CN109406279A - The experimental provision and experimental method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when a kind of research fire - Google Patents
The experimental provision and experimental method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when a kind of research fire Download PDFInfo
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- CN109406279A CN109406279A CN201811474475.9A CN201811474475A CN109406279A CN 109406279 A CN109406279 A CN 109406279A CN 201811474475 A CN201811474475 A CN 201811474475A CN 109406279 A CN109406279 A CN 109406279A
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- superstructure
- fire
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- concrete slab
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0658—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using acoustic or ultrasonic detectors
Abstract
The experimental provision and experimental method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when the present invention is a kind of research fire, the experimental provision and realizing method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when disclosing a kind of research fire, simulate the actual state of scene of fire, concrete slab and support steel beam, which are fixed together, forms superstructure, it is respectively set in the periphery of superstructure, lower constraint steelframe, upper constraint steelframe includes the first column and jack, jack is pressed against the upper end of the first column, upper restained beam is equipped between first column, the lower restained beam that lower constraint steelframe includes the second column and is arranged between the second column, enclosure wall is set in lower restained beam, fire desaster experimental stove is placed in enclosure wall, enclosure wall and superstructure are equipped with certain distance, fire desaster experimental stove can heat superstructure, with the actual condition at simulated fire scene, very good solution does not have scene of fire, it cannot carry out superstructure damage The problem of mechanism study and verifying monitoring device reliability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of experimental facilities and experimental method, superstructure micromechanism of damage when more particularly to a kind of research fire
Experimental provision and realizing method.
Background technique
Sound emission (AE) refers to that material internal or surface discharge the wink of strain energy generation due to deform or damaging suddenly
State elastic wave.People can use acoustic emission signal and technology monitor material under loading conditions interior microscopic deformation, split
The occurrence and development of line obtain corresponding multidate information, in discovery acoustic emission signal (parameter) and material property and corresponding construction
The corresponding relationship of mechanical change process, so that a kind of new method and approach are provided for structural damage mechanism and law study, it is real
Dynamic monitoring now is carried out to the working condition of structure and is quickly and easily assessed.
Acoustic emission has had a large amount of application and research in all various aspects of concrete structure, but is confined to mostly
Under normal temperature environment, and work as the working performance met under high temperature of fire environment, failure mode prediction etc. for building structure
Using less.In building structure, steel concrete composite slab is by under reinforced concrete floor, peripheral frame girder, plate
The stress system that secondary beam is composed is mostly important Horizontal load-bearing component.In the case of fire, steel-concrete combines building
Lid again be in structure directly by fire region, to maintenance overall structure safety effect it is most important.Therefore, how fire is monitored
Whether the working condition of lower steel concrete composite slab is safe, is the problem of fire-fighting and rescue personnel pay close attention to the most.
In addition, fire is with Unpredictability and has great destructive power, therefore it is difficult to go to study in fire spot
The micromechanism of damage of superstructure when fire, this just give superstructure when how to monitor fire whether safety brings great difficulty, simultaneously
Also it is difficult to verify the reliability of monitoring device.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides it is a kind of research fire when superstructure micromechanism of damage experimental provision and realizing method, which solve because
For the Unpredictability of fire, can not again scene of fire come when studying fire the problem of the micromechanism of damage of superstructure.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is: the reality of superstructure micromechanism of damage when a kind of research fire
Experiment device, superstructure include concrete slab and support steel beam, and the support steel beam is fitted in below the concrete slab, and with it is described
Concrete slab is fixed, and the experimental provision includes upper supporting steel frame, lower supporting steel frame, fire desaster experimental stove, loading blocks and sound emission
Data receiver processing system, the lower supporting steel frame include several second columns and lower restained beam, the fire desaster experimental stove surrounding
Equipped with enclosure wall, second column is uniformly arranged on the enclosure wall periphery, and ground is fixed in the lower end of second column, described
It is connected with the lower restained beam between second column, the upper supporting steel frame includes several first columns and upper restained beam, described
First column and second column correspond, and the upper end of second column passes through tension-compression sensor and first column
Lower end connection, the upper end of first column is equipped with jack, and the upper end of jack is connect with a fixed beam, and described first stands
The upper restained beam is connected between column, the superstructure is arranged right above the fire desaster experimental stove, and the top with the enclosure wall
There are spacing between end, the concrete slab is fixed together with the support steel beam and the casting of the first column, the loading blocks
The upper surface of the concrete slab is set, and the sound emission data receiver processing system includes waveguide rod, the waveguide rod
One end is inserted into the concrete slab.
