CN109486802A - A kind of penicillase mutant and its construction method that enzyme activity improves - Google Patents

A kind of penicillase mutant and its construction method that enzyme activity improves Download PDF

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CN109486802A
CN109486802A CN201811601243.5A CN201811601243A CN109486802A CN 109486802 A CN109486802 A CN 109486802A CN 201811601243 A CN201811601243 A CN 201811601243A CN 109486802 A CN109486802 A CN 109486802A
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penicillase
mutant
enzyme activity
enzyme
ala
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CN109486802B (en
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李润明
罗春
郝宇
丁姝元
邱壮伟
王金刚
陈舒明
粱岩
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Guangzhou Baiyunshan Baidi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
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    • C12N9/78Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C12N9/86Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5) acting on amide bonds in cyclic amides, e.g. penicillinase (3.5.2)
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    • C12N15/00Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/70Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for E. coli
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    • C12Y305/00Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C12Y305/02Hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds (3.5) in cyclic amides (3.5.2)

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Abstract

The present invention relates to penicillase mutant and its construction method that a kind of enzyme activity improves, belong to gene engineering technology field.The amino acid sequence for the penicillase mutant that enzyme activity of the present invention improves is as shown in SEQ ID NO:1.The present invention uses simple point mutation technology, is based on homology modeling methods, significant for meeting penicillase industry chemical conversion production demand and reduction production cost by selecting specific amino acids to optimize penicillase molecular structure, improving enzyme activity.

Description

A kind of penicillase mutant and its construction method that enzyme activity improves
Technical field
The present invention relates to penicillase mutant and its construction method that a kind of enzyme activity improves, belong to technique for gene engineering neck Domain.
Background technique
Since nineteen twenty-nine penicillin invention, antibiotic has played huge effect in terms of preventing and treating bacteriosis.But It is that, due to long-term a large amount of uses of antibiotic, abuse of antibiotics especially lack of standardizationly results in the bacterial resistance got worse Property problem.The most important mechanism of bacterial resistance is to generate inactivator, such as beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzyme.The interior acyl of β- Amine enzyme can be such that its amido bond hydrolyzes with the carboxyl covalent bond of beta-lactam, inactivate penicillin and/or cephalosporin.β-is interior Amidase type is complex, big to having had now been found that more than 300 kinds, and due to super wide spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic Amount uses, and occurs being resistant to the extended spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBLs) of super wide spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic.According to terminal amino group Beta-lactamase can be divided into tetra- class of A, B, C and D by the site of acid sequence and encoding gene: SHV belongs to A class, and metalloenzyme belongs to B Class, AmpC enzyme belong to C class, and 0XA type enzyme belongs to D class.A type and D type enzyme belong to penicillase;C-type enzyme belongs to cephalosporinase;B Type enzyme keeps activity, therefore referred to as metalloenzyme by metal ion.
The representative enzyme of A type beta-lactamase is TEM type enzyme and SHV type enzyme, they can decompose penicillin medicine, and correct The hydrolysis ability of spore bacteriums drug is low.A type enzyme can be inhibited by enzyme inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam Sodiums.
The characteristics of D type beta-lactamase be can decompose it is other can hardly be by zymolytic oxacillin of beta-lactam etc. Penicillin medicine, referred to as OXA type enzyme.This type of enzyme majority is isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and hypotype is also very much.Clavulanic acid relaxes Batan, Tazobactam Sodium etc. have very strong inhibiting effect to this type of enzyme.
Extended spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBLs) is used as the drug resistant main mechanism of Beta-lactam medicine, interior by destroying β- Amide ring inactivates the molecule antibiotic property of antibacterials, then causes the generation of antibody-resistant bacterium.ESBLs mainly includes following several Seed type, most commonly seen with SHV type, TEM type, CTX-M type, remaining is various including PER type, GES type, BES type, VEB type etc., respectively There is some difference for Distribution and hydrolysing activity between enzyme type.Representative enzyme type of the SHV type beta-lactamase as early detection One of, drug resistant gene is mostly by plasmid-mediated propagation.From nineteen eighty-three since Germany reports the first SHV type ESBL, by In the end of the year 2016, the SHV form variation body to have come forth in global range is up to more than 180 kinds, and in Nosocomial or Nosocomial Infections Wide-scale distribution in property microorganism.
