CN109497968B - Life signal synchronous measurement system and measurement method for biological radar detection - Google Patents
Life signal synchronous measurement system and measurement method for biological radar detection Download PDFInfo
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- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
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- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a life signal synchronous measurement system and a measurement method for biological radar detection, and belongs to the technical field of biological radar and life signal measurement. The touch sensor group control system comprises a plurality of touch sensor groups and a control display end; each contact sensor group comprises a piezoelectric respiration sensor and a photosensitive pulse sensor; the control display end comprises a computer and a Bluetooth router, and the contact sensor group is communicated with the computer through the Bluetooth router; the computer is in communication with the biological radar system and is used for monitoring the working state of the biological radar system. A third-party software monitor is established by using a Hook technology in a Windows message mechanism, namely, a Hook is used for capturing event messages of starting/stopping measurement of the software of the biological radar system, and when the events of starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar are monitored, a synchronous measurement system is immediately triggered to start/stop data storage, so that the time synchronization of the data collected by the biological radar system and the data collected by the biological radar system is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological radar and vital signal measurement, and relates to a vital signal synchronous measurement system and a vital signal synchronous measurement method for biological radar detection.
Background
The biological radar is a novel radar technology which takes life bodies (human bodies or animals) as detection objects, takes electromagnetic waves emitted by a special radar as detection media, can penetrate through clothes, trees, walls, ruins and other non-metal shields, obtains human target information in a non-contact manner, and has wide application prospects in the fields of military, public safety, biomedicine and the like.
As a novel non-contact life detection technology, the reliability and the accuracy of detection results are often required to be evaluated when the biological radar technology is developed for experimental research. Domestic and foreign documents show that the evaluation of the biological radar experimental results can be roughly divided into two types: one is to judge according to the prior information of the respiratory and heartbeat frequency ranges of the human body, usually to observe whether the peak frequency of the power spectrum of the processed echo is consistent with the prior information; the other type is that the biological radar detects and simultaneously measures vital signals of human respiration, heartbeat and the like, and uses the measurement result for reference. Obviously, the first type of evaluation method has strong subjectivity and can only be used for qualitative evaluation of the detection result of the biological radar, such as verifying the feasibility of the system, judging whether a target exists or not, and the like. With the development of the biological radar technology, the synchronous measurement method becomes more and more a necessary means for developing related research, for example, multi-human target recognition based on biological radar, heart rate variability analysis and the like all need a reference signal to quantitatively analyze the reliability and accuracy of respiration and heart rate of a biological radar detection result.
At present, the synchronous measurement systems for the bio-radar detection all adopt signals of human breath, electrocardio, pulse and the like detected by a contact method as references, and compared with commercial human physiological information measurement instruments such as a multi-lead physiological recorder and the like, the systems developed by small-sized contact sensors such as an ECG electrode, a photoelectric sensor and the like not only have advantages in the aspects of cost, volume, weight and the like, but also are more suitable for developing bio-radar detection experiments in various scenes, such as field simulation ruins, multi-human body target detection and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a life signal synchronous measurement system and a measurement method for biological radar detection.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a life signal synchronous measurement system for biological radar detection, which comprises a control display end and a plurality of contact sensor groups, wherein the control display end is connected with a plurality of sensors;
each contact type sensor group comprises a piezoelectric type respiration sensor for acquiring a human respiration signal and a photosensitive type pulse sensor for acquiring a human pulse signal; the control display end comprises a computer and a Bluetooth router, and the contact sensor group is communicated with the computer through the Bluetooth router;
the computer is in communication with the biological radar system and is used for monitoring the working state of the biological radar system.
Preferably, the computer adopts a Windows operating system, the Bluetooth router adopts a Bluetooth 4.0 protocol, and the Bluetooth router is in wired connection with the computer through a USB interface.
Preferably, the working frequency range of the Bluetooth router is 2.402-2.480 GHz, the wireless communication distance is 100m farthest, and the channel capacity is 1 Mbps.
Preferably, the piezoelectric respiration sensor comprises a first power module, a piezoelectric element, a first signal conditioning circuit, a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and a first bluetooth module, wherein the piezoelectric element, the first signal conditioning circuit, the first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and the first bluetooth module are respectively connected with the first power module; the piezoelectric element, the first signal conditioning circuit, the first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and the first Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the first Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router;
the piezoelectric element is used for detecting the change of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure generated on the body surface of a human body during respiration, the first signal conditioning circuit is used for outputting respiration waveforms, and the first ADC analog-digital conversion module is used for converting analog signals into digital signals.
