CN109459465B - Rapid electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement method based on current pulse injection - Google Patents
Rapid electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement method based on current pulse injection Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement method based on current pulse injection. The method comprises the steps of connecting a controllable constant current source circuit in parallel at the output end of a tested electrochemical system, injecting pulse disturbance current in an M sequence form into output current of the tested electrochemical system through the controllable constant current source circuit, collecting the disturbance current and response voltage at the output end of the tested electrochemical system, and obtaining an electrochemical impedance spectrum by using an impedance calculation method for the collected disturbance current and response voltage data. The invention solves the problems of long time consumption, expensive equipment and unsuitability for online application of the traditional electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement method, and realizes rapid electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electrochemical testing technology, and relates to a rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement method based on current pulse injection.
Background
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technology is a commonly used means for researching the internal reaction process of an electrochemical system, and has wide application in the fields of batteries, electrochemical materials, corrosion protection and the like. The principle is to apply a small disturbance current in the electrochemical system and then measure the response voltage to solve the internal impedance of the system. The impedance under different frequencies forms an electrochemical impedance spectrum of the system, the electrochemical impedance spectrum of the system can reflect various physical and chemical processes in the system, such as substance transmission, charge transmission, ohmic internal resistance and the like, and the information has important significance for the electrochemical analysis of the system. For example, in fuel cell applications, fault diagnosis and life prediction can be performed by analyzing electrochemical impedance spectra, and battery operating conditions can be optimized and battery durability can be improved. However, this technology is mainly used in research works so far, and is not widely used in industry, and there are two main reasons: firstly, the traditional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technology adopts a sine wave frequency sweeping mode to carry out impedance measurement, the test needs to consume longer time, the real-time performance is poor, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technology cannot be directly applied to a scene with rapid change of the working condition of a system to be tested. Secondly, the existing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test equipment has large volume, high price and easy damage, and is mainly applied in laboratories.
Therefore, the research on a rapid and low-cost electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement technology has great significance.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement method based on current pulse injection.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the output end of the measured electrochemical system is connected with a controllable constant current source circuit in parallel, pulse disturbance current in an M sequence form is injected into output current of the measured electrochemical system through the controllable constant current source circuit, then the disturbance current and response voltage are acquired at the output end of the measured electrochemical system, and an electrochemical impedance spectrum is acquired by using an impedance calculation method for acquired disturbance current and response voltage data.
The measured electrochemical system comprises a fuel cell and a load, wherein the load and the controllable constant current source circuit are connected in parallel at two ends of the fuel cell.
The controllable constant current source circuit mainly comprises a digital-to-analog converter, an MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) tube, a feedback resistor, an operational amplifier and a compensation capacitor, wherein the output end of the digital-to-analog converter is connected to the positive input end of the operational amplifier, the output end of the operational amplifier is connected to the grid electrode of the MOS tube, the negative input end of the operational amplifier is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube, the drain electrode of the MOS tube is connected to the positive electrode of the output end of the tested electrochemical system, the output end of the operational amplifier is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube through the compensation capacitor, and the source electrode of the MOS.
The output end of the digital-to-analog converter outputs reference voltage to the operational amplifier, the reference voltage is output after being compared by the operational amplifier, and then the conduction of the MOS tube is controlled, and further pulse disturbance current in an M sequence form is generated and controlled to be injected into the feedback resistor.
The effective bandwidth of the M sequence is specifically as follows:
wherein f issFor the clock frequency of the M sequence, n is the order, fmaxRepresenting the upper limit of the effective bandwidth of the M sequences, fminRepresenting the lower bound of the effective bandwidth of the M-sequence.
Carrying out Fourier transform on I (t) and response voltage U (t) acquired from the output end of the tested electrochemical system to obtain transformed current U (omega) and transformed voltage I (omega), and then solving impedance by adopting the following formula:
wherein Z (ω) represents impedance.
