CN109441573B - 用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺 - Google Patents

用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺 Download PDF

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CN109441573B
CN109441573B CN201811300544.4A CN201811300544A CN109441573B CN 109441573 B CN109441573 B CN 109441573B CN 201811300544 A CN201811300544 A CN 201811300544A CN 109441573 B CN109441573 B CN 109441573B
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gas
power generation
air
natural gas
supercritical
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CN109441573A (zh
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田原宇
乔英云
谢克昌
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China University of Petroleum East China
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China University of Petroleum East China
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
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    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/08—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with working fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
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    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/067—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion heat coming from a gasification or pyrolysis process, e.g. coal gasification
    • F01K23/068—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion heat coming from a gasification or pyrolysis process, e.g. coal gasification in combination with an oxygen producing plant, e.g. an air separation plant
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    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
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    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
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    • F01K7/32—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure
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    • F02C3/22—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products the fuel or oxidant being gaseous at standard temperature and pressure
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    • F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
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    • F25J3/04006—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit
    • F25J3/04012—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling
    • F25J3/04018—Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling of main feed air
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    • F25J3/04533—Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general for the direct combustion of fuels in a power plant, so-called "oxyfuel combustion"
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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    • Y02E20/18—Integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC], e.g. combined with carbon capture and storage [CCS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Abstract

本发明提供用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，加压空气进入空分装置，液氧用于气化和发电，液氮作为冷却剂汽化发电，夜晚储存液氮和部分液氧供给白天使用；天然气与氧气和循环CO2共同进入燃气轮机燃烧推动压气机和发电机高速旋转，压气机压缩空气到0.4‑0.8MPa，发电机产生电力；高温燃烧烟气再超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧；中温烟气再与高压液氮换热，液氮汽化发电，冷却后烟气脱水和蒸馏分离CO2，部分返回用于循环控温，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天调峰时将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后换热汽化发电。