Preferably, the photosensitive pulse sensor comprises a second power module, a photosensitive element, a second signal conditioning circuit, a second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and a second bluetooth module, which are respectively connected with the second power module; the photosensitive element, the second signal conditioning circuit, the second ADC analog-digital conversion module and the second Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the second Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router;
the photosensitive element is used for detecting the volume change of the peripheral blood vessel of the finger caused by the heart activity, the second signal conditioning circuit is used for outputting pulse waves, and the second ADC analog-digital conversion module is used for converting analog signals into digital signals.
The invention also discloses a measuring method based on the life signal synchronous measuring system, which comprises the following steps:
(1) installing synchronous measurement system software on a computer, firstly establishing Bluetooth data communication by using a USB serial port function of a Bluetooth router and adopting a serial port communication technology;
(2) the contact sensor group sends the collected respiration signals and pulse signals to a computer through a Bluetooth router, the computer extracts multi-channel respiration and pulse data according to frame headers of different sensor data packets, and displays data waveforms and parameters of all channels after corresponding preprocessing is carried out on the basis of a multithreading technology;
(3) establishing a third-party software monitor by utilizing a hook technology in a Windows message mechanism, wherein the third-party software is biological radar system software;
wherein, a hook technology in a Windows message mechanism is utilized to establish a third-party software monitor: and capturing an event message for starting/stopping measurement of the biological radar system software by using the hook, and triggering the synchronous measurement system software to start/stop data storage when monitoring the event for starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar system software, so that the time of the data collected by the contact sensor group and the biological radar system is synchronized.
Preferably, the specific steps of establishing bluetooth data communication are:
firstly, using SPCOMM controls in synchronous measurement system software, wherein each SPCOMM control corresponds to a sensor;
then, setting a control object and an attribute of the SPCOMM control to initialize a USB serial port on the computer, wherein the control object is a virtual COM port;
and finally, realizing data transmission by adopting an event-driven mode, namely triggering an OnRecieData event of the control when the virtual COM port receives data, and analyzing and displaying the data packet after reading the data packet in the cache in the event.
Preferably, the data parsing and displaying method comprises the following steps: after reading the data packet sent back by the contact sensor group through the wireless Bluetooth data link, the computer establishes a new thread outside the serial communication thread to read, preprocess and display the data.
Preferably, the specific steps of the touch sensor group for acquiring the respiration signal and the pulse signal are as follows:
the piezoelectric type respiration sensor adopts a piezoelectric element to detect the systolic pressure change and the diastolic pressure change generated on the body surface of a human body during respiration, the systolic pressure change and the diastolic pressure change output respiration waveforms after passing through a first signal conditioning circuit, and then the respiration waveforms are sampled by a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and sent to a first Bluetooth module;
meanwhile, the photosensitive pulse sensor detects the volume change of the peripheral blood vessel of the finger caused by the heart activity through the photosensitive element, outputs pulse waves through the second signal conditioning circuit, and finally sends the pulse waves to the second Bluetooth module after sampling through the second ADC analog-digital conversion module.
Preferably, the method for establishing the third-party software monitor by using the hook technology in the Windows message mechanism comprises the following steps:
the computer appoints the third-party software to start/stop the relevant information of the measuring button before installing the hook;
then installing a mouse hook to monitor a mouse click event of a start/stop measurement button of the biological radar system software;
specifying a file path for starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar system software;
and finally, installing a file hook to monitor a file read-write event of a specified path, triggering synchronous measurement system software to start/stop measurement through the event, and automatically acquiring the file name of the data file accessed by the biological radar, naming the data file saved for the synchronous measurement system according to the file name, and using the data file name for comparison analysis of two kinds of data after the experiment.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention discloses a life signal synchronous measurement system for biological radar detection, which comprises a plurality of contact sensor groups and a control display end, wherein each contact sensor group comprises 1 piezoelectric respiration sensor and 1 photosensitive pulse sensor and can be used for detecting a plurality of human body targets; the control display end comprises a computer and a Bluetooth router, and the Bluetooth router is responsible for wireless data transmission with the sensor group; in addition, the back-end computer runs synchronous measurement system software, is connected with the biological radar and runs the system software of the biological radar, and the synchronous measurement system software automatically monitors the working state of the biological radar system software through a Window message mechanism so as to realize the synchronization of data acquisition of the biological radar system software and the biological radar system software. The method has the characteristics of low cost, portability and universalization, can provide quantitative standards and references for the biological radar detection experiments in various scenes such as the interior and the exterior of a laboratory, multi-target detection and the like, and can provide a simple, convenient and easy universal method and means for quantitative detection of life signals in biomedical research.
