CN109407288A - A kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system - Google Patents

A kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109407288A
CN109407288A CN201811540725.4A CN201811540725A CN109407288A CN 109407288 A CN109407288 A CN 109407288A CN 201811540725 A CN201811540725 A CN 201811540725A CN 109407288 A CN109407288 A CN 109407288A
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China
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lens
refraction
reflection type
focus projection
short focus
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CN109407288B (en
Inventor
杨波
张婧京
黄鹏程
谢欣茹
潘帅
云竹溪
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
    • G02B13/18Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02BOPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0012Optical design, e.g. procedures, algorithms, optimisation routines
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03BAPPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B21/00Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
    • G03B21/005Projectors using an electronic spatial light modulator but not peculiar thereto
    • G03B21/008Projectors using an electronic spatial light modulator but not peculiar thereto using micromirror devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03BAPPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B21/00Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
    • G03B21/14Details
    • G03B21/28Reflectors in projection beam

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Lenses (AREA)

Abstract

Refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, including display chip, refractor group and non-spherical reflector, light are projected from display chip, into after refractor group anaberration, image in screen through non-spherical reflector.Wherein: refractor group includes 16 spherical lenses, and each optical center of lens is coaxial, wherein two panels lens gluing achromatism;There is eccentric, the correction curvature of field and distortion in non-spherical reflector.The advantages of present invention has visual field big, distorts small, big visual field high definition picture can be projected in very short distance, and structure is simple, no aspheric refractive lens, save the cost, all using common environmentally friendly glass, is suitble to large-scale production.

Description

A kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system
Technical field
The invention belongs to the projection art of display is imaged, and in particular to a kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system System.
Background technique
In recent years, with the development of shadow casting technique, it is ultrashort it is burnt can effectively shorten projector distance by it, realize short distance The advantage of interior projection large scale picture becomes the hot spot in projector market.
Currently, in the market there are mainly three types of the modes of projector realization short focus projection: refraction type, reflective and refraction-reflection type. For the camera lens of refraction type design in the case where guaranteeing image quality, field range is limited, further increases field angle, and off-axis aberration is difficult to Correction, solution are to increase the piece number of lens and using aspherical, increase design complexities, and processing cost is high;Reflection The camera lens of formula design is not due to all introducing color difference using reflecting mirror, but the distortion that big visual field generates is difficult to correct, off-axis Structure design is very high to the process and assemble and tolerance of non-spherical reflector, and processing cost is high and qualification rate is low;Refraction-reflection type is set The camera lens of meter combines refraction type and reflective technical characterstic, is the mainstream scheme of ultra-short focus projection lens currently on the market.
For ultra-short focus projection lens system, there are some research achievements at present.Such as 105158884 A of Publication No. CN A kind of ultra-short focus projection lens comprising 13 refractors and a piece of concave surface non-spherical reflector of Introduction To Cn Patent, wherein A piece of PMMA resin non-spherical lens has been used in refractor group.Although this camera lens realizes short distance and projects big picture Effect, but a piece of non-spherical lens has been used, cause processing, assembly technology complicated, manufacturing cost is high, and precision is not easy to guarantee, good Product rate is low.
For another example the United States Patent (USP) of Publication No. US8482851B2 describes a kind of comprising 15 refractors and a piece of concave surface The ultra-short focus projection lens system of non-spherical reflector, wherein refractive lens portion has used four sides aspherical.Although this mirror Head realizes short distance and projects the effect of big picture, but has used four sides aspherical, also results in process and assemble problem.
Summary of the invention
The present invention be process and assemble caused by order to solve the problems, such as non-spherical lens and carry out, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of Refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system does not contain non-spherical lens, improves image quality, effectively reduces production, process and assemble Cost.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention provides a kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens systems, have such Feature, comprising:
Display chip, for modulating the illuminating bundle come in projector from lighting system and as the ultrashort out-of-focus projection of refraction-reflection type The object plane of lens system, indirect illumination light beam form imaging beam;And it is set gradually along the emitting light path of the display chip Refractor group and non-spherical reflector,
Wherein, refractor group is used to balance spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and the color difference in imaging beam, and makes imaging beam At a curved real image before non-spherical reflector, include 16 lens, 16 all spherical lenses of lens,
Non-spherical reflector be used for correction of refractive lens group the curvature of field and distortion, and reflection light at real image in screen.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, lens For the spherical lens made of glass, the optical centre of each lens is coaxial to become primary optical axis.