SHV type beta-lactamase belongs to A class serine class beta-lactamase, is earliest discovery and enzyme type the most popular One of.1972, have found SHV-1 type beta-lactamase in one plant of escherichia coli of Germany for the first time, SHV-1 exogenous enzyme with The 1-5 amino acid that the mode of point mutation influences its expression is replaced, and the substrate spectrum of zymoprotein has been gradually expanded.Nineteen eighty-three, A kind of SHV type ESBL is had found in the Klebsiella ozaenae of one plant of resistance to cefotaxime, is named as SHV-2, this is first hair Existing SHV type extended spectrumβ-lactamase.The study found that SHV-2 only has occurred at the 238th compared with SHV-1 Gly238Ser amino acid mutation, and the substitution of this single amino acid changes the activity of SHV-1 type enzyme, then opens up on Antibiotic Resistance The wide hydrolysing activity to third generation cephalosporins medicine.Hereafter, SHV type ESBLs variant gradually appears, as SHV-2a type, SHV-3 type, SHV-4 type, SHV-5 type, SHV-12 type etc..
Provide that the sterile production technique of aseptic medicine (including biological products) must assess life using environmental monitoring in GMP Produce whether environmental Kuznets Curves reach GMP requirement.Monitoring project includes air suspension particle, aerial bacterioplankton, settling bacteria, facility and sets The microorganism on standby surface and the sanitary condition monitoring of operator etc..Aseptic subpackaged of injection penicillin antibiotics, function Belong between dust function between energy.Penicillin antibiotics dust is fallen into monitoring culture medium plate, is cultivated reducing in plate Base sensitivity, and then influence production process environmental monitoring data accurate reliability.Monitoring adds penicillin in culture medium plate The amount of enzyme, to ensure that environmental monitoring monitoring ware sensitivity of culture medium is suitable for production process environmental monitoring.Develop high activity Penicillase commercial value with higher.
Heterogenous expression penicillase distinct issues are that expressing quantity is low, penicillin enzyme activity is low.Therefore, rite-directed mutagenesis Be transformed penicillase, improve enzymatic activities, for meet penicillase industry chemical conversion production demand and reduce production cost have it is important Meaning.The present invention uses simple point mutation technology, is based on homology modeling methods, optimizes penicillase point by selection specific amino acids Minor structure improves enzyme activity.
Summary of the invention
A kind of penicillin that enzyme activity improves is provided it is an object of the invention to overcome above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art place Enzyme mutant and its construction method, penicillase mutant enzyme activity with higher of the invention, for meeting penicillase work Industry is melted into production demand and reduction production cost is significant.
To achieve the above object, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the penicillase mutant that a kind of enzyme activity improves, institute The amino acid sequence of mutant is stated as shown in SEQ ID NO:1.
As the preferred embodiment of penicillase mutant of the present invention, the mutant is in such as SEQ ID NO:2 Shown on the basis of amino acid sequence, the 150th proline is mutated into threonine.
As the preferred embodiment of penicillase mutant of the present invention, amino acid shown in SEQ ID NO:2 is encoded The nucleotide sequence of sequence is as shown in SEQ ID NO:4.Expressing nucleotide sequence penicillase as shown in SEQ ID NO:4 Engineering bacteria, research institute obtains before being inventor.
Second aspect, the present invention provides the penicillase mutant gene that a kind of enzyme activity improves, on the gene coding State the penicillase mutant of enzyme activity raising.
As the preferred embodiment of penicillase mutant gene of the present invention, the nucleotide sequence of the gene is such as Shown in SEQ ID NO:3.
The third aspect, the present invention provides a kind of engineering bacteria, the penicillase of the above-mentioned enzyme activity raising of engineering bacterium expression Mutant.
