CN109508424B - Feature evolution-based streaming data recommendation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a problem of characteristic set evolution in a flow type data recommendation system, and an old recommendation model and a new recommendation model are considered simultaneously when recommendation models are alternated, so that smooth evolution of the recommendation models is achieved, and sudden reduction of recommendation performance during model switching is avoided. The model switching is expanded from one point to a time period, and in the time period of the model switching, a new characteristic set and an old characteristic set and a recommended model exist and play roles simultaneously; and combining the recommendation results obtained by the two models through the weight factor so as to obtain the final recommendation result in the time period. The recommendation system with the smoothly evolved features and models solves the problem of sudden reduction of recommendation performance caused by direct switching of feature sets and recommendation models in the original streaming data recommendation system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of data recommendation, in particular to the field of streaming data recommendation.
Background
Recommendation technology based on batch data has been developed for many years, and with the popularization of the internet of things and social networks, recommendation based on streaming data becomes a popular research direction in the field of content recommendation. Different from a common recommendation system, data only has feature vector description, in the recommendation system based on streaming data, time attributes are added to training data, and data input into a recommendation model are also in time sequence. In the streaming data recommendation system, a big data real-time processing related technology is needed, and the construction and training of a recommendation system model are different.
Because the streaming data recommendation system is trained based on time data, and the characteristics of the streaming data recommendation system, whether environmental data generated in the internet of things or interpersonal interaction data generated in a social network, change slowly with time, the streaming data recommendation system is significantly different from the batch data recommendation system. The current streaming data recommendation system mainly solves the problems of real-time recommendation and recommendation precision, such as the characteristic of huge real-time data volume in a real-time streaming data processing application software feature identification method, and provides an information organization method based on an M-tree so as to reduce the calculated amount; the distributed online recommendation method for the streaming data decomposes the recommendation task in a distributed mode, so that the quick learning and recommendation of real-time data are realized; a clustering-based streaming recommendation engine, a recommendation system and a recommendation method are combined with domain characteristics and association characteristics, so that more accurate recommendation performance is provided. However, there has been no relevant research on the problem of changing the feature set. For a dynamically changing feature set, an obvious scheme is to adopt model replacement, that is, after a period of time, new features are extracted and evaluated from the used model, so that the feature set is updated, and then a new recommended model is trained for the new feature set. This approach completely ignores the continuity of feature changes, completely abandons the previously used recommendation models, so that the recommendation performance becomes very poor at the time periods when the models alternate.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a method for solving the problem of feature set evolution in a streaming data recommendation system, in which an old recommendation model and a new recommendation model are considered when recommendation models are alternated, so as to achieve smooth evolution of the recommendation models and avoid sudden degradation of recommendation performance during model switching.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
performing learning training by adopting data in the first feature set in a first time period to obtain a first recommendation model and performing data recommendation;
in a transition time period of model switching, performing weighted calculation by using a first recommendation model obtained by learning and training data in a first feature set and a second recommendation model obtained by learning and training data in a second feature set through a weighting factor to obtain final data recommendation in the transition time period;
and performing learning training by adopting the data in the second feature set in a second time period to obtain a second recommendation model and performing data recommendation.
Specifically, in each round of training for the first time period, T is 1,21B and is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, T1-B is the total number of training rounds;
in each round of training of the model switching transition period, T is T1-B,...,T1When, data is marked asAndand isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, Rd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2The number of features in the feature set, B is the total number of training rounds, and t is an integer;
in each round of training for the second period of time, T ═ T1,...,T2And is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2Number of features in feature set, T2-T1Is the total number of training rounds.
Definition < > denotes the inner product in Ω1∈Rd1Denotes S1The prediction model trained by the feature set is in omega2∈Rd2Denotes S2The prediction result is expressed asWherein wi,t∈Rdi,i=1,2。
In the recommendation system based on streaming data, in each learning training process, an algorithm observes an example and gives a predicted value for the example, the predicted value is compared with a label value, and a loss value l is calculated according to the difference value, so that the model is improved.
Loss function l (w)Tx, y) are calculated from the predicted and labeled results, while the prediction model is updated by a loss function at each iteration, wherein the update function isWherein i is 1, 2.