It in refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, can also have the following features: wherein, 16 Lens include the first lens being sequentially arranged along the direction of emitting light path, the second lens, the third lens, the 4th lens, the 5th thoroughly Mirror, the 6th lens, the 7th lens, the 8th lens, the 9th lens, the tenth lens, the 11st lens, the 12nd lens, the 13rd Lens, the 14th lens, the 15th lens and the 16th lens,
First lens, the second lens, the 6th lens and the 8th lens are biconvex lens,
4th lens, the 12nd lens, the 14th lens and the 16th lens are biconcave lens,
The third lens, the 5th lens, the 7th lens, the 9th lens, the tenth lens, the 11st lens, the 13rd lens are equal For positive meniscus lens,
15th lens are diverging meniscus lens.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, the 4th Lens and the 5th lens glue are combined into an entirety, and the refractive index of the 4th lens is greater than the refractive index of the 5th lens, the 4th lens Abbe number of the Abbe number less than the 5th lens.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, the tenth Three lens, the 14th lens, the 15th lens and the 16th lens form a focusing lens group.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, the tenth Six lens are towards the surface of non-spherical reflector and the non-spherical reflector towards the key light between the surface of the 16th lens The length of axis is not more than 65mm,
Display chip is towards the surface of the non-spherical reflector to the non-spherical reflector towards the table of the 16th lens The length of primary optical axis between face is not more than 240mm.
It invents in the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided, can also have the following features: wherein, show core Piece is digital lenticule device, and having a size of 0.66 inch, resolution ratio 1080P, the center of display chip is relative to key light axial direction Upper offset 1.65mm.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, aspheric Face reflecting mirror is concave mirror, and the face type of the concave mirror is odd times multinomial, and the order of asphericity coefficient is 20 ranks.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, concave surface Reflecting mirror is characterized using following equation:
In formula, z is rise, and c indicates the curvature of curved surface apex,K is quadratic surface coefficient, a1、a2、 a3... it is aspherical high-order coefficient.
In refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided by the invention, it can also have the following features: wherein, screen It is not more than 510mm to non-spherical reflector towards the length of the primary optical axis between the surface of the screen.
The action and effect of invention
Related refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to the present invention, since display chip can modulate projector In the illuminating bundle that comes from lighting system and double as lens system object plane, refractor group can balance the ball in imaging optical path Difference, coma, astigmatism and color difference, and make the imaging optical path at a curved real image before non-spherical reflector, and refractor group Comprising 16 lens, which is free of non-spherical lens, and non-spherical reflector being capable of correction of refractive The curvature of field and distortion of lens group, and reflection light at real image in screen, thus the present invention has image quality excellent, structure letter List effectively reduces production, process and assemble cost, cost performance height, is suitble to the advantages of large-scale production.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the overall structure diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the concrete structure schematic diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the imaging schematic diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention;And
Fig. 4 is that the modulation of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention each visual field on the screen passes Delivery function curve.
Specific embodiment
It is real below in order to be easy to understand the technical means, the creative features, the aims and the efficiencies achieved by the present invention Example combination attached drawing is applied to be specifically addressed refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is the overall structure diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system has display chip 100, refractor group 300 and non- Spherical reflector 400.
Display chip 100 is a kind of digital lenticule device (DMD), can modulate the photograph come in projector from lighting system Mingguang City's beam serves as the object plane of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system to show micro- image, and reflects the illuminating bundle, shape At imaging beam.
Refractor group 300 and non-spherical reflector 400 have been sequentially arranged along the emitting light path of display chip 100.
