CN109494445B - Spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception - Google Patents
Spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception Download PDFInfo
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- CN109494445B CN109494445B CN201811630490.8A CN201811630490A CN109494445B CN 109494445 B CN109494445 B CN 109494445B CN 201811630490 A CN201811630490 A CN 201811630490A CN 109494445 B CN109494445 B CN 109494445B
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/24—Polarising devices; Polarisation filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
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Abstract
The invention discloses a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which comprises a plurality of resonant units which are arranged in equal rows and equal columns along the orthogonal direction; the resonance unit comprises a substrate, an insulator and a spiral line; wherein the insulator is fixedly embedded in the substrate through hole of the substrate; the insulator is provided with a plug wire hole which is a through hole; the spiral line is arranged on the substrate, and one end of the spiral line is fixedly inserted into the plug wire hole; the spiral line is provided with a plurality of spiral turns and is divided into a lower spiral part and an upper spiral part; the radius of each circle of spiral of the lower spiral part is equal, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed; the radius of each circle of spiral of the upper spiral part is decreased from the bottom to the top in an equal amount, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed; substrates of the resonance units are connected in a seamless manner. The invention has the advantages of high efficiency, wide frequency and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electromagnetism, relates to an electromagnetic structure, and particularly relates to a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception.
Background
The artificial electromagnetic structure is defined as a uniform electromagnetic structure manufactured artificially, has abnormal characteristics which are not found in nature, and is an electromagnetic material structure formed by non-periodic or periodic arrangement of basic units of a sub-wavelength artificial structure with a specific geometric shape. It has unique properties that the original materials do not possess in nature, in which many entirely new physical phenomena occur. At present, physical characteristic research of an artificial electromagnetic structure and application research thereof in the fields of directional radiation high-performance antennas, electromagnetic stealth, space communication, detection technology, novel terahertz wave band functional devices and the like start to become research hot spots in the international physics and electromagnetism world.
The development of human society has entered a wireless era, people acquire information more and more conveniently and timely, the demand for acquiring energy information at any time and place is stronger, and wireless energy transmission (WPT) becomes a good choice when supplying power to sensors and other electronic devices such as national defense security, urban architecture, medical detection and the like. Wireless energy transfer refers to a process of transferring energy from an energy source to an electrical load that is free of conventional wired transmission, through free space. The wireless energy transmission is widely applied to the fields of mobile phone charging, robot power supply, RFID system functions, microsystem technology, microwave-driven helicopters, space vehicles and the like.
In WPT, the polarization of electromagnetic waves is an important factor that must be considered. Polarization of electromagnetic waves is an important property of electromagnetic waves in that the way the electric field vector oscillation behavior is analyzed. When an electromagnetic wave propagates along the direction of the wave vector, the trajectory of the end of the electric field vector can be divided into a straight line, an ellipse, and a circle with time change, and the polarization modes corresponding to the straight line, the ellipse, and the circle are respectively linear polarization, elliptical polarization, and circular polarization. Among them, antennas radiating circularly polarized waves are widely used in the fields of mobile communications, radar systems, and satellite communications. The traditional circular polarization resonator for wireless power transmission has high efficiency, but has a narrow working frequency band, which brings a plurality of inconveniences in practical application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which overcomes the defects of the prior art.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circular polarization wireless energy reception, which comprises a plurality of resonant units which are arranged in equal rows and equal columns along the orthogonal direction; the resonance unit comprises a substrate, an insulator and a spiral line; wherein the insulator is fixedly embedded in the substrate through hole of the substrate; the insulator is provided with a plug wire hole which is a through hole; the spiral line is arranged on the substrate, and one end of the spiral line is fixedly inserted into the plug wire hole; the spiral line is provided with a plurality of spiral turns and is divided into a lower spiral part and an upper spiral part; the radius of each circle of spiral of the lower spiral part is equal, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed; the radius of each circle of spiral of the upper spiral part is decreased from the bottom to the top in an equal amount, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed; substrates of the resonance units are connected in a seamless manner.
The lower spiral part is a part of the spiral line, which is close to the substrate, and the upper spiral part is a part of the spiral line, which is far away from the substrate.