Fourth aspect, the present invention provides the preparation methods of above-mentioned engineering bacteria, comprising the following steps: in such as SEQ ID NO: On the basis of nucleotide sequence shown in 4, the 150th proline is mutated into threonine, mutant is obtained, by recombination It is connected to expression vector and obtains recombinant plasmid, recombinant plasmid transformed obtains engineering bacteria into DH5 ɑ host strain.
5th aspect, the penicillase mutant improved the present invention provides above-mentioned enzyme activity are preparing answering in penicillase With.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the benefit that the present invention uses simple point mutation technology, it is based on homologous modeling Method optimizes penicillase molecular structure by selection specific amino acids, improves enzyme activity, for meeting penicillase industry chemical conversion Production demand and reduction production cost are significant.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the leaven line chart of penicillase mutant engineering bacteria.
Fig. 2 is the enzyme SDS-PAGE detection figure of supernatant after the broken cracking of penicillase mutant engineering bacteria.
Specific embodiment
Purposes, technical schemes and advantages in order to better illustrate the present invention, below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments pair The present invention is described further.
1 rite-directed mutagenesis of embodiment
Using the recombinant plasmid containing SEQ ID NO:4 as template plasmid, referring to TaKaRa biological product and operation manual, benefit With TaKaRa MuTanBEST mutagenesis kit, using the corresponding mutant primer pair of design, the fixed point that PCR amplification goes out BmPGA is prominent Become sequence, specific steps are as follows:
(1) mutant primer
Forward primer BLAA-150-F is 5 '-GACCTGAACACCGCTATCRHTGGTGACG AACGTGACACC-3 ',
Reverse primer BLAA-150-R is 5 '-GGTGTCACGTTCGTCACCADYGATAGCGG TGTTCAGGTC-3 '.
(2) reaction system (10ul)
10xPfu polymerase buffer 10ul, 10mmol/L dNTP solution 2ul, forward primer 25pmoles, reverse primer 25pmoles, Pfu archaeal dna polymerase 5U, Plasmid DNA template 100-200pg, add water to 100ul.
(3) PCR condition: 94 DEG C of 3min, 94 DEG C of 30s, 55 DEG C of 30s, 72 DEG C of 300s, 30 circulations, 72 DEG C of 10min.
With reference to TAKARA company operation manual, phosphorylation is carried out to 5 ' ends of the PCR DNA segment obtained, then by phosphorus The mutant primer of acidification carries out recirculation, then converts DH5 α competent cell, and is coated on addition card to receive sulfuric acid mycin anti- On the LB selectivity plate of raw element, about 20h is cultivated in 37 DEG C of inversions.It can be grown on the LB plate that card receives sulfuric acid mycin antibiotic is added Exactly conversion out has the transformant of recombinant plasmid.Finally transformant is further cultivated to be expanded to recombinant plasmid, And extract the recombinant plasmid of amplification.
The mutant plasmid screened is sequenced, determine plasmid obtained be mutated in purpose mutational site and In non-purpose mutational site, there is no mutation.
The acquisition of 2 engineering bacteria of embodiment
Referring to the method for " Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory guide ", by the plasmid conversion competent escherichia coli cell or ferment after mutation Female bacterium competence cell, obtain expression mutant enzyme engineering strain, finally by engineered strain be coated on be added sulfuric acid card that On the LB selectivity plate of mycin antibiotic, about 12-18h is cultivated in 37 DEG C of inversions, kanamycin sulfate antibiotic can be added What is grown on LB plate is exactly the transformant that conversion has recombinant plasmid.
3 engineering bacterium fermentation culture of embodiment
Single colonie is chosen from LB selectivity culture plate, is seeded in the LB liquid medium of 3mL, kanamycins is added, To its final concentration of 100 μ g/mL, the 250r/min overnight incubation at 37 DEG C;The culture solution for taking 2mL overnight incubation, is seeded to In the LB liquid medium of 200mL, 250r/min cultivates 4-6h at 37 DEG C, and OD600 reaches between 1.0-1.6, obtains seed Bacterium solution.It is linked into 5 liters of fermentors containing 3 liters of TB culture mediums by the inoculum concentration of 1:15, at 37 DEG C, 400rpm, 1.3vvm's Under fermentation condition, when fermented and cultured to OD600 reaches 25, adjusting temperature is 30 DEG C, is induced with final concentration of 1% IPTG, after After continuous culture 2 hours, final concentration of 0.5%IPTG induction is added, is cultivated for about 14-16 hours, fermentation ends.