The optical centre of each lens of refractor group 300 is coaxial, is primary optical axis, can balance spherical aberration, the broom of imaging beam Difference, astigmatism and color difference, and make imaging beam at a curved real image before non-spherical reflector.
The size of display chip 100 is 0.66 inch, and center is offset up relative to the primary optical axis of refractor group 300 1.65mm。
As shown in figure 3, receiving screen 500 is located at side of the display chip 100 far from refractor group 300, aspherical reflection Mirror 400 can the curvature of field and distortion caused by correction of refractive lens group 300, and reflection light at real image in receiving screen 500.
Fig. 2 is the concrete structure schematic diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention.
Shape, spacing and the material of ten six-element lens of refractor group 300 be by optical imaging concept design come.
As shown in Fig. 2, lens group 300 have successively along display chip 100 emitting light path arrange the first lens 301, Second lens 302, the third lens 303, the 4th lens 304, the 5th lens 305, the 6th lens 306, the 7th lens the 307, the 8th Lens 308, the 9th lens 309, the tenth lens 310, the 11st lens 311, the 12nd lens 312, the 13rd lens 313, 14 lens 314, the 15th saturating 315 mirror and the 16th lens 316.
Wherein the first lens 301, the second lens 302, the 6th lens 306 and the 8th lens 308 are biconvex lens;
4th lens 304, the 12nd lens 312, the 14th lens 314 and the 16th lens 316 are biconcave lens;
The third lens 303, the 5th lens 305, the 7th lens 307, the 9th lens 309, the tenth lens the 310, the 11st are thoroughly Mirror 311 and the 13rd lens 313 are positive meniscus lens;
15th lens 315 are diverging meniscus lens.
4th lens 304 and 305 gluing of the 5th lens are an entirety, and the refractive index of the 4th lens 304 is greater than the 5th thoroughly The refractive index of mirror 305, less than the Abbe number of the 5th lens 305, the dispersion of the 4th lens 304 is big for the Abbe numbers of the 4th lens 304 In the dispersion of the 5th lens 305.When the dispersion of the 4th lens 304 is greater than the dispersion of the 5th lens 305, can preferably eliminate Color difference.
The 13rd lens 313, the 14th lens 314, the 15th saturating 315 mirror and the 16th in refractor group 300 are thoroughly Mirror 316 forms a focusing lens group, changes projector distance by moving integrally, realizes the projection of different size pictures.
The design parameter of ten six-element lens is as shown in table 1 in refractor group 300:
Table 1
Non-spherical reflector 400 is concave mirror, and optical centre is relative to primary optical axis biased downward 0.1-2mm.This In embodiment, the optical centre of non-spherical reflector 400 is relative to primary optical axis biased downward 0.6mm.
Primary optical axis and the 16th lens 316 towards the intersection point between the surface of non-spherical reflector 400 be intersection point A, key light Axis and non-spherical reflector 400 towards the intersection point between the surface of the 16th lens 316 be intersection points B, between intersection point A and intersection points B Distance be not more than 65mm.
The distance between display chip 100 and intersection points B are not more than 240mm.
Non-spherical reflector 400 has negative power, and the order of asphericity coefficient is 20 ranks.
Wherein, 400 face type of non-spherical reflector is odd times multinomial, is characterized using following equation:
In formula, z is rise, and c indicates the curvature of curved surface apex,K is quadratic surface coefficient, a1、a2、 a3... it is aspherical high-order coefficient.
Fig. 3 is the imaging schematic diagram of the refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in figure 3, the size for receiving screen 500 is 80-120 inches, the intersection points B of non-spherical reflector 400 and primary optical axis It is no more than 510mm to the distance for receiving screen 500.
Imaging beam is emitted from display chip 100, by refractor group 300, then reaches non-spherical reflector 400, After the reflection of non-spherical reflector 400, imaging beam is imaged on receiving screen 500.
Fig. 4 is that the modulation of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system in the embodiment of the present invention each visual field on the screen passes Delivery function curve.
