CN109446340A - A kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system and method, equipment and storage medium - Google Patents
A kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system and method, equipment and storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system and method, equipment and storage mediums, belong to life and health technical field.It includes disease terminology bank, term queries module, term customized module and basic platform construction module, wherein the data of acquisition are shown by the disease terminology bank with tree, while showing details, synonym and the father and son's nodal information of term;The term queries module constructs term queries system, realizes that term quickly positions to create term index;The term customized module relies on disease terminology bank, in conjunction with different department operation system practical application, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department;The basic platform builds module, for being managed to the conjuncted interior different mechanism of doctor, is managed with the user to different institutions.It has unified class definition;It is adapted to the growth requirement of China's medicine and hygiene fields and industry;It can safeguard and update in time.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to life and health technical field more particularly to a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system and sides
Method, equipment and storage medium.
Background technique
With the development of medical network, medical terminology use scope is more and more wider, and the subject being related to is also more and more.No
Light is clinical medicine, further includes life science and other science, therefore the research to ontology occur.In essence, ontology
It is the technological means for realizing a degree of knowledge sharing and knowledge reuse.Ontology can define, uniquely describe concept and general
Relationship between thought not will lead to ambiguity generation.Currently, ontology is in Semantic Web, information retrieval, digital library, health care
Get extensive use in equal fields.Research in relation to ontology originates from philosophy earliest, as the explanation to objective reality system or says
It is bright, it is abstract to extension essence.The 1980s, the concept of ontology was introduced into artificial intelligence earliest by Neches et al.
Energy field: ontology can provide the basic terms and relationship for constituting related fields vocabulary, and utilize these terms and relationship structure
At provide these vocabulary extensions rule definition.Ontology can be described as the control vocabulary expressed with specific Ontology Language,
And the method that Ontology Language grammatically defines vocabulary expression related fields content, this grammer define this in form
How the term of body control vocabulary is used in conjunction with.Ontology complete for one, it should including class or concept, relationship, axiom and
Function.Concept can be any affairs, such as description, strategy either behavior.
The essential information for being stored in each data source and its mutual semanteme can be found out in queries using ontology
Relationship can be such that information description becomes easier in this way.Description only needs user to describe local database, is not required to describe user again
Relationship between inquiry involved other data and data.But medical terminology development is very fast, new vocabulary and concept is not
Disconnected to occur, this requires medical terminology management system is easy to update and extends.When system is added in new vocabulary, do not need to being
System structure is modified.In addition, the high efficiency of retrieval and inquiry is one for an academic management system of large-scale medical treatment
Important performance indexes.It generally requires system only and need to choose the data acquisition system of lesser amt can answer one of user specific to look into
It askes.
Currently, understanding more deep and obtaining and approve that more is then analysis of the Fensel to ontology, there are four layers of meaning: general
Thoughtization, definition, formalization and sharing;Ontology generally comprises 5 elements, and class (classes) or concept (concepts) are closed
It is (relations), function (functions), axiom (axioms) and example (instances).Concept can be used to describe
Anything;Relationship represents the reciprocation in field between concept;Function is a kind of special relationship, be will be related to formula come
It is described;Axiom represents Yong Zhen and asserts, is constraint and limitation to class and relationship;Example, that is, concept class specific example.
Existing Medicine standard term ontology management system include expressing for knowledge, the modeling technique of knowledge, participle technique,
Full-text search, machine learning techniques, Portal (portal) technology, rich client, the utilization of knowledge, web crawlers technology, ontology
(Ontology) technology, based on Web Services service mode, the mode based on database interface and be based on exchange files
Mode.