The leaven line chart of engineering bacteria is as shown in Figure 1, abscissa is the time, and ordinate is OD600 numerical value, and numerical value is higher, Bacterium is dense higher, and OD600 reaches 90 when receiving bacterium, reaches the requirement of industrialized production.Fermentation liquid 8000rpm is centrifuged 20min, collects bacterium Body, -20 DEG C of preservations.
14-16 hours bacterium solutions of 1ml fermented and cultured are taken, 12000rpm is centrifuged 1min, abandons supernatant, then uses 1ml 20mM phosphorus Thallus is resuspended in acid potassium salt (PH7.0), then sonicated cells, carries out SDS-PAGE detection.SDS-PAGE is using Laemmli electricity Swimming method, concentration gum concentration are 5%, resolving gel concentration 8%, are gone back after raw sample mixes with sample-loading buffer, 100 DEG C are boiled 5 Minute carries out loading electrophoresis.
As a result as shown in Fig. 2, the molecular weight of penicillase is about 25KD, 1-B is sampling before induction, and 1-A is to take after inducing There is positive band after inducing as the result is shown at 25KD, shows penicillase successful expression in sample.
The purifying of 4 mutant enzyme of embodiment
The pretreated affiliation carrier FP-IDA-Ni2+ of 5mL is measured, is fitted into purification column.Sample is according to 1.0BV/h speed mistake Column.Foreign protein is removed with 1.0BV/h flow velocity with the Washing buffer of 3-5BV, while being existed using protein nucleic acid detector The protein content that efflux is detected under the conditions of 280nm, until the clarification of Washing buffer and the numerical value of protein nucleic acid detector Until no longer changing, finally under the monitoring of protein nucleic acid detector 280nm, with the Elution buffer of about 1-2BV with 1- The speed of 2BV/h elutes purpose enzyme, 4 DEG C of enzyme solution preservations.
The measurement of 5 enzyme hydrolysis vigor of embodiment
1, measuring method
The preparation of penicillin solution: weighing Benzylpenicillin sodium salt (potassium) in right amount, is dissolved into often with phosphate buffer (pH7.0) The solution of 10,000 unit containing penicillin in 1ml.
The preparation of penicillase dilution: taking the enzyme of penicillase fermentation liquid/after purification, 1000-5000 times is diluted, 37 DEG C preheating.
Measuring method: precision measures penicillin solution 50ml, sets in 100ml measuring bottle, and after being preheated to 37 DEG C, precision is added pre- The penicillase dilution 25ml of heat is mixed rapidly, is accurately placed 1 hour at 37 DEG C, and precision measures 3ml, is added to immediately smart [precision measures iodine titration solution (0.05mol/L) 10ml to the iodine titration solution (0.005mol/L) of close measurement, sets in 100ml measuring bottle, uses Sodium-acetate buffer (pH4.5) is diluted to scale] in 25ml, placed 15 minutes in room temperature dark place, with sodium thiosulfate titrating solution (0.01mol/L) titration, until adding starch indicator solution when nearly terminal, continues to be titrated to blue disappearance.
Blank test: taking warmed-up penicillin solution 2ml, places 1 hour at 37 DEG C, and above-mentioned iodine titration solution is added in precision (0.005mol/L) 25ml, then accurate plus penicillase dilution 1ml, places 15 minutes in room temperature dark place, uses thiosulfuric acid Sodium titrating solution (0.01mol/L) titration.It is calculated as follows:
E=(B-A) × M × F × D × 100
In formula, E is penicillase vigor, unit/(ml hours);
B is the capacity of above-mentioned sodium thiosulfate titrating solution consumed by blank titration, ml;
A is the capacity of above-mentioned sodium thiosulfate titrating solution consumed by test sample titrates, ml;
M is the concentration of sodium thiosulfate titrating solution, mol/L;
F is under the same conditions that the above-mentioned iodine titration solution (0.005mol/L) of every 1ml is equivalent to the potency of penicillin, single Position;
D is the extension rate of penicillase solution.