Furthermore, the piezoelectric respiration sensor and the photosensitive sensor have built-in power modules except for the basic sensing and measuring functions, and have the characteristics of small size, light weight and convenience in use.
The measuring method based on the life signal synchronous measuring system firstly establishes Bluetooth data communication, then extracts multi-channel respiration and pulse data obtained by the measurement of the sensor, carries out preprocessing, and then establishes a third-party software monitor by utilizing the Hook technology in the Windows message mechanism, thereby realizing the time synchronization of the data collected by the contact type sensor group and the biological radar system. The biological radar system software is always taken as third-party software, and different biological radar system software only needs to know the related information of starting/stopping storage, so that the universality of the synchronous measurement system software is ensured.
Furthermore, the piezoelectric type respiration sensor adopts the piezoelectric element to detect the change of the contraction and the diastolic pressure generated on the body surface of the human body when breathing, the photosensitive type pulse sensor detects the change of the volume of the peripheral blood vessel of the finger caused by the heart activity through the photosensitive element, the pressure change or the volume change is processed by the signal conditioning circuit and the ADC analog-digital conversion module and then sent to the Bluetooth module, the Bluetooth module is used for carrying out wireless transmission, and the collected signal is transmitted to the Bluetooth router.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an overall architecture diagram of the synchronous measurement system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a piezoelectric respiration sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a photosensitive pulse sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a synchronous measurement method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a basic schematic block diagram of the synchronous measurement system software of the present invention as a third party software monitor.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
Firstly, the overall architecture of the synchronous measurement system is briefly explained: fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of the system. As shown in FIG. 1, the vital signal synchronous measuring system for biological radar detection of the invention comprises a sensor front end and a control display back end. The front end of the sensor is provided with a plurality of contact sensor groups, each group comprises 1 piezoelectric respiration sensor and 1 photosensitive pulse sensor, and the sensor can be used for detecting a plurality of human body targets. The control shows the rear end and includes computer and bluetooth router, and bluetooth router passes through USB interface and computer wired connection, and bluetooth router adopts bluetooth 4.0 standard and a plurality of contact sensor group wireless connection of front end, under this standard: 1) the working frequency range is 2.402-2.480 GHz; 2) the wireless communication distance can reach 100m at the farthest; 3) the channel capacity is 1 Mbps. The Bluetooth router is responsible for carrying out wireless data transmission with the front-end sensor group and then transmitting data to the computer; in addition, the back-end computer adopts a Windows operating system, runs synchronous measurement system software on the Windows operating system, and is connected with the biological radar and runs the system software of the biological radar.
As shown in fig. 2, the piezoelectric respiration sensor includes a first power module, a piezoelectric element, a first signal conditioning circuit, a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module, and a first bluetooth module, which are respectively connected to the first power module; the piezoelectric element, the first signal conditioning circuit, the first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and the first Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the first Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router. The piezoelectric type respiration sensor adopts a piezoelectric element to detect the change of contraction and relaxation pressure generated on the body surface of a human body during respiration, the pressure change outputs respiration waveform after a built-in first signal conditioning circuit, then the respiration waveform is transmitted to a Bluetooth module for wireless transmission after being sampled by a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module, the sampling precision of the first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module is 8 bits, the sampling rate is 50Hz, and the piezoelectric type respiration sensor is matched with an elastic bandage to be bound on the chest or the abdomen of the human body for measurement during use.
As shown in fig. 3, the photosensitive pulse sensor includes a second power module, a photosensitive element, a second signal conditioning circuit, a second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module, and a second bluetooth module, which are respectively connected to the second power module; the photosensitive element, the second signal conditioning circuit, the second ADC analog-digital conversion module and the second Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the second Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router. Photosensitive formula pulse sensor adopts the infrared ray correlation formula to indicate to press from both sides the measurement, detects the peripheral blood vessel volume change of finger that heart activity arouses through photosensitive component, then exports the pulse wave through second signal conditioning circuit, then sends to second bluetooth module after sampling through second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and carries out wireless transmission, and the sampling precision of second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module is 8 bits, the sampling rate is 200 Hz. Besides the basic sensing and measuring functions, the two sensors are both internally provided with power modules, and have the characteristics of small volume, light weight and convenience in use.