By analyze the above content it is found that existing medical diagnosis system there are following technical problems: 1) without set term
Namebase can only cover the medical terminologys such as medical diagnosis on disease, surgical procedure title at present, and exist and lack global concept system, knot
Structure defines the not congruent limitation of unclear, covering surface;2) nothing is clearly classified, in addition to medical diagnosis on disease, surgical procedure, frequency title,
Remaining care operation is checked without specific boundary between the titles such as inspection, therapeutic treatment, blood product, usage, also without unification
Class definition;3) terminology standard lazy weight, quality is irregular, lacks high-quality terminology standard and terminology, networking knowledge
Organization system and tool are poor, lack unified standard quality evaluation index and method, are not enough to adapt to China's health care neck
The growth requirement of domain and industry;4) it safeguards and updates to lack not in time and the fund for the standard and terminology for having constructed completion is thrown
Enter and pay close attention to, cannot be safeguarded and be updated in time with the development of medical information, technology, field industry, cause standard it is outmoded,
Fall behind.
Summary of the invention
1. technical problems to be solved by the inivention
In order to overcome the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system and method,
Equipment and storage medium.It has set term name library, and medical terminology covers comprehensively, and concept system is complete, stzwctlrred definition
Clearly;Classification is clear, has unified class definition;Terminology standard quantity is sufficient, and quality is complete, have high-quality terminology standard and
Terminology, networking Knowledge Organization System, tool are abundant, have unified a standard quality evaluation index and method, completely can be with
Adapt to the growth requirement of China's medicine and hygiene fields and industry;Maintenance and update in time, can be with medical information, technology, necks
The development of domain industry is safeguarded and is updated in time.
2. technical solution
To solve the above problems, technical solution provided by the invention are as follows:
A kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system, including disease terminology bank, term queries module, term customized module
Module is built with basic platform, wherein the data of acquisition are shown with tree, are opened up simultaneously by the disease terminology bank
Show details, synonym and the father and son's nodal information of term;The term queries module constructs term to create term index
Inquiry system realizes that term quickly positions;The term customized module relies on disease terminology bank, in conjunction with different department business system
System practical application, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department;The basic platform builds module, for conjuncted interior to curing
Different mechanisms are managed, and are managed with the user to different institutions.
Preferably, the disease terminology bank includes disease term acquisition module, term tree module, term details module, art
Language body construction module and term relationship mapping block.
Preferably, the term queries module includes character search module, term details module, term body construction module
With term relationship mapping block.
Preferably, the term customized module include term collection (untreated) module, term collection (processed) module,
Recycle bin management module, term relationship mapping block, ontology maintenance module and ontology export module.
A kind of construction method of Medicine standard term ontology management system, step are as follows:
Acquire data and construct disease terminology bank, be shown with tree, at the same show the details of term, synonym and
Father and son's nodal information;Term index is created, term queries system is constructed, realizes that term quickly positions;Rely on disease terminology bank, knot
Different department operation system practical application is closed, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department.
Preferably, further comprising the steps of: to be managed to conjuncted interior different mechanism is cured, with the user to different institutions
It is managed.
Preferably, the data include that inspection, diagnosis, drug, demographic data, iconography, symptom, pathology and operation are total
Eight class data.
Preferably, the building disease terminology bank step includes: the acquisition of disease term, and carries out Terminology Translation, forms disease
Sick terminology bank;On the basis of disease terminology bank, term tree is constructed, term is arranged, is classified, in the form of a tree by term
Completely show, carry out selection of terms positioning, carries out the inquiry, collection and collection clip management of term details;Show term bulk junction
Structure, chooses some term in term tree, and backstage obtains node location and the node of the term in term tree automatically
Father and son's nodal information;Any term can be recalled by father node, inquire all parent terms, until term is highest, structure
Child node tree is built, shows the information of term child node in the form of a tree, covering umls term, term queries, term customization three are big
Module, when father node is recalled, father and son's node synchronized update of father node;Term relationship mapping is carried out, the system background is to art
Language carries out synonymous conflation of words, and shows the synonymous word information of node term;The update of term ontology is carried out, when switching term, term
Synonym synchronizing information update.
A kind of equipment, the equipment include:
One or more processors;
Memory, for storing one or more programs,
When one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of places
Manage method of the device execution as described in any of the above item.
A kind of storage medium being stored with computer program is realized when described program is executed by processor as any of the above
Method described in.