"Arranged in an orthogonal direction" means that each row of resonant cells is perpendicular to each column of resonant cells.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein the insulator is disposed at an edge of the substrate at a midpoint of an edge thereof.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein the spiral line has 6 spirals in total, and the lower spiral part and the upper spiral part have 3 spirals respectively.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein, 3 turns of the spiral of the lower spiral part are sequentially a first spiral, a second spiral and a third spiral from the bottom end to the top end; the linear gradual equation for the pitch of the lower helical portion is: z (t) =7.5× (t≡2) +105×t, t is the position coefficient of a certain point on the lower spiral part, the range is 0-1, z (t) is the distance from the certain point to the top end of the lower spiral part; when t=1/3, z (1/3) is the distance from the third spiral starting point to the top end of the lower spiral part, namely the pitch from the second spiral ending point to the third spiral ending point; when t=2/3, z (2/3) is the distance from the second spiral starting point to the top end of the lower spiral part, and z (2/3) -z (1/3) is the pitch from the second spiral starting point to the third spiral starting point; when t=1, z (1) is the distance from the first screw start point to the top end of the lower screw, and z (1) -z (2/3) are the pitches of the first screw start point to the second screw start point.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein, the 3 turns of the upper spiral part are a fourth spiral, a fifth spiral and a sixth spiral from the bottom end to the top end in sequence; the linear gradual equation for the pitch of the upper helical portion is: z ' (t ')=45× (t ' ] 2) +30×t ', t ' being the position coefficient of a point on the upper spiral, the range being 0to 1, z ' (t ') being the distance from the point to the top of the upper spiral; when t '=1/3, z' (1/3) is the distance from the start of the sixth helix to the top of the helix, i.e., the pitch from the end of the fifth helix to the end of the sixth helix; when t '=2/3, z' (2/3) is the distance from the fifth screw start point to the top end of the screw portion, and z '(2/3) -z' (1/3) is the pitch from the fifth screw start point to the sixth screw start point; when t '=1, z' (1) is the distance from the fourth screw start point to the top end of the screw portion, and z '(1) -z' (2/3) are the pitches from the fourth screw start point to the fifth screw start point.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein the substrate is square.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein the insulator is cylindrical; the plug wire hole is arranged at the center of the insulator; the end surfaces of the two ends of the insulator are flush with the corresponding surfaces of the substrate.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: the spiral radius of the upper spiral part is reduced from the spiral radius of the lower spiral part to zero at the top radius by equal quantity of turns.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: the extending direction of the spiral line is perpendicular to the substrate.
Further, the invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception, which can also have the following characteristics: wherein, the material of the base plate and the spiral line is copper; and/or the insulator is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with the traditional circularly polarized energy receiver, the spiral artificial electromagnetic structure is novel in form, can realize high-efficiency broadband reception of the left-hand circularly polarized wave, is simple in structure and easy to process, and can conveniently realize adjustment of resonant frequency and working frequency points by adjusting the size of each parameter of the resonant unit. Secondly, each resonance unit only occupies 31mm by 187.5mm, the occupied volume is relatively small, and the device has good compliance with the requirement of miniaturization of the device in modern wireless communication. In addition, in the working frequency range, namely the frequency range from 2GHz to 4GHz, the energy collection efficiency is higher than 90%, the defect of narrow working frequency range of the traditional circular polarization energy receiving resonator is overcome, and in the position of a center frequency point of 3GHz, the energy collection efficiency is higher than 99%, and is obviously higher than that of the traditional circular polarization energy receiving resonator. The invention has the advantages of high efficiency, wide frequency and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a resonant cell;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a resonant cell;
FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the resonant unit;
FIG. 5 is a graph of left hand circularly polarized energy transfer efficiency for a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure;
FIG. 6 is an s11 data plot of a helical artificial electromagnetic structure.
Detailed Description
Specific embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention provides a spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circular polarization wireless energy reception, comprising 20 rows×20 columns of resonant cells 1 regularly arranged along an orthogonal direction. Wherein, "arranged in an orthogonal direction" means that each row of resonant cells is perpendicular to each column of resonant cells.
In this embodiment, the number of resonant units may be set as required, and it is required to satisfy the periodic orthogonal arrangement of equal rows and columns.
As shown in fig. 2-4, the resonator element 1 comprises a substrate 11, an insulator 12 and a spiral 13.
The substrate 11 is square.
The material of the substrate 11 is copper. The substrate 11 has a side length to thickness ratio of 31:3, and preferably the substrate 11 has dimensions of 31mm by 3mm.
The insulator 12 is cylindrical and fixedly embedded in the substrate through hole of the substrate 11. An insulator 12 is provided at the edge of the substrate 11 at the midpoint of the edge thereof. The end surfaces of both ends of the insulator 12 are flush with the corresponding surfaces of the substrate 11.
The insulator 12 has a wire insertion hole in the center, which is a through hole.
The material of the insulator 12 is polytetrafluoroethylene. The insulator 12 has an outer radius to inner radius ratio of 2:0.6, preferably an outer radius dimension of 2mm and an inner radius dimension of 0.6mm.
The spiral wire 13 is disposed on the substrate 11, and one end is fixedly inserted into the wire insertion hole. The direction of extension of the spiral line 13 is perpendicular to the substrate 11.
The spiral line 13 has 6 spirals in total, and is divided into a lower spiral portion near the base plate portion and an upper spiral portion distant from the base plate portion.