The mapping relation between the features in the first feature set and the second feature set in the model switching transition time period is described by adopting a linear model, and the correlation matrix between the features is assumed to be M, and the duration is T1-B,...,T1Then the least square method is adopted to calculateWherein M isTRepresenting the transpose of M.
in the transition time period of model switching, a final recommendation result is calculated by adopting a weight-based collaborative recommendation method, which specifically comprises the following steps:
pt=α1,tf1,t+α2,tf2,twherein p istIndicates the final recommended value, αi,tIs the ith round of predicted weight values,representing the second feature set S2Is mapped to a first set of features S1In (1),
the weighted value is updated by the following formula:
Compared with the prior art, the embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that: in the training process of the basic flow data recommendation model, the association between new and old features before and after feature replacement is not considered, so that the old recommendation model is completely abandoned. However, in a real-world scenario, the characteristics of streaming data are slowly changing, and there is a necessary link between new and old characteristics, so this complete alternative wastes the old recommendation model that could otherwise be used to assist in the prediction of new data. According to the method, the mapping from the new features to the old features is established according to the relation between the new features and the old features, so that the new data can be expressed according to the new and old features, and the streaming data can be recommended better by using the new and old recommendation models.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and for those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without inventive efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a recommendation feature and a recommendation model based on feature evolution according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a recommendation model training algorithm provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a collaborative recommendation algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a comparison result between the collaborative recommendation model and the general real-time recommendation algorithm according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The terminology used in the embodiments of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the examples of the present invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and "a" and "an" generally include at least two, but do not exclude at least one, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
It should be understood that the term "and/or" as used herein is merely one type of association that describes an associated object, meaning that three relationships may exist, e.g., a and/or B may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.
It should be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used to describe … … in embodiments of the present invention, these … … should not be limited to these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish … …. For example, the first … … can also be referred to as the second … … and similarly the second … … can also be referred to as the first … … without departing from the scope of embodiments of the present invention.
The words "if", as used herein, may be interpreted as "at … …" or "at … …" or "in response to a determination" or "in response to a detection", depending on the context. Similarly, the phrases "if determined" or "if detected (a stated condition or event)" may be interpreted as "when determined" or "in response to a determination" or "when detected (a stated condition or event)" or "in response to a detection (a stated condition or event)", depending on the context.
It is also noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a good or system that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such good or system. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a commodity or system that includes the element.
In addition, the sequence of steps in each method embodiment described below is only an example and is not strictly limited.
In the process of researching the invention, the inventor finds that the prior art has problems: for a dynamically changing feature set, an obvious scheme is to adopt model replacement, that is, after a period of time, new features are extracted and evaluated from the used model, so that the feature set is updated, and then a new recommended model is trained for the new feature set. This approach completely ignores the continuity of feature changes, completely abandons the previously used recommendation models, so that the recommendation performance becomes very poor at the time periods when the models alternate.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Aiming at the problem of characteristic set evolution in a streaming data recommendation system, the invention considers the old recommendation model and the new recommendation model simultaneously when the recommendation models are alternated, thereby achieving smooth evolution of the recommendation models and avoiding sudden drop of recommendation performance during model switching.
As shown in fig. 1, in the present invention, model switching is extended from one point to a time period B, and in the model switching time period B, two new and old feature sets and a recommended model exist and function simultaneously. Through the weighting factor, the recommendation results obtained by the two models can be combined, so that the final recommendation result in the time period B is obtained. The recommendation system for the smooth evolution of the features and the models overcomes the problem of sudden reduction of recommendation performance caused by direct switching of the feature sets and the recommendation models in the original streaming data recommendation system, and simultaneously keeps the new and old feature sets and recommendation models in a period of switching time B, so that when the new model is used alone, a certain amount of training data is accumulated, and the smooth evolution and transition of the feature sets and the recommendation models are achieved.