3. beneficial effect
Using technical solution provided by the invention, compared with prior art, have the following beneficial effects:
Firstly, the present invention can carry out the comprehensive collection and arrangement of great disease term vocabulary, comprehensive receipts of term vocabulary
Collection is the basis for constructing standard medical terminology with arrangement.Hierarchical relationship between meticulous depiction term, the building of hierarchical structure
The necessity that disease and complicated symptoms degree are still portrayed with optimization, has all sub- grade terms known under this major class only,
All these sub- grade terms can be also included in statistics can just obtain more accurate statistical result.It can carry out Chinese terminology and English
The bilingual mapping of literary term and the synonymous word association of medical terms and standardization.
Secondly, the present invention has set term name library, medical terminology covers comprehensively, and concept system is complete, and structuring is fixed
It is adopted clear;Classification is clear, has unified class definition;Terminology standard quantity is sufficient, and quality is complete, has high-quality terminology standard
And terminology, networking Knowledge Organization System, tool is abundant, has unified standard quality evaluation index and method, completely may be used
To adapt to the growth requirement of China's medicine and hygiene fields and industry;Maintenance and update in time, can with medical information, technology,
The development of field industry is safeguarded and is updated in time.
It constructs finally, the present invention surrounds towards this mesh of the standard medical terminology of health medical treatment big data Transformation Application
Mark is started in terms of term vocabulary, hierarchical structure, synonymous association, semantic label, term attribute and bilingual mapping etc. six, with
Around a series of great representative diseases, the medical terminology standard with international and domestic influence power is made.It can construct and optimize
Term hierarchical structure, the relationship portrayed between these terms that can be fine, the hierarchical structure relationship especially between term.Association
The synonym table of the specification term is also expanded, gradually after the specification term for constructing a certain disease with specification term synonym
Synonym is standardized to specification term, and supports that more acurrate, more fully information extracted in clinical big data application simultaneously
Journey.Refinement and codomain that term describes attribute are limited, " entity-attribute-value domain " triple can be abstracted as, a clinical concept can
To there is multiple attributes, to reflect the observation of different angle.Term semantic label is assigned, the semantic label of term, which refers to, invests medicine
Label phrase on term, for terms of description concept type, such as disease or syndrome, S or S, therapeutic behaviour
Work, preventative operation, laboratory inspection and drug etc..
Specifically, the present invention carries out Chinese-English translation to term, it is ensured that health care data standard term both at home and abroad
Uniformity;Term is integrated, is classified, each data concatenating is got up with tree, forms complete hierarchical structure;It builds
Vertical term index, creates search engine, provides term fuzzy query and accurate positioning;Synonymous conflation of words function is provided, makes to own
Relevance between term is stronger, while showing term source-information, and user is made more easily to distinguish the term of various criterion;To doctor
It treats term in terminology bank and carries out Unified coding, guarantee the uniqueness of term;Term is provided and customizes function, user can be easily
Formulate the standard terminology system for meeting hospital or section's chamber service.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is function structure schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the flow diagram of embodiment 2;
Fig. 3 is the flow diagram of embodiment 3;
Fig. 4 is a kind of structural schematic diagram of equipment provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
To further appreciate that the contents of the present invention, the application is made further specifically with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples
It is bright.It is understood that specific embodiment described herein is used only for explaining related invention, rather than to the limit of the invention
It is fixed.It also should be noted that illustrating only part relevant to invention for ease of description, in attached drawing.
It should be noted that in the absence of conflict, the features in the embodiments and the embodiments of the present application can phase
Mutually combination.The application is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system, including disease terminology bank, term queries module, art
Language customized module and basic platform build module, wherein the disease terminology bank opens up the data of acquisition with tree
Show, while showing details, synonym and the father and son's nodal information of term;The term queries module, to create term index,
Term queries system is constructed, realizes that term quickly positions;The term customized module relies on disease terminology bank, in conjunction with not equal
Chamber service system practical application, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department;The basic platform builds module, for pair
It cures conjuncted interior different mechanism to be managed, be managed with the user to different institutions.