The invention also comprises a main control unit and an acquisition unit, wherein the main control unit comprises a Fourier transform module, an impedance spectrum calculation module and an M sequence waveform generator, the acquisition unit comprises two operational amplifiers and two analog-to-digital converters, two input ends of one operational amplifier of the acquisition unit are respectively connected to two poles of the output end of the measured electrochemical system, the output end of the measured electrochemical system is connected in series with a shunt resistor, and two input ends of the other operational amplifier are respectively connected to two ends of the shunt resistor; the output ends of the two operational amplifiers are respectively connected to a Fourier transform module through respective analog-to-digital converters, and the Fourier transform module is connected to an impedance spectrum calculation module; the M sequence waveform generator is connected to the input end of the digital-to-analog converter of the controllable constant current source circuit; the acquisition unit respectively acquires analog signal data of disturbance current and response voltage of the electrochemical system to be detected through two operational amplifiers, the analog signal data are converted into digital signals through an analog-to-digital converter, then the digital signals are input into a Fourier transform module of the main control unit to be subjected to Fourier transform, the digital signals are input into an impedance spectrum calculation module to be calculated, and the impedance spectrum calculation module outputs an electrochemical impedance spectrum.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the output end of the measured electrochemical system is connected with a controllable constant current source circuit in parallel, pulse disturbance current in an M-sequence form is injected into output current of the measured system through the control constant current source circuit, and an impedance calculation method based on fast Fourier transform is used for acquired disturbance current and response voltage data to obtain an electrochemical impedance spectrum.
The invention solves the problems of long time consumption, expensive equipment and unsuitability for online application of the traditional electrochemical impedance spectrum measuring method, can complete disturbance injection by using a simple controllable constant current source circuit, reduces the equipment cost and provides a foundation for online application of the impedance spectrum technology.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the operation of the rapid electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the variation of output voltage and current of the PEM fuel cell in the example of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the measurement result of the electrochemical impedance spectrum of the PEMFC in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
As shown in fig. 1, a controllable constant current source circuit is connected in parallel to an output end of a measured electrochemical system, pulse disturbance current in an M-sequence form is injected into output current of the measured electrochemical system through the controllable constant current source circuit, then, the disturbance current and response voltage are acquired at the output end of the measured electrochemical system, and an electrochemical impedance spectrum is acquired from acquired disturbance current and response voltage data by using an impedance calculation method based on fast fourier transform.
In specific implementation, the measured electrochemical system comprises a fuel cell and a load, and the load and the controllable constant current source circuit are connected in parallel at two ends of the fuel cell. In a specific implementation, the fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
As shown in FIG. 1, the controllable constant current source circuit mainly comprises a digital-to-analog converter, a MOS tube Q, a feedback resistor Rs, an operational amplifier G and a compensation capacitor C, wherein the digital-to-analog converterThe output end of the operational amplifier G is connected to the positive input end of the operational amplifier G, the output end of the operational amplifier G is connected to the grid electrode of the MOS tube Q, the negative input end of the operational amplifier G is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube Q, the drain electrode of the MOS tube Q is connected to the positive electrode of the output end of the measured electrochemical system, the output end of the operational amplifier G is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube Q through the compensation capacitor C, and the source electrode of the MOS tube Q is connected to the negative electrode of the output end of the measured electrochemical system through. Wherein MOS transistor Q operates in linear region and feedback resistor RsFor sampling the current and forming a negative feedback circuit through an operational amplifier G. The compensation capacitor C functions to improve the stability of the feedback circuit.
Output reference voltage V of digital-to-analog converter output endrefThe output is compared by the operational amplifier G, so that the conduction of the MOS tube Q is controlled, and the pulse disturbance current in the M sequence form is generated and controlled to be injected in the feedback resistor Rs;
constant current IpCan be controlled by a reference voltage VrefSetting, during actual operation, by alternating VrefThe injection of the pulse disturbance current can be realized. Constant current IpAnd a reference voltage VrefThe relationship (c) is specifically:
using M-sequences as excitation signals, the effective bandwidth of the M-sequences is specifically as follows:
wherein f issFor the clock frequency of the M sequence, n is the order, fmaxRepresenting the upper limit of the effective bandwidth of the M sequences, fminRepresenting the lower bound of the effective bandwidth of the M-sequence.
In practical applications, in order to reduce the length of the excitation signal, a plurality of different M sequences can be used to cover different ranges of the impedance spectrum frequency measurement interval.
The method obtains the electrochemical impedance spectrum by using an impedance calculation method based on fast Fourier transform, particularly, the measured disturbance current and response voltage data are respectively subjected to Fourier transform, and the impedance of a system to be measured can be obtained by dividing the Fourier transform result of the voltage by the Fourier transform result of the current.