As shown in figure 4, corresponding projector distance is 467mm, projected picture having a size of 100 inches, differentiate by display chip 100 Rate is 1080P.The corresponding Y value of abscissa 0.44lp/mm of modulation transfer function (MTF) curve is greater than 0.4 in Fig. 4, The imaging of high definition picture quality thus may be implemented.
Refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided in this embodiment can provide 155 degree of full filed angles, and projection ratio is 0.21, enlargement ratio be 136-167 times, projected picture having a size of 90-110 inches, corresponding projector distance be 424-510mm, F-number (F number) is that the distortion of 2.4, vertical optics (TV) distorts less than 0.15%, horizontal optical (TV) less than 0.24%, satisfaction High quality imaging under 1080P resolution ratio.The dmd chip size of use is 0.66 inch, resolution ratio 1080P, according to how Kui Si Tedingli calculates separately the cutoff frequency under different enlargement ratios, principle is differentiated according to human eye vision, under the spatial frequency The numerical value of MTF is greater than 0.3 can see clearly image on the screen.
Refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided in this embodiment, (the i.e. non-spherical reflector in very short distance 400 are not more than 510mm at a distance from the intersection points B to receiving screen 500 of primary optical axis), it is capable of the size of dynamic regulation projected picture, it is real The big image projection of existing high definition quality is shown.Primary gluing lens, no non-spherical lens, therefore structure letter are used in design process Single, part process is good, and tolerance properties are excellent, and cost performance is high, is suitble to large-scale production.
The action and effect of embodiment
Refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system provided in this embodiment, since display chip 100 can modulate projector In from lighting system come imaging beam and double as refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system object plane, 300 energy of refractor group Spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and the color difference in imaging beam are enough balanced, and makes imaging beam at a curved real image in aspherical reflection Before mirror, and refractor group 300 includes 16 lens, which is free of non-spherical lens, aspheric Face reflecting mirror 400 is capable of the curvature of field and distortion of correction of refractive lens group 300, and reflection light at real image in screen, can be in screen On see clearly image, thus the present embodiment has image quality excellent, and structure is simple, effectively reduces production, process and assemble Cost, cost performance are high, are suitble to the advantages of large-scale production.
In addition, because lens be by glass system at spherical lens, have that environmental protection, cost performance are high, are suitble to scale The advantages of metaplasia produces.
In addition, the 4th lens 304 and the 5th lens 305 it is glued be an entirety, the refractive index of the 4th lens 304 is greater than the The refractive index of five lens 305, the Abbe number of the Abbe numbers of the 4th lens 304 less than the 5th lens 305.Since angular is certain When, the Abbe number of lens is bigger, and color difference is smaller, it is generally the case that and convex lens generates negative color difference, and concavees lens generate positive color difference, because 4th lens 304 of concave-concave and 305 gluing of the 5th lens of convex-concave are an entirety by this, their color difference is mutually compensated, reached To the purpose for effectively eliminating color difference.
In addition, the 13rd lens 313, the 14th lens 314, the 15th saturating 315 mirror and the tenth in refractor group 300 Six lens 316 form a focusing lens group, change projector distance by moving integrally, and realize different rulers between 90-110 inches The projection of very little picture.
In addition, surface and the non-spherical reflector 400 towards this of the 16th lens 316 towards non-spherical reflector 400 The length of primary optical axis between the surface of 16th lens 316 is not more than 65mm, and display chip 100 is towards the non-spherical reflector The length of 400 surface to non-spherical reflector 400 towards the primary optical axis between the surface of the 16th lens 316 is not more than 240mm, the total length that lens system is effectively guaranteed are unlikely to too long, keep whole system compact-sized, occupy little space, Short distance projects the large scale picture of high quality.
In addition, non-spherical reflector is characterized using following equation:
In formula, z is rise, and c indicates the curvature of curved surface apex,K is quadratic surface coefficient, a1、a2、 a3... it is aspherical high-order coefficient.