The disease terminology bank includes disease term acquisition module, term tree module, term details module, term bulk junction
Structure module and term relationship mapping block;The term queries module includes character search module, term details module, term sheet
Body construction module and term relationship mapping block;The term customized module includes term collection (untreated) module, term receipts
Hide (processed) module, recycle bin management module, term relationship mapping block, ontology maintenance module and ontology export module.
Embodiment 2
The construction method of a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system of the present embodiment, as shown in Fig. 2, step are as follows:
Acquire data and construct disease terminology bank, be shown with tree, at the same show the details of term, synonym and
Father and son's nodal information;Term index is created, term queries system is constructed, realizes that term quickly positions;Rely on disease terminology bank, knot
Different department operation system practical application is closed, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department.
Embodiment 3
A kind of construction method of the Medicine standard term ontology management system of the present embodiment, on the basis of embodiment 2 into
One step is improved, as shown in figure 3, further comprising the steps of: being managed to conjuncted interior different mechanism is cured, to different institutions
User is managed.
Wherein, the data include inspections, diagnosis, drug, demographic data, iconography, symptom, pathology and operate totally eight
Class data.
The building disease terminology bank step includes: the acquisition of disease term, and carries out Terminology Translation, forms disease term
Library;On the basis of disease terminology bank, term tree is constructed, term is arranged, is classified, in the form of a tree completely opens up term
It is existing, selection of terms positioning is carried out, the inquiry, collection and collection clip management of term details are carried out;Term body construction is shown, in art
Some term is chosen in language tree, backstage obtains father and son's node of node location and the node of the term in term tree automatically
Information;Any term can be recalled by father node, inquire all parent terms, until term is highest, construct child node
Tree, shows the information of term child node in the form of a tree, and covering umls term, term queries, term customize three big modules, father's section
When point backtracking, father and son's node synchronized update of father node;Term relationship mapping is carried out, the system background carries out term synonymous
Conflation of words, and show the synonymous word information of node term;The update of term ontology is carried out, when switching term, the synonym letter of term
Cease synchronized update.
The creation term index, constructs term queries system, realizes the step of term quickly positions are as follows: creation term sheet
Body full-text index;Term queries result duplicate removal is carried out, identical term in inquiry list is rejected;Carry out the exhibition of term queries result
Show, in the form of a list, show term queries as a result, include classification and title (Chinese and English is shown);Term queries are called to connect
Mouthful, show the details of institute's query term;It carries out term linkage to show, switches query term, to the details content of institute's query term
Synchronized update;Term queries interface is called, shows father and son's node content of institute's query term;Switch query term, to being inquired
Father and son's node content synchronized update of term;Term queries interface is called, shows the synonymous word information of institute's query term, carries out art
Language relationship map, switches query term, and the synonym content synchronization of institute's query term updates.
The support disease terminology bank belongs to different department for establishing in conjunction with different department operation system practical application
Terminology the step of are as follows: building collection tree, in disease terminology bank and term queries, the term of collection is unifiedly stored to
In " term collects (untreated) ", system background constructs collection tree automatically, and is shown;Collection terminology management is carried out, including
It collects the deletion of term, refresh;Collection tree towing is carried out, can be dragged to term in ontology maintenance by towing, and adjust
Whole term sequence;Processed term tree is constructed, after collection handles term, system background constructs " term collects (processed) " automatically
Collection tree, and be shown;When increasing ontology newly in ontology maintenance, term collects (processed) newly-increased ontology of collection automatically,
And default the hierarchical relationship for synchronizing the term;The term of collection is inquired, including untreated term and processed term;Pipe
Recycle bin is managed, the system background automatically records deletion Object Operations;It shows and deletes object information, include term China and Britain literary fame
Claim, erasing time;System, which provides, deletes object restoring function, and default reverts to original position, prevents accidentally delete operation;Calling system
The interface of backstage merger synonym;Carry out the displaying of term synonym;When increasing ontology in ontology maintenance newly, backstage is automatically to newly-increased
Term carries out synonymous conflation of words;Construct ontology tree, building and term ontology library list of the displaying with node;User can be according to certainly
Oneself demand increases term newly, and system provides the concept details modification of newly-increased term, saves function, and is synchronized to disease terminology bank
In;Term can also be deleted according to their own needs, and after deleting term, default storage prevents from accidentally deleting in recycle bin;System branch
Hold the hierarchical relationship by towing adjustment ontology term;System constructs Export directoey, Yong Hugen according to the hierarchical structure of ontology library
Derived term is selected according to the demand of oneself;When the hierarchical directory of ontology maintenance updates, Export directoey is automatically updated;User's export
Term, in the form of Excel show term information.