The system software workflow of the synchronous measurement system is explained as follows: as shown in fig. 4, the software firstly utilizes the USB to serial port function of the bluetooth router to establish bluetooth data communication by using the serial port communication technology; then extracting multiple paths of respiration and pulse data according to frame headers of different sensor data packets, performing corresponding preprocessing based on a multithreading technology, and displaying waveforms and parameters of the data of each path; and then, establishing a third-party software monitor by using Hook technology in a Windows message mechanism, namely capturing event messages of starting/stopping measurement of the biological radar system software by using a Hook, and immediately triggering the synchronous measurement system software to start/stop data storage when monitoring the event of starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar system software, thereby realizing time synchronization of the data collected by the two. In the above process, the biological radar system software is always used as third-party software, and different biological radar system software only needs to know the related information of starting/stopping storage, thereby ensuring the universality of the synchronous measurement system software.
The serial port communication method in the synchronous measurement system software is explained as follows: firstly, using SPCOMM controls in software, wherein each control corresponds to a sensor; then setting a control object (virtual COM port) and an attribute of the SPCOMM control to initialize the serial port; and finally, realizing data transmission by adopting an event-driven mode, namely triggering an OnRecieData event of the control when the virtual COM port receives data, and analyzing and displaying the data packet after reading the data packet in the cache in the event. Table 1 shows the setting of the main attributes of the SPCOMM control in software, where the baud rate is set to 9600bps, and the requirement of data transmission rate is satisfied according to the sampling frequency and accuracy of the selected sensor.
TABLE 1 Main Attribute setup for SPCOMM controls in synchronous measurement System software
The data analysis and display method in the synchronous measurement system software is explained as follows: after a data packet sent back by the front end of the sensor is read through the wireless Bluetooth data link, system software adopts a multithreading technology to realize data analysis and display, namely a new thread is established outside a serial port communication thread to read, preprocess and display the data so as to ensure the priority and real-time performance of data communication, thereby ensuring that the data analysis and display links do not influence the synchronism of the sensor and the biological radar data. Because the two threads read and write the same data, a critical section (Critical section) method is adopted in the multi-thread programming to cache the data, so that the problem that the integrity of the data is damaged when a plurality of threads access the same data at the same time is solved. In addition, the front-end sensor data is packaged according to a specified data format before being subjected to Bluetooth wireless transmission, so that the back-end software automatically identifies the type of the sensor from a data packet header, and the subsequent waveform data is preprocessed and displayed conveniently.
The method for realizing the third-party software monitor in the synchronous measurement system software is explained as follows: as shown in fig. 5, firstly, considering the difference in the definition of the start/stop measurement button of different pieces of biological radar system software, for example, some pieces of software are "start", some pieces of software are "start acquisition" or "start save", the synchronous measurement system software needs to specify the relevant information of the start/stop measurement button of the third-party software before installing the hook; then installing a mouse hook to monitor a mouse click event of a start/stop measurement button of the biological radar system software; considering that some biological radar system software starts/stops measurement by clicking a button, but the biological radar software inevitably triggers a read-write event of a file under a certain path when starting/stopping saving data, so that a corresponding file path is specified; and then a file hook is installed to monitor a file read-write event of a specified path, the event is used for triggering synchronous measurement system software to start/stop measurement, and meanwhile, the file name of a data file accessed by the biological radar can be automatically acquired, so that the data file saved by the synchronous measurement system is named, and the comparison and analysis of two kinds of data after an experiment can be facilitated. In addition, considering that the biological radar and the synchronous measurement system software belong to different processes when actually running, because the address spaces of the processes are separated from each other, the former cannot directly call the hook function of the address space of the latter, so the mouse and the file hook adopt a global hook, namely the hook function is established in a dll (dynamic link library) file, thereby realizing the sharing of a plurality of processes, and simultaneously, in order to ensure the visibility of other processes of parameter information such as event types, start/stop related information, file paths, file names and the like in the dll, a memory file mapping technology, namely a special memory segment is defined in the dll to store the parameter variables, thereby realizing the effective parameter transfer.