Phosphate buffer (pH7.0): dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 7.36g and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3.14g are taken, water is added to make into 1000ml。
Sodium-acetate buffer (pH4.5): glacial acetic acid 13.86ml is taken, water is added to make into 250ml;Separately take sodium acetate 27.30g, adds water to make into 200ml, and two liquid are uniformly mixed.
2, test result
The test result of enzyme hydrolysis vigor is as shown in table 1.As shown in Table 1, the enzyme activity of the hydrolysis substrate of mutant enzyme is 1.26 ×1010U/L.h, relative to original strain (2.61 × 109U/L.h 4.82 times) are improved.
Table 1
Bacterium number Amino acid mutation site Relative activity (%)
Original strain —— 100%
Penicillase P150T P150T 482%
The preparation of the enzyme TSA solid medium of embodiment 6 and sensitivity test
TSA solid medium is prepared, wherein tryptone 15.0g/L, soy peptone 5.0g/L, sodium chloride 5.0g/L, Agar 14g/L, pH value 7.5.By configured culture based on high pressure sterilization 25 minutes at 121 DEG C, 50 DEG C are cooled to it, is added Penicillase is uniformly mixed, so that it is 300,000 units/mL that penicillase, which is dissolved in the concentration in TSA culture medium,.In ultra-clean work Platform, the enzyme culture medium of 20ml TSA is evenly laid out in plate bottom plate, and cooled and solidified covers plate upper cover.
Penicillin antibiotics 10mg is added into ware, by four 1105 Platings of general rule of " Chinese Pharmacopoeia " version in 2015 Rubbing method tested, calculate the rate of recovery.Micrococcus luteus (G+ coccus), Pi Shi Rolston bacterium (G- bacillus) and mould The rate of recovery be respectively 100%, 99%, 100%.Penicillin 10mg dust is effectively neutralized as the result is shown, and sensitivity meets training The employment and suitability test (E & ST) of base is supported, is suitable for penicillin antibiotics surroundings settling bacteria and monitors.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention rather than protects to the present invention The limitation of range is protected, although the invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should Understand, it can be with modification or equivalent replacement of the technical solution of the present invention are made, without departing from the essence of technical solution of the present invention And range.
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110>Guangzhou Baiyunshan Baidi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
<120>penicillase mutant and its construction method that a kind of enzyme activity improves
<130> 20181221
<160> 4
<170> PatentIn version 3.3
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<213>artificial sequence
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Met Asn Thr Lys Gly Ile Asp Glu Ile Lys Asn Leu Glu Thr Asp Phe
1 5 10 15
Asn Gly Arg Ile Gly Val Tyr Ala Leu Asp Thr Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser
20 25 30
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35 40 45
Gly Phe Leu Ala Ala Ala Val Leu Lys Gly Ser Gln Asp Asn Arg Leu
50 55 60
Asn Leu Asn Gln Ile Val Asn Tyr Asn Thr Arg Ser Leu Glu Phe His
65 70 75 80
Ser Pro Ile Thr Thr Lys Tyr Lys Asp Asn Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Asp
85 90 95
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100 105 110
Ile Leu Glu Arg Tyr Ile Gly Gly Pro Glu Gly Met Thr Lys Phe Met
115 120 125
Arg Ser Ile Gly Asp Glu Asp Phe Arg Leu Asp Arg Trp Glu Leu Asp
130 135 140
Leu Asn Thr Ala Ile Thr Gly Asp Glu Arg Asp Thr Ser Thr Pro Ala
145 150 155 160
Ala Val Ala Lys Ser Leu Lys Thr Leu Ala Leu Gly Asn Ile Leu Ser
165 170 175
Glu His Glu Lys Glu Thr Tyr Gln Thr Trp Leu Lys Gly Asn Thr Thr
180 185 190