Further, the sound emission data receiver processing system further includes the sensor being sequentially connected electrically, preposition amplification
Device, sound emission acquisition device and acoustic emission analysis device, the waveguide rod and the sensor are electrically connected, on the concrete slab
Surface drilling is inserted into for one end of waveguide rod, and drilling surrounding pours lid concrete and carries out joint filling.
Further, the sensor is fixed on waveguide rod top, is equipped with couplant therebetween, and encased with rubber belt
Sensor and waveguide rod top.
Further, multiple waveguide rods are evenly distributed on the concrete slab upper surface, outermost waveguide rod and coagulation
Native side distance 400mm.
Further, the concrete slab is rectangle, there are four second column and first column are set, and point
Not Wei Yu the rectangular quadrangle, be equipped with the lower restained beam between adjacent two second columns, adjacent described first
The upper restained beam and the support steel beam are equipped between column.
Further, the concrete slab quadrangle is individually fixed in first column, places and adds on the concrete slab
Block is carried, and so that the loading blocks is fixed on the concrete slab with band.
A kind of experimental provision using in claim 1 is come the experimental method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when studying fire, in fire
The surrounding of calamity experimental furnace builds enclosure wall, and the supporting steel frame under the periphery setting of enclosure wall, concrete slab is connected on supporting steel frame,
Lower supporting steel frame is supported below supporting steel frame, concrete slab is erected at right above fire desaster experimental stove, and concrete slab
There are spacing for the lower surface of frame and the top surface of enclosure wall, push down upper supporting steel frame, concrete slab upper surface from top using fixed beam
Loading blocks are placed, one end of the waveguide rod of sound emission data receiver processing system is inserted into the concrete slab, and fire is real
It tests furnace to light a fire simulated fire scene, acoustic emission signal is transferred to sensor by waveguide rod in concrete slab, then passes through preceding storing
Big device amplifies and reaches sound emission acquisition device, is finally analyzed by acoustic emission analysis device data.
Further, the dividing regions lattice on the concrete slab top, the area of each area's lattice are 1m2, in each area's lattice
Place 10 cast iron loading blocks, each loading blocks weight 20kg.
Further, four parameters pair such as counting, stored count, amplitude and energy at the concrete slab monitoring point are taken
Steel beam columns under fire condition-Combined concrete superstructure Acoustic Emission Characteristic is filtered analysis, and obtains data, table later according to Filtering Analysis
The energy size of frequency and release when lattice and figure judgement damage occur.
Further, the frequency that the sound emission data receiver processing system is received is 20kHz to 100kHz, sensitivity
Peak value is greater than 40dB.
Further, AE threshold value is set as 40dB, the gain threshold of preamplifier is set as 40dB, analog filter
Sample rate is 1MSPS, and sampling length 1024, the speed that acoustic signals are propagated in concrete slab is 2km/s.
Compared to the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1, a kind of experimental facilities of the invention simulates the actual state of scene of fire, and concrete slab and support steel beam are fixed
Superstructure is formed together, is respectively set upper and lower constraint steelframe in the periphery of superstructure, and upper constraint steelframe includes the first column and very heavy
Top, jack are pressed against the upper end of the first column, and upper restained beam is equipped between the first column, and lower constraint steelframe includes the second column
And the lower restained beam being arranged between the second column, enclosure wall is set in lower restained beam, places fire desaster experimental stove in enclosure wall, enclosure wall and
Superstructure is equipped with certain distance, and fire desaster experimental stove can heat superstructure, with the actual condition at simulated fire scene, very good solution
The problem of not having scene of fire, the research of superstructure micromechanism of damage and verifying monitoring device reliability cannot be carried out.
2, acoustic emissionanalysis system is able to carry out the analysis of the parameters such as counting, stored count, amplitude and energy, especially can
Enough to b value and RA-AF association analysis, staff can judge the position of dangerous point according to chart and lead to the stress of fracture
Type.
3, in order to simulate uniform load, a certain number of area's lattice are divided on concrete slab top, can satisfy changing load mark
Quasi- value, and loading blocks are being fixed with band after loading blocks place plate face, it can prevent experimentation middle and upper part loading blocks from sliding
Smash equipment.
4, a kind of experimental method provided by the invention, enabling experimental facilities to superstructure, the micromechanism of damage in fire is ground
Study carefully, in practical application, the structure and component of different types of superstructure be not also identical, has resulted in the portion that superstructure damages when fire
Position, stress types are different, in this experimental method, can pass through the parameter of change fire desaster experimental stove, the type of superstructure, so that it may
The research of all types of superstructure micromechanism of damage when being useful in different fire sizes.