Firstly, fast Fourier transform is carried out on disturbance current I (t) and response voltage U (t) acquired at the output end of the electrochemical system to be tested to obtain transformed current U (omega) and transformed voltage I (omega), and then impedance is solved by adopting the following formula:
wherein Z (ω) represents impedance.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the present invention further includes a main control unit and an acquisition unit, the main control unit includes a fourier transform module, an impedance spectrum calculation module and an M-sequence waveform generator, the acquisition unit includes two operational amplifiers and two analog-to-digital converters, two input ends of one of the operational amplifiers of the acquisition unit are respectively connected to two poles of an output end of the measured electrochemical system, a shunt resistor is connected in series with the output end of the measured electrochemical system, and two input ends of the other operational amplifier are respectively connected to two ends of the shunt resistor; the output ends of the two operational amplifiers are respectively connected to a Fourier transform module through respective analog-to-digital converters, and the Fourier transform module is connected to an impedance spectrum calculation module; the M sequence waveform generator is connected to the input end of the digital-to-analog converter of the controllable constant current source circuit; the acquisition unit respectively acquires analog signal data of disturbance current and response voltage of the electrochemical system to be detected through two operational amplifiers, the analog signal data are converted into digital signals through an analog-to-digital converter, then the digital signals are input into a Fourier transform module of the main control unit to be subjected to Fourier transform, the digital signals are input into an impedance spectrum calculation module to be calculated, and the impedance spectrum calculation module outputs an electrochemical impedance spectrum.
The specific working process of the acquisition unit is as follows: in the current injection process, the voltage and the current of the measured electrochemical system need to be acquired, and in order to improve the measurement accuracy, the current sampling is realized by using a series shunt resistor. After the voltage and the current of the battery are converted into voltage signals of 0-5V through two operational amplifiers of the acquisition unit respectively, the voltage signals and the current are converted into digital signals by two analog-to-digital converters (analog-to-digital converters) for acquisition, and the sampling frequency is set to be 50 kHz.
In this embodiment, the fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The output end of the fuel cell is connected with a shunt resistor in series for measuring the output current and is connected with the load and the controllable constant current source circuit in parallel. The controllable constant current source circuit is a reference voltage V output by a digital-analog converterrefControlled by alternating the reference voltage VrefThe value of (c) enables the injection of the M-sequence signal.
This example was carried out on a pem fuel cell experimental platform using 3kW of fuel cell power and 18 sheets. For PEM fuel cells, sufficient impedance information is already reflected in the impedance spectrum in the frequency interval of 0.5Hz-500Hz, and this interval is set as the measurement range of the electrochemical impedance spectrum. In order to further reduce the period of the excitation waveform, the invention adopts double M sequences as input signals, and the M sequences of the excitation signals at two ends are sequentially input to respectively measure the electrochemical impedance spectrums in different frequency ranges. The clock frequency of the low-frequency M sequence is 200Hz, the order is 11, and the measurement bandwidth is 0.5Hz-60 Hz; the clock frequency of the high-frequency M sequence is 1500Hz, the order is 13, and the measurement bandwidth is 60Hz-500 Hz. In order to reduce the disturbance to the fuel cell while ensuring the measurement accuracy, the amplitude of the excitation current is selected to be 5% of the operating current of the fuel cell.
As shown in fig. 2, in the system operation process, the controllable constant current source circuit receives the trigger signal and starts to inject two sections of M-sequence excitation signals into the output current of the fuel cell, the rated output current of the fuel cell is 150A, and the amplitude of the excitation current is set to be 7.5A. The voltage and current of the fuel cell are converted into standard signals suitable for measurement by a signal processing circuit and then collected and stored by an analog-digital converter, the sampling frequency is 50kHz, and the voltage and current output by the fuel cell in the experiment are changed as shown in figure 3.
As shown in FIG. 4, the △ and ○ parts of the electrochemical impedance spectrum are respectively obtained by excitation measurement of a high-frequency M sequence and a low-frequency M sequence, in the experiment, the length of an excitation signal is 16s, the time spent for calculating the impedance spectrum is 5s, so the total measurement time of the impedance spectrum is 21s,
according to the invention, pulse disturbance current in an M-sequence form is injected into the system by using constant current source circuits which are connected in parallel at two ends of the measured electrochemical system, the disturbance current and the response voltage are collected, and the electrochemical impedance spectrum is calculated by using a Fourier transform method. Therefore, the method realizes rapid electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement, only needs a simple controllable constant current source circuit to complete disturbance injection, reduces equipment cost and provides a foundation for online application of impedance spectrum technology.