In addition, building basic platform the invention also includes basic platform construction, each functional interface support is provided.Including machine
Structure management, user management, and contain other basic function including user's login, Modify password, system log and system safety
Energy.Wherein, organization management is managed to curing conjuncted interior different mechanism, user management be on the basis of organization management,
The user of each mechanism is managed.System log, provides the access log of system, record system user access time, duration,
IP address information etc..System safety refers to that system has filtered xss attack script, and A non logged-on user cannot access the safety such as system
Function.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment proposes a kind of equipment, and the equipment includes:
One or more processors;
Memory, for storing one or more programs,
When one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of places
Manage method of the device execution as described in any one of embodiment 2,3.
The present embodiment also proposed a kind of storage medium for being stored with computer program, real when which is executed by processor
The now method as described in any one of embodiment 2,3.
Fig. 4 is a kind of structural schematic diagram for equipment that one embodiment of the invention provides.
As shown in figure 4, present invention also provides a kind of equipment 500, including one or more centres as on the other hand
Unit (CPU) 501 is managed, can be added according to the program being stored in read-only memory (ROM) 502 or from storage section 508
The program that is downloaded in random access storage device (RAM) 503 and execute various movements appropriate and processing.In RAM503, also deposit
It contains equipment 500 and operates required various programs and data.CPU501, ROM502 and RAM503 pass through the phase each other of bus 504
Even.Input/output (I/O) interface 505 is also connected to bus 504.
I/O interface 505 is connected to lower component: the importation 506 including keyboard, mouse etc.;It is penetrated including such as cathode
The output par, c 507 of spool (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD) etc. and loudspeaker etc.;Storage section 508 including hard disk etc.;
And the communications portion 509 of the network interface card including LAN card, modem etc..Communications portion 509 via such as because
The network of spy's net executes communication process.Driver 510 is also connected to I/O interface 505 as needed.Detachable media 511, such as
Disk, CD, magneto-optic disk, semiconductor memory etc. are mounted on as needed on driver 510, in order to read from thereon
Computer program be mounted into storage section 508 as needed.
Particularly, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the method for any of the above-described embodiment description may be implemented as computer
Software program.For example, embodiment of the disclosure includes a kind of computer program product comprising be tangibly embodied in machine readable
Computer program on medium, the computer program include the program generation for executing the method for any of the above-described embodiment description
Code.In such embodiments, which can be downloaded and installed from network by communications portion 509, and/or
It is mounted from detachable media 511.
As another aspect, present invention also provides a kind of computer readable storage medium, the computer-readable storage mediums
Matter can be computer readable storage medium included in the device of above-described embodiment;It is also possible to individualism, it is unassembled
Enter the computer readable storage medium in equipment.Computer-readable recording medium storage has one or more than one program, should
Program is used to execute by one or more than one processor is described in the present processes.
Flow chart and block diagram in attached drawing are illustrated according to the system of various embodiments of the invention, method and computer journey
The architecture, function and operation in the cards of sequence product.In this regard, each box in flowchart or block diagram can generation
A part of one module, program segment or code of table, a part of the module, program segment or code include one or more use
The executable instruction of the logic function as defined in realizing.It should also be noted that in some implementations as replacements, being marked in box
The function of note can also occur in a different order than that indicated in the drawings.For example, two boxes succeedingly indicated are actually
It can be basically executed in parallel, they can also be executed in the opposite order sometimes, this is depending on related function.Also it wants
It is noted that the combination of each box in block diagram and or flow chart and the box in block diagram and or flow chart, Ke Yitong
The dedicated hardware based system of functions or operations as defined in executing is crossed to realize, or by specialized hardware and can be calculated
The combination of machine instruction is realized.
