batch processing calculating, data mining skill by improving
Art, merges the novel computing technique such as real-time stream calculation, parallel computation and the new types of data such as data network excavates, figure excavates are excavated
Technology is completed to big data inquiry, is calculated, processing, and analysis supports data application.
According to the present invention, the large-size screen monitors visualization represent layer includes: view layer, control layer and model layer, the view layer
For to page related content show and response to user's operation, the control layer is for configuring and management system thing
Part, including the distribution of case distribution, model, view, the user's interaction for monitoring view, when interaction occurs for user, controller is done
Out to the selection of view, the event processing mechanism of trigger controller goes to distribute new event, notification model more new data;It is described
Data storage and the conversion of graph data and business datum of the model layer for module.
According to the present invention, the System Functional Layer includes mapping module and comprehensive analysis reporting modules;The mapping module
For carrying out comprehensive analysis to Electricity customers data based on geographical location;The comprehensive analysis reporting modules are used for report
And/or the form of figure shows the Comprehensive analysis results of city electricity consumption.
Further, the comprehensive analysis includes user's classification, industry addressing, function zoning analysis.
User's classification: electricity consumption industry type is divided into two major classes inside national grid: residential electricity consumption and non-resident electricity consumption.It occupies
Civilian electricity is divided into: town dweller and rural resident;Non-resident electricity consumption is one most as deep as the industry tree of level Four, and fourth level is total
A segmented industry more than 500, first-level class include: farming, forestry, fishing animal husbandry, construction industry, communications and transportation/storage and postal industry, information biography
Defeated/Computer Service and software industry, industry, business/accommodation and catering industry, finance/real estate/commercial affairs and neghborhood services industry, public affairs
Industry of working together and management tissue are these eighth types of.Either residential households or enterprise or public unit, when registering ammeter,
Unique trade classification must be all selected according to own service type, and electricity consumption battalion is registered to according to the SIC code of state's net establishment
Pin system.Here non-resident entity is similar based on the POI (Points of Interests) in geo-location service, the latter
Some live with people closely related geographical entity, such as school, bank, supermarkets are referred mainly to, these geographical entities are described
Space and attribute information such as entity title address and coordinate etc..The industry divided inside power grid in further detail and comprehensively,
Electricity customers are divided into resident and non-resident user by the electricity consumption trade classification method that national grid is formulated, wherein resident uses
Family is divided into town dweller and cottar, non-resident user according to industry be divided into 8 first-level class (most 4 grades, altogether
More than 500 subdivision classification).
This function is by city dweller and non-resident entity according to different classes of division, and by its location distribution with heat
The mode tried hard to is presented on map, and family thus can be used and be intuitive to see resident's density of population (as unit of family), no
The Density Distribution and resident/entity electricity consumption of enterprise of the same trade are distributed, as shown in Figure 2.It, can based on open source map interface
By the address conversion of Electricity customers at longitude and latitude, then Online Map downloading is converted to " tile " of classification, in order to carry out
Offline visualization shows, and is shown Various types of data in the form of thermodynamic chart on map.
Industry addressing: the function is that city map is carried out block division, then retrieves and meets according to the demand of user
The region of customization condition can be used for the industry and commerce addressing of government or enterprise.When such as needing to carry out food and beverage enterprise's addressing, it is desirable to retrieve
Navigate to the region that effective density of population is higher and food and drink horizontal competition is few.
Function zoning analysis: city meets the different life requirement of city dweller in its development process and gradually forms
The different functional units such as residential area, industrial area, shopping centre and mixed function area.To hold city's spatial structure and formulation
Scientific and reasonable planning planning personnel and scholar carries out function zoning to city.City point of interest (Points of
Interest, POI) some live with people closely related geographical entity, such as school, bank, supermarket POI are referred mainly to, it retouches
The space of these geographical entities and the title address of attribute information such as entity and coordinate etc. are stated.Ammeter of state's net to each registration
Industry type and electricity consumption type are both defined, wherein industry type can be divided into resident and non-resident, again fixed in non-resident electricity consumption
The justice POI of the several hundred kinds of segmented industries.POI data has that sample size is big, the advantages such as careful that cover information.By to these data
It handled, analyzed, quantitatively divide city simple function area and mixed function area, city sky may be better understood in result of study
Between structure, offer reference and refer to urban planning.The function zoning analysis of this system is to describe region function with POI data
Can, then urban area is divided using clustering algorithm, and is showed in a manner of different color blocks, checks city not convenient for user
Function with geographical location is distributed, as shown in Figure 3.