Invention is further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments；But when a kind of research fire of the invention
The experimental provision and realizing method of superstructure micromechanism of damage are not limited to the embodiment.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the overall schematic of experimental provision in the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of sound emission data receiver processing system in the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the layout drawing of superstructure in the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the bottom view of superstructure in the present invention；
Fig. 5 is the distribution map of waveguide rod in the present invention；
Fig. 6 is counting-time variation diagram in the present invention；
Fig. 7 is stored count-time variation diagram in the present invention；
Fig. 8 is Energy-Time variation diagram in the present invention；
Fig. 9 is amplitude versus time variation diagram in the present invention；
Figure 10 is b value-time plot in the present invention；
Figure 11 is RA-AF association analysis in the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment, referring to fig. 1 to fig. 5, the experiment dress of superstructure micromechanism of damage when a kind of research fire of the invention
It sets, superstructure 1 includes concrete slab 11 and support steel beam 12, and the support steel beam 12 is fitted in 11 lower section of concrete slab, and
Fixed with the concrete slab 11, the experimental provision includes upper supporting steel frame 2, lower supporting steel frame 3, fire desaster experimental stove 4, load
Block 5 and sound emission data receiver processing system 10, the lower supporting steel frame 3 include several second columns 31 and lower restained beam 32,
The fire desaster experimental stove 4 is surrounded by enclosure wall 7, and second column 31 is uniformly arranged on 7 periphery of enclosure wall, and described second is vertical
Ground is fixed in the lower end of column 31, and the lower restained beam 32 is connected between second column 31, and the upper supporting steel frame 2 wraps
Several first columns 21 and upper restained beam 22 are included, first column 21 is corresponded with second column 31, and described second
The upper end of column 31 is connect by tension-compression sensor 6 with the lower end of first column 21, and the upper end of first column 21 is set
There is jack 9, the upper end of jack 9 is connect with a fixed beam 8, and the upper restained beam is connected between first column 21
22, the setting of superstructure 1 is right above the fire desaster experimental stove 4, and there are spacing between the top of the enclosure wall 7, described
Concrete slab 11 is fixed together with the support steel beam 12 and the casting of the first column 21, and the setting of loading blocks 5 is described mixed
The upper surface of concrete board 11, the sound emission data receiver processing system 10 include waveguide rod 101, the one of the waveguide rod 101
End is inserted into the concrete slab 11.The present invention is also transformed fire desaster experimental stove 4.Improved fire desaster experimental stove
4 sizes and test component surrounding size coincide and meet the requirement of leakproofness, to prevent leakage fire.There are a spacings with superstructure 1 for enclosure wall 7
From providing enough deformation spaces for reinforced concrete floor.The superstructure 1 that support steel beam 12 and concrete slab 11 are combined into is simulated
Ceiling, upper restained beam 22 can play attic to the effect of contraction of experiment floor, and jack 9, which applies the first column 21, presses
Power, the gravity on simulation building, tension-compression sensor 6 are able to detect the pressure of the first column 21 and the tilting of concrete slab 11
Power.
In the present embodiment, the sound emission data receiver processing system 10 further includes the sensor 102 being sequentially connected electrically, preceding
Set amplifier 103, sound emission acquisition device 104 and acoustic emission analysis device 105, the waveguide rod 101 and the sensor 102
Electrical connection, 11 upper surface of the concrete slab drilling are inserted into for one end of waveguide rod 101, and drilling surrounding is poured lid concrete and filled out
Seam.
In the present embodiment, the sensor 102 is fixed on 101 top of waveguide rod, is equipped with couplant therebetween, and use rubber
Belt encases 101 top of sensor 102 and waveguide rod.
In the present embodiment, multiple waveguide rods 101 are evenly distributed on 11 upper surface of concrete slab, outermost waveguide rod
101 and concrete side back gauge 400mm.More to measure 1 crack developing situation of superstructure, 15 waveguide rods 101 are set altogether,
Waveguide rod 101 is arranged as shown in Figure 5.The positioning of 101 position of waveguide rod is carried out according to design scheme on 1 top surface of superstructure, is then used
The drill hammer that diameter is 20mm punches, and waveguide rod 101 is inserted in the hole and consolidated on periphery with cement mortar by hole depth 30mm
It is fixed.It after 101 top of waveguide rod is polished with sander, is wiped with alcohol, fixes sensor 102 again after its drying, will pass
102 bottom of sensor is placed in waveguide rod 101 after smearing dedicated couplant, and the moderate rubber band of final force degree is fixed.