The concave mirror 400 designed by above formula can effectively reduce light and remain after refractor group 300 The remaining curvature of field and distortion makes imaging keep high brightness and indeformable, is projected out the large scale picture of high quality.
In addition, because the length of screen to non-spherical reflector towards the primary optical axis between the surface of the screen is not more than 510mm occupies little space so whole system is compact-sized.
Above embodiment is preferred case of the invention, the protection scope being not intended to limit the invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system characterized by comprising
Display chip, for modulating the illuminating bundle come in projector from lighting system and as the ultrashort out-of-focus projection of the refraction-reflection type The object plane of lens system reflects the illuminating bundle, forms imaging beam;And
The refractor group and non-spherical reflector set gradually along the emitting light path of the display chip,
The refractor group is used to balance spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and the color difference in the imaging beam, makes the imaging beam At a curved real image before the non-spherical reflector, include 16 lens, 16 all spherical lenses of lens,
The non-spherical reflector is used to correct the curvature of field and distortion of the refractor group, and reflection light at real image in screen Curtain.
2. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the lens are the spherical lens made of glass,
The optical centre of each lens is coaxial to become primary optical axis.
3. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, 16 lens include the first lens being sequentially arranged along the direction of the emitting light path, the second lens, third Lens, the 4th lens, the 5th lens, the 6th lens, the 7th lens, the 8th lens, the 9th lens, the tenth lens, the 11st are thoroughly Mirror, the 12nd lens, the 13rd lens, the 14th lens, the 15th lens and the 16th lens,
First lens, second lens, the 6th lens and the 8th lens are biconvex lens,
4th lens, the 12nd lens, the 14th lens and the 16th lens are biconcave lens,
The third lens, the 5th lens, the 7th lens, the 9th lens, the tenth lens, the described tenth One lens and the 13rd lens are positive meniscus lens,
15th lens are diverging meniscus lens.
4. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the 4th lens and the 5th lens glue are combined into an entirety,
The refractive index of 4th lens is greater than the refractive index of the 5th lens,
The Abbe number of 4th lens is less than the Abbe number of the 5th lens.
5. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the 13rd lens, the 14th lens, the 15th lens and the 16th lens composition one A focusing lens group.
6. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the 16th lens are towards the surface of the non-spherical reflector and the non-spherical reflector towards described the The length of the primary optical axis between the surface of 16 lens is not more than 65mm,
The display chip is saturating to the non-spherical reflector towards the described 16th towards the surface of the non-spherical reflector The length of the primary optical axis between the surface of mirror is not more than 240mm.
7. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the display chip is digital lenticule device,
The size of the display chip is 0.66 inch, resolution ratio 1080P,
The center of the display chip offsets up 1.65mm relative to the primary optical axis.
8. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the non-spherical reflector is concave mirror, and the face type of the concave mirror is odd times multinomial, aspherical system Several orders is 20 ranks.
9. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 8, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, the concave mirror is characterized using following equation:
In formula, z is rise, and c indicates the curvature of curved surface apex,K is quadratic surface coefficient, a1、a2、a3、… For aspherical high-order coefficient.
10. refraction-reflection type ultra-short focus projection lens system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
Wherein, length of the screen to the non-spherical reflector towards the primary optical axis between the surface of the screen is not Greater than 510mm.
CN201811540725.4A 2018-12-17 2018-12-17 Refraction and reflection type ultra-short-focus projection lens system Active CN109407288B (en)

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CN110361922A (en) * 2019-05-27 2019-10-22 武汉康车自动化设备有限公司 A kind of holographic full-color display device of electric mist glass stack 3D that can be enlarged
CN111856719A (en) * 2020-08-21 2020-10-30 中山联合光电科技股份有限公司 Optical system and projection apparatus
CN113504633A (en) * 2021-06-29 2021-10-15 青岛海信激光显示股份有限公司 Projection system
CN114253053A (en) * 2020-09-21 2022-03-29 成都极米科技股份有限公司 Projection lens and projection equipment

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