Description

用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺
1.技术领域
本发明提供用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，属于天然气利用领域。
2.背景技术
天然气作为世界的主要清洁能源之一，使用方便，特别适合作为分布式能源和燃气发电。燃用天然气气几乎无粉尘(PM2.5)排放，SO2排放极低，经低氮燃烧器和烟气脱硝装置后NOx排放非常低，CO2等温室气体排放也是燃煤电厂的一半左右，环保优势十分突出。另外天然气发电厂启停灵活，在白天和夏季用电高峰期适于调峰，削峰填谷作用十分突出。
燃用天然气发电常规都采用燃气-蒸汽联合循环方式，联合循环发电由布雷顿循环与朗肯循环组成，当今燃气轮机进气温度可高达1300℃以上，排烟温度500～600℃，简单循环热效率高达45％～50％；余热锅炉为进一步回收余热，提高热效率，一般为双压或三压系统。尤其当代大型9F级燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电热效率高达58％～60％，远高于燃煤发电热效率。燃煤发电机组热效率即使超超临界600MW级、1000MW级机组，一般为46％～48％，两类机组发电热效率相差10～20个百分点。
常规天然气联合发电流程为压气机从外界大气环境吸入空气，并经过轴流式压气机逐级压缩使之增压到2.8MPa，同时空气温度也相应提高；过量的2.8MPa压缩空气被压送到燃烧室与喷入的天然气混合燃烧生成高温高压烟气；然后高温高压烟气再进入到透平中膨胀做功，推动透平带动压气机和发电机一起高速旋转，实现了天然气的化学能部分转化为机械功，并输出电功；高温燃烧烟气再通过废热蒸汽锅炉得到高压蒸汽用于汽轮机发电，最后烟气通过脱硝后以超低排放标准外排；调峰时通过燃气轮机负荷变化来调整。这样，燃气轮机就把燃料的化学能转化为热能，又把部分热能转变成机械能。通常在燃气轮机中，压气机是由燃气透平膨胀做功来带动的，它是透平的负载。在简单循环中，透平发出的机械功有1/2到2/3左右用来带动压气机，其余的1/3左右的机械功用来驱动发电机。在燃气轮机起动的时候，首先需要外界动力，一般是起动机带动压气机，直到燃气透平发出的机械功大于压气机消耗的机械功时，外界起动机脱扣，燃气轮机才能自身独立工作。
随着可再生能和储能技术的快速发展和相互促进，在未来大集中与广分布并存的多元化智慧能源体系中，为了满足应对气候变化和大气污染治理的协同调控，以天然气为燃料的燃气联合发电电厂主要作为分布式能源用作电网调峰，但现有天然气联合发电技术存在着CO2捕集利用成本高、高耗水、发电效率有待进一步提高以及调峰幅度小、排烟温度高、 NOx减量困难等缺陷。
目前，每日的用电负荷是波动变化的，且峰谷差日趋增大。为了满足要求，当前的发电装机容量与电网容量需按最大需求建设，导致用电低谷时发电机组停机或低负荷运行，以及电网容量的浪费。储能调峰技术主要有蓄水储能、压缩空气储能和储电储能。蓄水储能是目前规模化储能的主要方式，但存在着需要高位差，占地面积大，投资高等。在大规模储能领域，压缩空气储能是一种很好的储能方式，它将弃光、弃风、弃水或低谷电通过空气压缩机把电能转换为分子势能存入压力储气装置，待发电时通过高压空气的释放，驱动透平机带动发电机发电。但目前研究的大规模压缩空气储能一是依赖天然气等化石燃料提供热源，不适合我国这类“缺油少气”的国家；二是单位体积储能密度小、需要特殊地理条件建造大型储气室，如高气密性的岩石洞穴、盐洞、废弃矿井等；三是系统效率较低 (为42％-54％)，需进一步提高。
3.发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服传统天然气联合发电技术存在的不足而提供用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，既解决现有天然气联合发电技术高耗水、发电效率低和调峰幅度小难题；又可实现高单位体积压缩空气储能，转化效率高，还可大幅度降低压气机的负荷、实现低成本CO2捕集利用、无NOx排放和常温排烟，大幅度提高发电效率。
本发明的技术方案：
本发明的目的是通过空气分离的液氮储能/液氧用于天然气发电、高温烟气余热用于超临界CO2发电、CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温、液氧用于超临界CO2发电的冷却剂、液氮用于烟气冷却剂分级冷却脱水和CO2分离回收提纯等的系列技术耦合来提高天燃气联合发电效率和调峰能力，实现无NOx污染、低水消耗、零碳排放的清洁高效发电。其特征是压气机从外界大气环境吸入空气，并经过轴流式压气机逐级压缩使之增压到0.4-0.8MPa，同时空气温度也相应提高用于液氧预热；0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空分装置进行空气分离，得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于空气和超临界CO2换热冷却和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为烟气冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；经超临界CO2冷却器换热的高压汽化氧气和高压循环CO2与喷入的天然气混合燃烧，然后高温高压燃烧烟气再进入到透平中膨胀做功，推动透平带动压气机和发电机一起高速旋转，实现了天然气的化学能部分转化为机械功，并输出电功；高温燃烧烟气再通过 CO2废热锅炉换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机循环；换后烟气再与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过蒸馏塔分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于燃气轮机变化负荷进行调峰发电。
空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
超临界CO2压力为7.0-40MPa
本发明将实施例来详细叙述本发明的特点。
4.附图说明
附图图1为本发明的工艺示意图。
附图的图面设明如下：
1、空分装置 2、天然气压力罐 3、压气机 4、废热锅炉 5、发电机 6、冷却器 7、CO2压缩机 8、超临界CO2涡轮发电机 9、燃气轮机 10、汽化器 11、氮气涡轮发电机 12、烟气蒸馏塔
下面结合附图和实施例来详述本发明的工艺特点。
5.具体实施方式
实施例，压气机(3)从外界大气环境吸入空气，并经过轴流式压气机(3)逐级压缩使之增压到0.4-0.8MPa，同时空气温度也相应提高用于液氧预热；0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空分装置(1)进行空气分离，得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于空气和超临界CO2换热冷却和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为烟气冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；经超临界CO2冷却器(6)换热的高压汽化氧气和高压循环CO2与从天然气压力罐(2)喷入的天然气混合燃烧，然后高温高压燃烧烟气再进入到透平中膨胀做功，推动透平带动压气机(3)和发电机(5)一起高速旋转，实现了天然气的化学能部分转化为机械功，并输出电功；高温燃烧烟气再通过CO2废热锅炉(4)换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却器(6)中的冷却剂为加压液氧，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机(7)循环；换后烟气再通过汽化器(10)与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机(11)发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过烟气蒸馏塔(12)分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机(9)进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后去汽化器(10)换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于燃气轮机(9)变化负荷进行调峰发电。
空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
超临界CO2压力为7.0-40MPa
本发明所提供的用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，按Aspen模拟结果，通过空分装置液氧液氮低能耗泵送加压将目前压气机压缩由2.8MPa左右降到0.4-0.8MPa，使天然气燃气轮机用于压气机的能量消耗由1/2-2/3降到了10％左右；天然气和高压CO2混合氧气助燃发电，烟气比容增加，燃气轮机发电效率相对提高；烟气利用超临界CO2发电和氮气汽化涡轮发电机发电形成联合系统，排烟温度由目前140℃左右降到30℃左右，能量回收率大大提高，烟气易于低成本脱水分离得到CO2，CO2捕集能耗大幅度降低；燃气轮机CO2循环控温和余热发电的工质采用超临界CO2以及烟气低温脱水可回收利用化解了天然气发电高耗水难题，特别适合西北缺水地区；燃气轮机氧气助燃和CO2循环控温，避免了目前天然气电厂烟气的NOx排放、大幅度减少了烟尘和SOx的排放，实现了天然气清洁高效零碳排放发电；空气分离组分分别利用，液氮用于储能调峰，储气容积需求较大规模压缩空气储能降低20倍以上，储能效率高，满足了未来天然气分布式能源电厂削峰填谷的需求。

Claims (5)

1.用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，其技术特征是压气机从外界大气环境吸入空气，并经过轴流式压气机逐级压缩使之增压到0.4-0.8MPa，同时空气温度也相应提高用于液氧预热；0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空分装置进行空气分离，得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于空气和超临界CO2换热冷却和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为烟气冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；经超临界CO2冷却器换热的高压汽化氧气和高压循环CO2与喷入的天然气混合燃烧，然后高温高压燃烧烟气再进入到透平中膨胀做功，推动透平带动压气机和发电机一起高速旋转，实现了天然气的化学能部分转化为机械功，并输出电功；高温燃烧烟气再通过CO2废热锅炉换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机循环；换后烟气再与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过蒸馏塔分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于燃气轮机变化负荷进行调峰发电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，其特征在于空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，其特征在于超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，其特征在于氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的零碳排放天然气联合发电工艺，其特征在于超临界CO2压力为7.0-40MPa。
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