In the present embodiment, the concrete slab 11 is rectangle, and second column 31 and first column 21 are equipped with
Four, and it is located at the rectangular quadrangle, the lower restained beam 32 is equipped between adjacent two second columns 31,
The upper restained beam 22 and the support steel beam 12 are equipped between adjacent first column 21.
In the present embodiment, 11 4 jiaos of the concrete slab is individually fixed in first column 21, the concrete slab 11
Upper placement loading blocks 5, and so that the loading blocks 5 is fixed on the concrete slab 11 with band.
In the present embodiment, the present invention provides a kind of experimental provisions using in the present embodiment come superstructure 1 when studying fire
The experimental method of micromechanism of damage builds enclosure wall 7 in the surrounding of fire desaster experimental stove 4, the supporting steel frame 3 under the periphery setting of enclosure wall 7,
Concrete slab 11 is connected on supporting steel frame 2, and lower supporting steel frame 3 is supported on 2 lower section of supporting steel frame, by 11 frame of concrete slab
It is located at right above fire desaster experimental stove 4, and there are spacing for the lower surface of 11 frame of concrete slab and the top surface of enclosure wall 7, utilize fixation
Beam 8 pushes down upper supporting steel frame 2 from top, and loading blocks 5, sound emission data receiver processing system 10 are placed in 11 upper surface of concrete slab
One end of waveguide rod 101 be inserted into the concrete slab 11, fire desaster experimental stove 4 is lit a fire simulated fire scene, concrete
Acoustic emission signal is transferred to sensor 102 by waveguide rod 101 in plate 11, then amplifies and pass by preamplifier 103
To sound emission acquisition device 104, finally data are analyzed by acoustic emission analysis device 105.Acoustic emission signal is logical in superstructure 1
It crosses waveguide rod 101 and is transferred to sensor 102, signal is amplified by signal amplifying apparatus, is transferred to by data line by sensor 102
Micro-II-PCI-E capture card exports different FEATURE PARAMETERS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONs finally by computer.Common sound emission
Signal characteristic parameter mainly includes event count, Ring-down count, energy, amplitude, duration, rise time etc..
In the present embodiment, upper dividing regions lattice are pushed up in the concrete slab 11, the area of each area's lattice is 1m2, in each area
10 cast iron loading blocks 5 are placed in lattice, each loading blocks 5 are 20kg heavy.
In the present embodiment, counting, stored count, amplitude and energy at 11 monitoring point of concrete slab etc. four ginsengs are taken
Several pairs of steel beam columns under fire condition-Combined concrete superstructure 1 Acoustic Emission Characteristic is filtered analysis, and obtains number later according to Filtering Analysis
The energy size of frequency and release when occurring according to, table and figure judgement damage.
In the present embodiment, the frequency that the sound emission data receiver processing system 10 is received is 20kHz to 100kHz, spirit
Sensitivity peak value is greater than 40dB.
In the present embodiment, AE threshold value is set as 40dB, the gain threshold of preamplifier 103 is set as 40dB, simulation
Filter sample rate is 1MSPS, and sampling length 1024, the speed that acoustic signals are propagated in concrete slab 11 is 2km/s.
In the present embodiment, is positioned and schemed according to the waveguide rod 101 of arrangement, in conjunction with the macroscopic appearance and acoustic emission signal number of test
According to four parameters such as counting (ring), stored count, amplitude and energy at the span centre position measuring point 11 of selection superstructure 1 are to fire
The Acoustic Emission Characteristic of superstructure 1 is filtered analysis under calamity, and filtering threshold is adjusted correspondingly according to actual data analysis.Sound
Emission analysis system can reflect the stress variation tendency of composite floor system 1 under fire, judge to damage the frequency and release when occurring
Energy size.The combination feelings of acoustic emission signal degree of strength and varying strength acoustic emission signal are obtained according to b value analytic approach
Condition.When crack is carried out by a relatively large margin, the biggish signal component large percentage of amplitude, then b value is smaller；When crack is with lesser
When amplitude is carried out, then the lesser signal component large percentage of amplitude, b value is larger at this time.Fire is obtained by RA-AF correlation fractal dimension
The different failure modes (shearing crack and draw crack) of composite floor system 1 under calamity, draw crack is usually in a large amount of energy of abrupt release
Amount, AF value are higher；Then RA value is higher for shearing crack.Therefore, analysis is associated to parameter AF and RA, structure damage can be qualitatively judged
Hurt failure mode.