Gly Ala Ala Arg Ile Arg Ala Ser Val Pro Ser Asp Trp Val Val Gly
195 200 205
Asp Lys Thr Gly Ser Cys Gly Ala Tyr Gly Thr Ala Asn Asp Tyr Ala
210 215 220
Val Val Trp Pro Lys Asn Arg Ala Pro Leu Ile Ile Ser Val Tyr Thr
225 230 235 240
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Ala Ser Arg Ile Ala Ile Asp Asn Leu Lys Leu
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Met Asn Thr Lys Gly Ile Asp Glu Ile Lys Asn Leu Glu Thr Asp Phe
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50 55 60
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Ile Leu Glu Arg Tyr Ile Gly Gly Pro Glu Gly Met Thr Lys Phe Met
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Arg Ser Ile Gly Asp Glu Asp Phe Arg Leu Asp Arg Trp Glu Leu Asp
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145 150 155 160
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180 185 190
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195 200 205
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ggtgtgtacg cactggacac cggttctggt aaatctttct cttaccgtgc taatgagagg 120
ttcccgctgt gctcgtcttt caaaggtttc ctggctgctg ctgttctgaa aggttctcag 180
gacaaccgtc tgaacctgaa ccagatcgtt aactacaaca cccgttctct ggaattccac 240
tctccgatca ccaccaaata caaagacaac ggtatgtctc tgggtgacat ggctgctgct 300
gctctgcagt actctgacaa cggtgctacc aacatcatcc tggaacgtta catcggtggt 360
ccggaaggta tgaccaaatt catgcgttct atcggtgacg aagacttccg tctggaccgt 420
tgggaactgg acctgaacac cgctatcccg ggtgacgaac gtgacacctc taccccggct 480
gctgttgcta aatctctgaa aaccctggct ctgggtaaca tcctgtctga acacgaaaaa 540
gaaacctacc agacctggct gaaaggtaac accaccggtg ctgctcgtat ccgtgcttct 600
gttccgtctg actgggttgt tggtgacaaa accggttctt gcggtgctta cggtaccgct 660
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accaaaaacg aaaaagaagc taaacacgaa gacaaagtta tcgctgaagc ttctcgtatc 780
gctatcgaca acctgaaa 798

Claims (8)

1. the penicillase mutant that a kind of enzyme activity improves, which is characterized in that the amino acid sequence of the mutant such as SEQ ID Shown in NO:1.
2. penicillase mutant as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the mutant is in such as SEQ ID NO:2 institute On the basis of the amino acid sequence shown, the 150th proline is mutated into threonine.
3. penicillase mutant as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that amino acid sequence shown in coding SEQ ID NO:2 The nucleotide sequence of column is as shown in SEQ ID NO:4.
4. the penicillase mutant gene that a kind of enzyme activity improves, which is characterized in that the gene coding claims 1 to 3 is appointed The penicillase mutant that one enzyme activity improves.
5. penicillase mutant gene as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that the nucleotide sequence of the gene is such as Shown in SEQ ID NO:3.
6. a kind of engineering bacteria, which is characterized in that the blueness that any one of described engineering bacterium expression claims 1 to 3 enzyme activity improves Mycin enzyme mutant.
7. the preparation method of engineering bacteria as claimed in claim 6, which comprises the following steps: in such as SEQ ID On the basis of nucleotide sequence shown in NO:4, the 150th proline is mutated into threonine, mutant is obtained, will recombinate Gene is connected to expression vector and obtains recombinant plasmid, and recombinant plasmid transformed obtains engineering bacteria into DH5 ɑ host strain.
8. the penicillase mutant that enzyme activity as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 improves is preparing answering in penicillase With.
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WO2018013481A1 (en) * 2016-07-11 2018-01-18 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Recombinant polypeptides comprising selenocysteine and method for producing the same

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