The lower screw part includes 3 screws, which are a first screw 131, a second screw 132, and a third screw 133 in order from the bottom to the top thereof. The pitch of the lower spiral part is linearly graded, and the linear graded equation is as follows: z (t) =7.5× (t≡2) +105×t, t is the position coefficient of a certain point on the lower spiral part, the range is 0 to 1, and z (t) is the distance from the certain point to the top end of the lower spiral part.
When t=1/3, z (1/3) is the distance from the start point of the third screw 133 to the top end of the lower screw portion, wherein the start point of the third screw 133 is the end point of the second screw 132, and the top end of the lower screw portion is the end point of the third screw 133, so z (1/3) is the pitch from the end point of the second screw 132 to the end point of the third screw 133.
When t=2/3, z (2/3) is the distance from the start point of the second spiral 132 to the top end of the lower spiral part, z (2/3) -z (1/3) is the distance from the start point of the second spiral 132 to the start point of the third spiral 133, wherein the start point of the second spiral 132 is the end point of the first spiral 131, and the start point of the third spiral 133 is the end point of the second spiral 132, so that (2/3) -z (1/3) is the pitch from the end point of the first spiral 131 to the end point of the second spiral 132.
When t=1, z (1) is the distance from the start point of the first spiral 131 to the top end of the lower spiral part, and z (1) -z (2/3) is the distance from the start point of the first spiral 131 to the start point of the second spiral 132, wherein the start point of the first spiral 131 is the surface of the substrate 11, and the start point of the second spiral 132 is the end point of the first spiral 131, so that z (1) -z (2/3) are the pitches from the surface of the substrate 11 to the end point of the first spiral 131.
Preferably, the pitch of the third screw 133 to the second screw 132 is 35.83mm, the pitch of the second screw 132 to the first screw 131 is 37.5mm, the pitch of the first screw 131 to the substrate 11 is 39.17mm, and the total height of the lower screw part is 112.5mm.
The radius of each turn of the spiral of the lower spiral part is equal. Preferably, the radius of each turn of the lower spiral portion is 13mm.
The upper screw part includes 3 screws, a fourth screw 134, a fifth screw 135 and a sixth screw 136 in this order from the bottom to the top thereof. The pitch of the upper spiral part is linearly graded, and the linear graded equation is as follows: z ' (t ')=45× (t ' ] 2) +30×t ', t ' is the position coefficient of a certain point on the upper spiral, the range is 0 to 1, and z ' (t ') is the distance from the point to the top of the upper spiral.
When t ' =1/3, z ' (1/3) is the distance from the start point of the sixth spiral 136 to the top end of the spiral part, wherein the top end of the spiral part is the end point of the sixth spiral 136, and the start point of the sixth spiral 136 is the end point of the fifth spiral 135, so z ' (1/3) is the pitch from the end point of the sixth spiral 136 to the end point of the fifth spiral 135.
When t '=2/3, z' (2/3) is the distance from the start point of the fifth screw 135 to the top end of the screw portion, z '(2/3) -z' (1/3) is the distance from the start point of the fifth screw 135 to the start point of the sixth screw 136, wherein the start point of the fifth screw 135 is the end point of the fourth screw 134, and the start point of the sixth screw 136 is the end point of the fifth screw 135, so that z '(2/3) -z' (1/3) is the pitch from the end point of the fourth screw 134 to the end point of the fifth screw 135.
When t '=1, z' (1) is the distance from the start point of the fourth screw 134 to the top end of the fourth screw, and z '(1) -z' (2/3) is the distance from the start point of the fourth screw 134 to the start point of the fifth screw 135, wherein the start point of the fourth screw 134 is the top end of the lower screw, and the start point of the fifth screw 135 is the end point of the fourth screw 134, so that z '(1) -z' (2/3) is the pitch from the top end of the lower screw to the end point of the fourth screw 134, i.e., the pitch from the end point of the third screw 133 to the end point of the fourth screw 134.
Preferably, the pitch of the sixth screw 136 to the fifth screw 135 is 15mm, the pitch of the fifth screw 135 to the fourth screw 134 is 25mm, and the pitch of the fourth screw 134 to the third screw 133 is 35mm. The total height of the upper screw is 75mm.
The radius of each circle of spiral of the upper spiral part is reduced from bottom to top in an equal amount, and the radius of the spiral of the lower spiral part is reduced to zero from the top of the upper spiral part in an equal amount according to the number of turns.
The material of the spiral wire 13 is copper, and the radius of the copper wire is 0.6mm.
The substrates 11 of the resonance units 1 are connected with each other in a seamless manner, and 20×20 substrates 11 are integrally formed to form an overall electromagnetic structure.