Being described in the embodiment of the present application involved unit or module can be realized by way of software, can also be with
It is realized by way of hardware.Described unit or module also can be set in the processor, for example, each unit can
To be the software program being arranged in computer or intelligent movable equipment, it is also possible to the hardware device being separately configured.Wherein, this
The title of a little units or module does not constitute the restriction to the unit or module itself under certain conditions.
Above description is only the preferred embodiment of the application and the explanation to institute's application technology principle.Those skilled in the art
Member is it should be appreciated that invention scope involved in the application, however it is not limited to technology made of the specific combination of above-mentioned technical characteristic
Scheme, while should also cover in the case where not departing from the application design, appointed by above-mentioned technical characteristic or its equivalent feature
Other technical solutions of meaning combination and formation.Such as features described above and (but being not limited to) disclosed herein have similar functions
Technical characteristic replaced mutually and the technical solution that is formed.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system, which is characterized in that including disease terminology bank, term queries module, art
Language customized module and basic platform build module, wherein the disease terminology bank opens up the data of acquisition with tree
Show, while showing details, synonym and the father and son's nodal information of term;The term queries module, to create term index,
Term queries system is constructed, realizes that term quickly positions;The term customized module relies on disease terminology bank, in conjunction with not equal
Chamber service system practical application, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department;The basic platform builds module, for pair
It cures conjuncted interior different mechanism to be managed, be managed with the user to different institutions.
2. a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the disease term
Library includes disease term acquisition module, term tree module, term details module, term body construction module and term relationship mapping
Module.
3. a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the term queries
Module includes character search module, term details module, term body construction module and term relationship mapping block.
4. a kind of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the term customization
Module includes term collection (untreated) module, term collection (processed) module, recycle bin management module, term relationship mapping
Module, ontology maintenance module and ontology export module.
5. a kind of construction method of Medicine standard term ontology management system, step are as follows:
It acquires data and constructs disease terminology bank, be shown with tree, while showing details, synonym and the father and son of term
Nodal information;Term index is created, term queries system is constructed, realizes that term quickly positions;Disease terminology bank is relied on, in conjunction with not
Equal chamber service system practical application, for establishing the terminology for belonging to different department.
6. a kind of construction method of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that also
The following steps are included: being managed to conjuncted interior different mechanism is cured, it is managed with the user to different institutions.
7. a kind of construction method of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that institute
Stating data includes inspection, diagnosis, drug, demographic data, iconography, symptom, pathology and operation totally eight class data.
8. a kind of construction method of Medicine standard term ontology management system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that institute
Stating building disease terminology bank step includes: the acquisition of disease term, and carries out Terminology Translation, forms disease terminology bank;In disease art
On the basis of repertorie, term tree is constructed, term is arranged, is classified, in the form of a tree completely shows term, carries out term
Selective positioning carries out the inquiry, collection and collection clip management of term details;It shows term body construction, is chosen in term tree
Some term, backstage obtain father and son's nodal information of node location and the node of the term in term tree automatically;Arbitrarily
Term can be recalled by father node, inquire all parent terms, until term is highest, child node tree be constructed, with tree
Form shows the information of term child node, and covering umls term, term queries, term customize three big modules, when father node is recalled,
Father and son's node synchronized update of father node;Term relationship mapping is carried out, the system background carries out synonymous conflation of words to term, and
Show the synonymous word information of node term;The update of term ontology is carried out, when switching term, the synonym synchronizing information of term is more
Newly.
9. a kind of equipment, which is characterized in that the equipment includes:
One or more processors;
Memory, for storing one or more programs,
When one or more of programs are executed by one or more of processors, so that one or more of processors
Execute the method as described in any one of claim 5-8.
10. a kind of storage medium for being stored with computer program, which is characterized in that realized such as when described program is executed by processor
Method described in any one of claim 5-8.
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