In a recommendation system based on streaming data, in each learning process, an algorithm observes an instance and gives an expected value for the instance, compares the expected value with a tag value, and calculates loss from the difference, thereby improving the model. As shown in fig. 1, the data recording method is as follows:
in each round of training for the first period of time, T1, 21B and is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, T1-B is the total number of training rounds;
in each round of training of the model switching transition period, T is T1-B,...,T1When, data is marked asAndand isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, Rd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2The number of features in the feature set, B is the total number of training rounds, and t is an integer;
in each round of training for the second period of time, T ═ T1,...,T2And is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2Number of features in feature set, T2-T1Is the total number of training rounds.
Definition < > denotes the inner product in Ω1∈Rd1Denotes S1The prediction model trained by the feature set is in omega2∈Rd2Denotes S2The prediction result is expressed asWherein wi,t∈Rdi,i=1,2。
Loss function l (w)Tx, y) are calculated by the prediction result and the marking result, the loss function can be calculated by logistic or square loss, and the prediction model is updated by the loss function in each iteration, wherein the updating function isWherein i is 1, 2. The specific training process is shown in fig. 2.
In the training process of the basic flow data recommendation model, the association between new and old features before and after feature replacement is not considered, so that the old recommendation model is completely abandoned. However, in a real-world scenario, the characteristics of streaming data are slowly changing, and there is a necessary link between new and old characteristics, so this complete alternative wastes the old recommendation model that could otherwise be used to assist in the prediction of new data. According to the method, the mapping from the new features to the old features is established according to the relation between the new features and the old features, so that the new data can be expressed according to the new and old features, and the streaming data can be recommended better by using the new and old recommendation models.
Suppose that a mapping relationship ψ exists between two sets of new and old features: rd2-→Rd1Due to characteristic cuttingThe change time does not last for a long time, so that the relation between the new set of characteristics and the old set of characteristics is not suitable to be expressed by complex nonlinear mapping, and the patent uses a linear model to describe the mapping relation between the two sets of characteristic sets. During the feature overlap period B, assume that the correlation matrix between features is M and the duration is T1-B,...,T1Then M can be calculated by the least squares method:
to obtain the optimum value M of M, the following formula may be used:
with the correlation matrix, a new feature set S can be obtained2Of (3) to the old feature set S1For example, we are at S2In which a data is observedAn S can be recovered from the characteristic correlation matrix1Data under a feature setReapplication of S1Recommendation model under feature setThe recommended results under the old model can be obtained. Thus, referring to FIG. 1, the usage of the recommendation model is:
t∈T1-B,...,T1Applying feature set S1、S2And a recommendation modelAt the same time, a feature set S is learned from data during a model common period1To S2The mapping relation M between the two;
t∈T1,...,T2applying feature set S2And a recommendation modelMeanwhile, according to the learned mapping relation M, the observation data is mapped to an old feature set, and an old recommendation model is utilizedAnd performing auxiliary calculation.
To be at T1,......,T2In the period, two old and new recommendation models are utilized for collaborative recommendation, a weight-based collaborative recommendation method is adopted in the patent, and the recommendation value at the time t is as follows: p is a radical oft=α1,tf1,t+α2,tf2,tWherein p istIndicates the final recommended value, αi,tIs the ith round of predicted weight values,representing the second feature set S2Is mapped to a first set of features S1In (1),
according to the loss function of each training round, the weight value can be updated according to the following formula:
where i is 1,2, η is an empirical parameter and l is a loss function.
From the above equation, it can be seen that if a model has a large loss function in the previous training round, its weight value will decrease exponentially in the next recommendation round. The collaborative recommendation algorithm training process is shown in fig. 3.
In the algorithm based on the new and old recommendation models, psi is initialized according to the prior eigenvector correlation matrix, and T is used1Pre-temporal recommendation model initializationInitialization αi,t0.5. According to the previous recommendation modelTo pairAndinitialization is performed. At T1+1 to T2From the labeled values of the sampled data, a loss function for each recommendation model may be calculated, from which a weight for each recommendation model may be calculated, where the empirical parameter is η ═ 8(ln2)/T2)1/2. Through the iteration of the steps, T can be finally obtained1+1 to T2And the recommendation models are coordinated in the time period, so that the recommendation model in the previous stage is utilized to assist the recommendation of the current time node, and the recommendation performance is improved.