The ports of the electromagnetic structure are the ends of the respective spirals 13 inserted into the insulator 12. The rear end of the insulator 12 may be connected to the rectifying circuit via a coaxial line, in this embodiment, the port rectifying circuit is equivalent to a resistive load representing the input impedance of the output port rectifying circuit. As shown in fig. 4, the resistor load 2 is welded to the bottom end face of the insulator 12, and its end is connected to the spiral line 13 for simulating the energy transmission receiving end, and the resistance is selected to be 50 ohms for better matching with the transmission line.
When the left-hand circularly polarized electromagnetic wave vertically enters the whole spiral artificial electromagnetic structure, resonance is generated, clockwise polarized current is generated on the surface of the spiral line, energy is lost on the resistance load at each port, the percentage of the loss is equivalent to the energy collection efficiency, and the energy collection efficiency can be represented by the energy consumed on the load. As shown in fig. 5, in the operating frequency range of 2 to 4GHz, the energy collection efficiency is higher than 90%, and at the central operating frequency point of 3GHz, the collected energy is higher than 99%, and the energy loss in the copper substrate, the polytetrafluoroethylene insulator and the copper spiral line is almost negligible.
Fig. 6 is s11 data representing return loss characteristics of the present spiral artificial electromagnetic structure. From the graph, the return loss characteristic is low and the receiving efficiency is high in the working frequency range of 2 to 4 GHz.
Claims (7)
1. A spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circular polarization wireless energy reception is characterized in that:
comprises a plurality of resonant units which are arranged in equal rows and equal columns along the orthogonal direction;
The resonance unit comprises a substrate, an insulator and a spiral line;
wherein the insulator is fixedly embedded in the substrate through hole of the substrate;
The insulator is provided with a plug wire hole, and the plug wire hole is a through hole;
The spiral line is arranged on the substrate, and one end of the spiral line is fixedly inserted into the plug wire hole;
The spiral line is provided with a plurality of spiral turns and is divided into a lower spiral part and an upper spiral part;
the radius of each circle of spiral of the lower spiral part is equal, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed;
the radius of each circle of spiral of the upper spiral part is decreased from the bottom to the top in an equal amount, and the pitch is linearly gradually changed;
The substrates of the resonance units are connected in a seamless way;
The lower spiral part is a part of the spiral line, which is close to the substrate, and the upper spiral part is a part of the spiral line, which is far away from the substrate;
The insulator is arranged at the edge of the substrate and positioned at the midpoint of the edge where the insulator is positioned;
the 3-turn spiral of the lower spiral part is sequentially a first spiral, a second spiral and a third spiral from the bottom end to the top end;
the linear gradual change equation of the pitch of the lower spiral part is as follows: z (t) =7.5× (t≡2) +105×t, t is the position coefficient of a certain point on the lower spiral part, the range is 0-1, and z (t) is the distance from the certain point to the top end of the lower spiral part;
when t=1/3, z (1/3) is the distance from the third screw starting point to the top end of the lower screw part;
When t=2/3, z (2/3) is the distance from the second spiral starting point to the top end of the lower spiral part, and z (2/3) -z (1/3) is the pitch from the second spiral starting point to the third spiral starting point;
when t=1, z (1) is the distance from the first spiral starting point to the top end of the lower spiral part, and z (1) -z (2/3) are the pitches from the first spiral starting point to the second spiral starting point;
The spiral line has 6 spirals in total, and the lower spiral part and the upper spiral part have 3 spirals respectively.
2. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
The 2-turn spiral of the upper spiral part is sequentially a fourth spiral, a fifth spiral and a sixth spiral from the bottom end to the top end of the upper spiral part;
the linear gradual change equation of the pitch of the upper spiral part is as follows: z '(t') =45× (t 2) +30×t '(t') being a position coefficient of a point on the upper spiral portion, the range being 0 to 1, z '(t') being a distance from the point to the top end of the upper spiral portion;
When t '=1/3, z'/1/3 is the distance from the start point of the sixth helix to the top end of the helical portion;
when t '=2/3, z' (2/3) is the distance from the fifth screw starting point to the top end of the screw part, and z '(2/3) -z' (1/3) is the pitch from the fifth screw starting point to the sixth screw starting point;
When t '=1, z' (1) is the distance from the fourth screw start point to the top end of the screw portion, and z '(1) -z' (2/3) is the pitch from the fourth screw start point to the fifth screw start point.
3. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
Wherein the substrate is square.
4. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
wherein the insulator is cylindrical;
The plug wire hole is arranged at the center of the insulator;
the end surfaces of the two ends of the insulator are flush with the corresponding surfaces of the substrate.
5. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
The spiral radius of the upper spiral part is reduced from the spiral radius of the lower spiral part to zero at the top radius according to the equal number of turns.
6. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
The extending direction of the spiral line is perpendicular to the substrate.
7. The spiral artificial electromagnetic structure suitable for broadband circularly polarized wireless energy reception according to claim 1, wherein:
wherein the material of the substrate and the spiral line is copper;
And/or the insulator is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
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