Claims (9)
1. A measurement method based on a life signal synchronous measurement system is characterized in that the life signal synchronous measurement system is used for biological radar detection and comprises a control display end and a plurality of contact sensor groups;
each contact type sensor group comprises a piezoelectric type respiration sensor for acquiring a human respiration signal and a photosensitive type pulse sensor for acquiring a human pulse signal; the control display end comprises a computer and a Bluetooth router, and the contact sensor group is communicated with the computer through the Bluetooth router;
the computer is communicated with the biological radar system and is used for monitoring the working state of the biological radar system;
the measuring method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) installing synchronous measurement system software on a computer, firstly establishing Bluetooth data communication by using a USB serial port function of a Bluetooth router and adopting a serial port communication technology;
(2) the contact sensor group sends the collected respiration signals and pulse signals to a computer through a Bluetooth router, the computer extracts multi-channel respiration and pulse data according to frame headers of different sensor data packets, and displays data waveforms and parameters of all channels after corresponding preprocessing is carried out on the basis of a multithreading technology;
(3) establishing a third-party software monitor by utilizing a hook technology in a Windows message mechanism, wherein the third-party software is biological radar system software;
wherein, a hook technology in a Windows message mechanism is utilized to establish a third-party software monitor: and capturing an event message for starting/stopping measurement of the biological radar system software by using the hook, and triggering the synchronous measurement system software to start/stop data storage when monitoring the event for starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar system software, so that the time of the data collected by the contact sensor group and the biological radar system is synchronized.
2. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific steps of establishing the bluetooth data communication are:
firstly, using SPCOMM controls in synchronous measurement system software, wherein each SPCOMM control corresponds to a sensor;
then, setting a control object and an attribute of the SPCOMM control to initialize a USB serial port on the computer, wherein the control object is a virtual COM port;
and finally, realizing data transmission by adopting an event-driven mode, namely triggering an OnRecieData event of the control when the virtual COM port receives data, and analyzing and displaying the data packet after reading the data packet in the cache in the event.
3. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the data analysis and display method comprises: after reading the data packet sent back by the contact sensor group through the wireless Bluetooth data link, the computer establishes a new thread outside the serial communication thread to read, preprocess and display the data.
4. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of the touch sensor group acquiring the respiration signal and the pulse signal comprises:
the piezoelectric type respiration sensor adopts a piezoelectric element to detect the systolic pressure change and the diastolic pressure change generated on the body surface of a human body during respiration, the systolic pressure change and the diastolic pressure change output respiration waveforms after passing through a first signal conditioning circuit, and then the respiration waveforms are sampled by a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and sent to a first Bluetooth module;
meanwhile, the photosensitive pulse sensor detects the volume change of the peripheral blood vessel of the finger caused by the heart activity through the photosensitive element, outputs pulse waves through the second signal conditioning circuit, and finally sends the pulse waves to the second Bluetooth module after sampling through the second ADC analog-digital conversion module.
5. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for establishing the third-party software monitor by using hook technology in Windows message mechanism comprises:
the computer appoints the third-party software to start/stop the relevant information of the measuring button before installing the hook;
then installing a mouse hook to monitor a mouse click event of a start/stop measurement button of the biological radar system software;
specifying a file path for starting/stopping data storage of the biological radar system software;
and finally, installing a file hook to monitor a file read-write event of a specified path, triggering synchronous measurement system software to start/stop measurement through the file read-write event, and automatically acquiring the file name of a data file accessed by the biological radar, naming the data file stored by the synchronous measurement system according to the file name, and using the file name for comparison analysis of two data after an experiment.
6. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein the computer uses Windows operating system, the Bluetooth router uses Bluetooth 4.0 protocol, and the Bluetooth router is connected to the computer through USB interface.
7. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the operating frequency range of the bluetooth router is 2.402 to 2.480GHz, the wireless communication distance is 100m at most, and the channel capacity is 1 Mbps.
8. The measurement method based on the vital signal synchronous measurement system of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric respiration sensor comprises a first power module, a piezoelectric element, a first signal conditioning circuit, a first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and a first Bluetooth module, which are respectively connected with the first power module; the piezoelectric element, the first signal conditioning circuit, the first ADC analog-to-digital conversion module and the first Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the first Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router;
the piezoelectric element is used for detecting the change of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure generated on the body surface of a human body during respiration, the first signal conditioning circuit is used for outputting respiration waveforms, and the first ADC analog-digital conversion module is used for converting analog signals into digital signals.
9. The measurement method of claim 1, wherein the photosensitive pulse sensor comprises a second power module, a photosensitive element, a second signal conditioning circuit, a second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module, and a second Bluetooth module, wherein the photosensitive element, the second signal conditioning circuit, the second ADC analog-to-digital conversion module, and the second Bluetooth module are respectively connected to the second power module; the photosensitive element, the second signal conditioning circuit, the second ADC analog-digital conversion module and the second Bluetooth module are electrically connected in sequence through circuits; the second Bluetooth module is communicated with the Bluetooth router;
the photosensitive element is used for detecting the volume change of the peripheral blood vessel of the finger caused by the heart activity, the second signal conditioning circuit is used for outputting pulse waves, and the second ADC analog-digital conversion module is used for converting analog signals into digital signals.
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