Claims (4)
1. A rapid electrochemical impedance spectrum measuring method based on current pulse injection is characterized in that:
connecting a controllable constant current source circuit in parallel at the output end of the measured electrochemical system, firstly injecting pulse disturbance current in an M sequence form into the output current of the measured electrochemical system through controlling the controllable constant current source circuit, then acquiring the disturbance current and response voltage at the output end of the measured electrochemical system, and acquiring the acquired disturbance current and response voltage data to obtain an electrochemical impedance spectrum by using an impedance calculation method;
the controllable constant current source circuit mainly comprises a digital-to-analog converter, an MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) tube (Q), a feedback resistor (Rs), an operational amplifier (G) and a compensation capacitor (C), wherein the output end of the digital-to-analog converter is connected to the positive input end of the operational amplifier (G), the output end of the operational amplifier (G) is connected to the grid electrode of the MOS tube (Q), the negative input end of the operational amplifier (G) is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube (Q), the drain electrode of the MOS tube (Q) is connected to the positive electrode of the output end of the tested electrochemical system, the output end of the operational amplifier (G) is connected to the source electrode of the MOS tube (Q) through the compensation capacitor (C), and the source electrode of the MOS tube (Q) is connected to the negative electrode;
the output end of the digital-to-analog converter outputs a reference voltage (V)ref) The current is output after being compared by the operational amplifier (G) to the operational amplifier (G), so that the conduction of the MOS tube (Q) is controlled, and the pulse disturbance current in the form of M sequence is generated and controlled to be injected in the feedback resistor (Rs), wherein the effective bandwidth of the M sequence is as follows:
wherein f issFor the clock frequency of the M sequence, n is the order, fmaxRepresenting the upper limit of the effective bandwidth of the M sequences, fminRepresenting the lower bound of the effective bandwidth of the M-sequence.
2. The method for fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement based on current pulse injection as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the measured electrochemical system comprises a fuel cell and a load, wherein the load and the controllable constant current source circuit are connected in parallel at two ends of the fuel cell.
3. The method for fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement based on current pulse injection as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the disturbance current I (t) and the response voltage U (t) acquired from the output end of the tested electrochemical system are firstly subjected to Fourier transform to obtain transformed current U (omega) and transformed voltage I (omega), and then the impedance is solved by adopting the following formula:
wherein Z (ω) represents impedance.
4. The method for fast electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement based on current pulse injection as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the acquisition unit comprises two operational amplifiers and two analog-to-digital converters, two input ends of one operational amplifier of the acquisition unit are respectively connected to two poles of the output end of the measured electrochemical system, the output end of the measured electrochemical system is connected in series with a shunt resistor, and two input ends of the other operational amplifier are respectively connected to two ends of the shunt resistor; the output ends of the two operational amplifiers are respectively connected to a Fourier transform module through respective analog-to-digital converters, and the Fourier transform module is connected to an impedance spectrum calculation module; the M sequence waveform generator is connected to the input end of the digital-to-analog converter of the controllable constant current source circuit; the acquisition unit respectively acquires analog signal data of disturbance current and response voltage of the electrochemical system to be detected through two operational amplifiers, the analog signal data are converted into digital signals through an analog-to-digital converter, then the digital signals are input into a Fourier transform module of the main control unit to be subjected to Fourier transform, the digital signals are input into an impedance spectrum calculation module to be calculated, and the impedance spectrum calculation module outputs an electrochemical impedance spectrum.
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| CN113049978A (en) * | 2021-03-22 | 2021-06-29 | 西安新艾电气技术有限公司 | Online disturbance occurrence detection system and method for series power supply system |
| CN113281668B (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2022-02-18 | 华中科技大学 | Energy storage battery impedance identification method and system based on driving inverter and application |
| CN117651875A (en) | 2021-08-26 | 2024-03-05 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | Detection device for electrochemical impedance spectrum and battery management system |
| CN114295684B (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2023-09-22 | 北京大学 | Measuring device and measuring method for nonlinear electromechanical impedance spectrum of piezoelectric device |
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