Further, the comprehensive analysis report shows the comprehensive analysis knot of city electricity consumption in the form of report and figure
Fruit, total amount statistics, resident's registered permanent residence/industry physical quantities statistics, resident's registered permanent residence/industry entity electricity consumption trend including all kinds of POI,
Industrial Cycle degree ranking, entity electricity consumption scale ranking, functional areas distribution statistics, as shown in Figure 4.
In addition, according to disclosed specification of the invention, other realizations of the invention are for those skilled in the art
Significantly.The various aspects of embodiment and/or embodiment can be used for system of the invention individually or with any combination
In method.Specification and example therein should be only be regarded solely as it is exemplary, the actual scope of the present invention and spirit by appended
Claims indicate.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data characterized by comprising electricity consumption data acquisition layer, big data storage with
Parallel computation layer, System Functional Layer and large-size screen monitors visualize represent layer, wherein electricity consumption data acquisition layer for acquiring, handle and
Monitor the power information of power consumer in real time, big data storage is used for the analysis system based on electricity consumption data with parallel computation layer
The Mass storage for involved data of uniting and calculating, System Functional Layer are used to analyze based on electricity consumption data and the data of geographical space
And excavation, large-size screen monitors visualize represent layer different types of data for rendering.
2. the analysis system according to claim 1 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that the System Functional Layer includes
Mapping module and comprehensive analysis reporting modules;The mapping module is used to carry out Electricity customers data based on geographical location
Comprehensive analysis;The comprehensive analysis reporting modules in the form of report and/or figure for showing the comprehensive analysis of city electricity consumption
As a result.
3. the analysis system according to claim 1 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that the electricity consumption data acquisition layer
Including main website layer, communication channel layer, acquisition mechanical floor;
The acquisition mechanical floor is for collecting and providing the power information of power consumer;
The communication channel layer is used to provide communication channel wiredly and/or wirelessly;
The main website layer includes WEB application system, preposition communication scheduling system and data base management system, the WEB application system
It unites for realizing the various applied business logics of system, the preposition communication scheduling system is used for various long-range logical with terminal
The management and scheduling that letter mode is communicated, the data base management system is for being managed and storing to the data of acquisition.
4. the analysis system according to claim 1 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that big data storage with simultaneously
Row computation layer includes: data acquisition module, data memory module and data processing module, and the data acquisition module is used for logarithm
According to parsing, conversion and/or reprinting, the data memory module for storing data, the data processing module be used for big
Inquiry, calculating, processing and/or the analysis of data.
5. the analysis system according to claim 1 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that the large-size screen monitors visualization shows
Layer includes: view layer, control layer and model layer, and the view layer is used for showing and to user's operation to page related content
Response, the control layer for configure and management system event, monitor view layer user interaction, the model layer be used for mould
The data of block store and the conversion of graph data and business datum.
6. the analysis system according to claim 2 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that the comprehensive analysis includes using
Family classification, industry addressing, function zoning analysis.