In the present embodiment, inventor has also done corresponding experiment, and experimental result is to be tied shown in Fig. 6 to Figure 11 according to experiment
Fruit can clearly study the micromechanism of damage of superstructure.
The experiment dress of superstructure micromechanism of damage when above-described embodiment is only used to further illustrate a kind of research fire of the invention
It sets and realizing method, but the invention is not limited to embodiments, according to the technical essence of the invention to above embodiments institute
Any simple modification, equivalent change and modification of work, fall within the scope of protection of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when a kind of research fire, it is characterised in that: superstructure includes concrete slab and support
Girder steel, the support steel beam is fitted in below the concrete slab, and is fixed with the concrete slab, and the experimental provision includes
Upper supporting steel frame, lower supporting steel frame, fire desaster experimental stove, loading blocks and sound emission data receiver processing system, the lower supporting steel
Frame includes several second columns and lower restained beam, and the fire desaster experimental stove is surrounded by enclosure wall, and second column is uniformly arranged
In the enclosure wall periphery, the lower end of second column is fixed on ground, the lower constraint is connected between second column
Beam, the upper supporting steel frame include several first columns and upper restained beam, and first column and second column one are a pair of
Answer, the upper end of second column is connect by tension-compression sensor with the lower end of first column, first column it is upper
End is equipped with jack, and the upper end of jack is connect with a fixed beam, and the upper restained beam, institute are connected between first column
Stating superstructure setting, there are spacing, the concrete slabs right above the fire desaster experimental stove, and between the top of the enclosure wall
It being fixed together with the support steel beam and the casting of the first column, the upper surface of the concrete slab is arranged in the loading blocks,
The sound emission data receiver processing system includes waveguide rod, and one end of the waveguide rod is inserted into the concrete slab.
2. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the sound hair
Penetrating data receiver processing system further includes the sensor being sequentially connected electrically, preamplifier, sound emission acquisition device and sound emission
Analytical equipment, the waveguide rod and sensor electrical connection, the concrete slab upper surface drilling are inserted for one end of waveguide rod
Enter, drilling surrounding pours lid concrete and carries out joint filling.
3. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the sensing
Device is fixed on waveguide rod top, is equipped with couplant therebetween, and encase sensor and waveguide rod top with rubber belt.
4. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: multiple waveguides
Bar is evenly distributed on the concrete slab upper surface, outermost waveguide rod and concrete side back gauge 400mm.
5. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the coagulation
Native plate is rectangle, there are four second column and first column are set, and is located at the rectangular quadrangle, phase
The lower restained beam is equipped between adjacent two second columns, be equipped between adjacent first column upper restained beam and
The support steel beam.
6. the experimental provision of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 5, it is characterised in that: the coagulation
Native plate quadrangle is individually fixed in first column, loading blocks is placed on the concrete slab, and make the loading blocks with band
It is fixed on the concrete slab.
7. a kind of experimental provision using in claim 1 is come the experimental method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when studying fire, feature
It is: builds enclosure wall in the surrounding of fire desaster experimental stove, the supporting steel frame under the periphery setting of enclosure wall, concrete slab is connected to branch
It supportting on steelframe, lower supporting steel frame is supported below supporting steel frame, concrete slab is erected at right above fire desaster experimental stove, and
There are spacing for the lower surface of concrete frame and the top surface of enclosure wall, push down upper supporting steel frame, concrete from top using fixed beam
Loading blocks are placed in plate upper surface, and one end of the waveguide rod of sound emission data receiver processing system is inserted into the concrete slab and works as
In, fire desaster experimental stove is lit a fire, and simulated fire is live, and acoustic emission signal is transferred to sensor by waveguide rod in concrete slab, then leads to
It crosses preamplifier to amplify and reach sound emission acquisition device, finally data is analyzed by acoustic emission analysis device.
8. the implementation method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: described mixed
Dividing regions lattice on concrete board top, the area of each area's lattice are 1m2, 10 cast iron loading blocks, Mei Gejia are placed in each area's lattice
Carry block weight 20kg.
9. the implementation method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: the sound hair
Penetrating the frequency that data receiver processing system is received is 20kHz to 100kHz, and sensitivity peaks are greater than 40dB.
10. the implementation method of superstructure micromechanism of damage when research fire according to claim 9, it is characterised in that: AE
Threshold value is set as 40dB, and the gain threshold of preamplifier is set as 40dB, and analog filter sample rate is 1MSPS, sampling length
It is 1024, the speed that acoustic signals are propagated in concrete slab is 2km/s.
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