The method introduces the collaborative feature recommendation model based on feature evolution, avoids the problem that the recommendation performance is sharply reduced during model switching in stream data recommendation by fully utilizing the old feature set and the recommendation model, and achieves the optimization of the recommendation performance of stream data recommendation. In order to verify the performance of the algorithm, a feature evolution collaborative recommendation model (FE) is compared with a general real-time recommendation algorithm ROGD, a data set is based on 9 comprehensive data sets and 8 ROT data sets, the total number of the data sets is 30, and in order to reduce the calculation cost of the recommendation algorithm, 10 optimal features are selected for training the recommendation model each time. The comparison of the recommendation accuracy is shown in fig. 4 (where the item with the highest recommendation accuracy is marked black). According to the comparison result, the collaborative feature recommendation model based on feature evolution can effectively improve the recommendation accuracy.
For a clearer explanation of this patent, an example is given. As shown in FIG. 1, the time division is 0 → T1-B、T1-B→T1、T1→T2Three stages, each stage feature set is S1、S1+S2、S2,S1And S2The corresponding recommendation model is w1And w2;
At 0 → T1During the time period B, the data are collected by the characteristics S1Expressed in a recommendation model w1Recommending;
at T1-B→T1During the time period, the data is collected by the characteristics S1And S2Expressed in a recommendation model w1、w2Performing collaborative recommendation, and simultaneously learning S according to data in the time period1To S2The mapping relation M;
at T1→T2During the time period, the data is collected by the characteristics S2Representing and mapping the data to a feature set S according to the mapping relation M in the step1Using the model w as well1And w2And carrying out collaborative recommendation.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and certainly can also be implemented by hardware. With this understanding in mind, the above-described technical solutions may be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An Internet time series data recommendation method based on feature evolution is characterized in that:
training by adopting data in the first feature set in a first time period to obtain a first recommendation model and carrying out data recommendation; wherein, in each round of training of the first time period, T is 1,21B and is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, T1-B is the total number of training rounds for the first time period; in omega1∈Rd1Denotes S1A prediction model trained by the feature set;
in a transition time period of model switching, performing weighted calculation by using a first recommendation model obtained by training data in a first feature set and a second recommendation model obtained by training data in a second feature set through a weighting factor to obtain final data recommendation in the transition time period; in each round of training of the model switching transition period, T is T1-B,...,T1When, data is marked asAndand isWherein R isd1Is S1Feature set space, d1 is S1Number of features in feature set, Rd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2The number of features in the feature set, B is the total number of training rounds in the transition time period, and t is an integer;
training by adopting data in the second feature set in a second time period to obtain a second recommendation model and carrying out data recommendation; in each round of training for the second period of time, T ═ T1,...,T2And is an integer, data tag isAnd isWherein R isd2Is S2Feature set space, d2 is S2Number of features in feature set, T2-T1Is the total number of training rounds in the second time period; in omega2∈Rd2Denotes S2A prediction model trained by the feature set;
the mapping relation between the features in the first feature set and the second feature set in the model switching transition time period is described by adopting a linear model, and the correlation matrix between the features is assumed to be M, and the duration is T1-B,...,T1Then the least square method is adopted to calculateWherein M isTA transpose matrix representing M; the optimum value M of the matrix M,
in the transition time period of model switching, a final recommendation result is calculated by adopting a weight-based collaborative recommendation method, which specifically comprises the following steps:
pt=α1,tf1,t+α2,tf2,twherein p istIndicates the final recommended value, αi,tIs the ith round of predicted weight values, representing the second feature set S2Is mapped to a first set of features S1In (1),
the weighted value is updated by the following formula:
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in each learning and training process, an algorithm observes an example and provides a predicted value aiming at the example, the predicted value is compared with a label value, and a loss value l is calculated according to a difference value, so that the model is improved; loss function l (w)Tx, y) are calculated from the predicted and labeled results, while the prediction model is updated by a loss function at each iteration, wherein the update function isWherein i is 1,2, ytThe labeled values in the t-th round of training are shown.
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