7. the analysis system according to claim 2 based on electricity consumption data, which is characterized in that the comprehensive analysis report packet
Include point of interest total amount statistics, resident's registered permanent residence/industry physical quantities statistics, resident's registered permanent residence/industry entity electricity consumption trend, Industrial Cycle
Spend ranking, entity electricity consumption scale ranking, functional areas distribution statistics.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811182030.3A CN109523115A (en) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811182030.3A CN109523115A (en) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN109523115A true CN109523115A (en) | 2019-03-26 |
Family
ID=65771730
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201811182030.3A Pending CN109523115A (en) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN109523115A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110443723A (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2019-11-12 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of electricity consumption monitoring method for visualizing and system |
CN111181997A (en) * | 2020-01-08 | 2020-05-19 | 国网河北省电力有限公司 | Power supply monitoring management system established based on urban secondary platform |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105184455A (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2015-12-23 | 国家电网公司 | High dimension visualized analysis method facing urban electric power data analysis |
CN105426461A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-03-23 | 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所 | Map visualization system and method for performing knowledge mining based on big spatial data |
CN106712296A (en) * | 2017-01-09 | 2017-05-24 | 深圳市前海电能技术有限公司 | Online monitoring and managing system for electric power |
CN107133255A (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2017-09-05 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of bulk power grid full view safety defence method and system |
CN108733850A (en) * | 2018-07-17 | 2018-11-02 | 国网新疆电力有限公司乌鲁木齐供电公司 | A kind of power grid big data analysis excavation application system |
-
2018
- 2018-12-29 CN CN201811182030.3A patent/CN109523115A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105184455A (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2015-12-23 | 国家电网公司 | High dimension visualized analysis method facing urban electric power data analysis |
CN105426461A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-03-23 | 中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所 | Map visualization system and method for performing knowledge mining based on big spatial data |
CN106712296A (en) * | 2017-01-09 | 2017-05-24 | 深圳市前海电能技术有限公司 | Online monitoring and managing system for electric power |
CN107133255A (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2017-09-05 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of bulk power grid full view safety defence method and system |
CN108733850A (en) * | 2018-07-17 | 2018-11-02 | 国网新疆电力有限公司乌鲁木齐供电公司 | A kind of power grid big data analysis excavation application system |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110443723A (en) * | 2019-07-04 | 2019-11-12 | 佛山科学技术学院 | A kind of electricity consumption monitoring method for visualizing and system |
CN111181997A (en) * | 2020-01-08 | 2020-05-19 | 国网河北省电力有限公司 | Power supply monitoring management system established based on urban secondary platform |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN108446293A (en) | A method of based on urban multi-source isomeric data structure city portrait | |
Tong et al. | Spatial optimization in geography | |
Sagl et al. | Mapping collective human activity in an urban environment based on mobile phone data | |
CN113778967B (en) | Yangtze river basin data acquisition processing and resource sharing system | |
CN107506393B (en) | Agricultural big data model and application thereof in agriculture | |
CN105184455A (en) | High dimension visualized analysis method facing urban electric power data analysis | |
Ye et al. | Development of a highly flexible mobile GIS-based system for collecting arable land quality data | |
CN108694244A (en) | A kind of electric network synthetic application platform based on three-dimensional data | |
CN105631027A (en) | Data visualization analysis method and system for enterprise business intelligence | |
Yu et al. | Multi-temporal remote sensing of land cover change and urban sprawl in the coastal city of Yantai, China | |
CN110968624A (en) | Animal epidemic disease monitoring data statistical analysis geographic information system and implementation method | |
CN114399128A (en) | Urban physical examination evaluation system and method based on sustainable development concept | |
CN109523115A (en) | A kind of analysis system based on electricity consumption data | |
CN111104449A (en) | Multisource city space-time standard address fusion method based on geographic space portrait mining | |
Xie et al. | Research on the construction of E-commerce precision poverty alleviation system based on geographic information | |
CN113626437B (en) | Method and system for rapidly inquiring mass vector data | |
CN111581927A (en) | Ocean economic operation monitoring and early warning system and computer equipment | |
Ngo et al. | A new approach based on ELK stack for the analysis and visualisation of geo-referenced sensor data | |
Dai et al. | Postearthquake situational awareness based on mobile phone signaling data: An example from the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake | |
Azri et al. | Classified and clustered data constellation: An efficient approach of 3D urban data management | |
Delgado Tellez et al. | A local spatial decision support system for developing countries based on MCA, fuzzy sets and OWA–case study of a municipality in Cuba | |
CN103345669A (en) | Electronic goods shelf price collection system | |
CN111598188B (en) | Method and device for identifying position of target store, storage medium and electronic equipment | |
Marinov et al. | Towards Big Data and Internet of Things as key aspects of energy efficiency | |
CN106027344A (en) | Home service system based on big data |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |