CN109406263B - T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle - Google Patents
T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109406263B CN109406263B CN201811341808.0A CN201811341808A CN109406263B CN 109406263 B CN109406263 B CN 109406263B CN 201811341808 A CN201811341808 A CN 201811341808A CN 109406263 B CN109406263 B CN 109406263B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- steering plate
- angle
- base
- plate
- caliper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000007586 pull-out test Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007585 pull-off test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/04—Chucks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a novel T-shaped pull-out test device with a variable angle, which belongs to the field of structural test mechanics, and comprises a base, a steering plate, cover plates and a plurality of support plates, wherein the base is arranged above a screw; the steering plate is connected with the side plate of the base through bolts; one end is fixedly connected through a bolt, the other end is symmetrically provided with an arc groove, a threaded hole is formed in the lateral lower part of the arc groove, and the forming position of the threaded hole is adjusted according to a required angle; the outer surface of the circular arc groove is provided with a corresponding angle scale, the caliper is connected with the threaded hole through a bolt through a chute with the caliper, the position of the caliper is set according to a required angle, the bolt is flush with the caliper, then the bolt is screwed, and the angle of the steering plate is adjusted by taking the angle position of the caliper as a reference; the device realizes the change of different angles of the steering plate, can directly load the T-shaped test piece with the angle, has simple structure, wide application range and adjustable constraint condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of structural test mechanics, in particular to a test loading device, and specifically relates to a variable-angle T-shaped structure pull-out test device.
Background
In the aerospace engineering structure, structural members formed by various materials are complex stress members which are in complex stress states in various environments for a long time, so that the strength of the members in various environments is an important research subject in structural mechanics.
In aircraft construction, it is often necessary to determine the adhesive strength of the web and the flange of the T-shaped structural member, in particular in aircraft wing and tail structures, the web and the flange are not generally vertical but are provided with a bevel angle, whereas no test device for determining the angular pull-off test piece is known from the current test standards. The traditional clamp is used for taking the inclined cushion block to level the test piece, so that the web plate is vertical, and the test piece can be directly clamped on a testing machine. However, the spacer does not have versatility for the different test configurations.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides the T-shaped pull-out test device capable of realizing the variable angle on the common test machine, which has the advantages of simple and reliable structure, convenient installation, strong universality, high loading precision and low maintenance cost, can be used in various environments, and solves the technical defect of no universality in the prior art.
The invention is realized in the following way:
The utility model provides a T type structure of variable angle pulls out test device, includes the screw rod, and the screw rod top is provided with the base, and the top of base is provided with the deflector, and deflector top both sides are provided with the apron respectively. The base is provided with a front side plate and a rear side plate. The steering plate is connected with two ends of a side plate of the base through bolts; holes are symmetrically formed in one ends of the front side plate and the rear side plate of the base, and the steering plate is fixedly connected with the end of the base provided with the holes through bolts; the other end of the side plate is symmetrically provided with an arc groove, a threaded hole is formed in the side lower part of the arc groove, and a corresponding angle scale is arranged on the outer surface of the arc groove and used for indicating a corresponding angle; the caliper is connected with the threaded hole through a self-contained sliding groove through a bolt, the position of the caliper is set according to a required angle, the angle of the steering plate is adjusted by taking the angle position of the caliper as a reference, so that the bolt is flush with the caliper, and then the bolt is screwed. The angle of the steering plate is adjustable, so that the change of different angles of the steering plate is realized, and the problem that an ordinary testing machine cannot directly load a T-shaped test piece with an angle is solved.
Further, the test piece is placed above the steering plate, the test piece is symmetrical along the central line, and the two end edge strips of the test piece are clamped through the cover plates at the two ends. The distance between the two ends of the rim is adjusted by adjusting the position of the bolt in the first elongated hole.
Further, the bottom surface of base on be provided with base screw hole, the screw rod pass through base screw hole and link to each other with the base.
Further, second extension holes are distributed around the steering plate; the upper side of the steering plate is a plane, two ends of the lower side of the steering plate are provided with second convex knife edges, the second convex knife edges are connected into second extension holes of the steering plate through bolts, and the relative positions of the second convex knife edges and the steering plate are changed through adjusting the positions of the bolts in the second extension holes.
Further, the lower side of the cover plate is a plane, and a first convex knife edge is arranged in the vertical direction of the upper side of the cover plate; the cover plate is provided with first extension holes, the periphery of the cover plate is connected with the steering plate through bolts, and the cover plate is provided with the first extension holes, so that the clamping distance between two ends of the test piece edge strip can be adjusted. The conversion of the constraint condition solid support and the simple support is realized by simultaneously overturning the cover plate and the steering plate.
The beneficial effects of the invention compared with the prior art are as follows:
1) The relative position of the steering plate and the base can be changed by utilizing the arc groove, the angle of the steering plate and the base can be adjusted, the change of different angles of the steering plate is realized, and the problem that a T-shaped test piece with an angle cannot be directly loaded on a common test machine is solved;
2) The precise application of the angle change is realized by adding a scale and a caliper on the arc groove of the base side plate;
3) The clamping distance between two ends of the test piece edge strip can be adjusted by arranging an extension hole on the cover plate;
4) The invention has simple structure and wide application range, the constraint condition can be adjusted, and the transformation of the solid support and simple support constraint condition can be realized by turning the cover plate and the steering plate;
5) The universal T-shaped structure test piece is strong in universality, adjustable in angle and applicable to various T-shaped structure test pieces with different angles and different specifications.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of a test piece of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an overall view of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an overall cross-sectional view of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an overall view of a base of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a two-dimensional view of a deflector plate of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a two-dimensional view of a cover plate of a variable angle T-shaped structure pull-out test device according to the present invention;
The device comprises a 1-base, a 2-steering plate, a 3-cover plate, a 4-screw, a 5-test piece, a 6-hole, a 7-arc groove, an 8-threaded hole, a 9-base threaded hole, a 10-first extension hole, an 11-first convex knife edge, a 12-scale, a 13-caliper, a 14-chute, a 15-test piece web, a 16-test piece edge strip, a 17-second convex knife edge and an 18-second extension hole.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, for the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions, and effects of the present invention more apparent. It should be noted that the detailed description herein is for purposes of illustration only and is not intended to limit the invention.
As shown in FIGS. 1-6, the test device comprises a base 1, a steering plate 2, a cover plate 3 and a screw 4. Holes 6 are symmetrically formed in one end of each of the two side plates of the base, and arc grooves 7, threaded holes 8 and calipers 13 are symmetrically formed in the other end of each of the two side plates; wherein the arc groove 7 is provided with a corresponding angle scale 12 for indicating the corresponding angle.
The caliper 13 is provided with a chute 14 and is connected with the threaded hole 8 through a bolt, the position of the corresponding caliper 13 can be set according to the required angle, and then the angle of the steering plate 2 is set by tightening the bolt. Specifically, the caliper 13 is set at a required angle, the steering plate 2 is rotated, the angle position of the caliper 13 is used as a reference, the bolt is leveled with the caliper 13, then the bolt is screwed, and at the moment, the angle of the steering plate 2 is consistent with the angle set by the caliper 13; the upper side of the steering plate 2 is a plane, two ends of the lower side are provided with second convex cutter openings 17, the second convex cutter openings 17 are connected with the steering plate 2 through bolts, and the relative positions of the second convex cutter openings 17 and the steering plate 2 are changed through adjusting the positions of the bolts in the second extension holes 18. The steering plate 2 is connected with two side plates of the base 1 through bolts, and the angle of the steering plate 2 can be adjusted by adjusting the relative positions of the bolts and the circular arc grooves 7; the cover plate 3 is distributed with first extension holes 10 around, and is connected with the steering plate 2 through bolts, wherein the positions of the cover plate 3 and the steering plate 2 can be changed through adjusting the positions of the bolts in the first extension holes 10. The lower side of the cover plate 3 is a plane, the middle part of the upper side is provided with a first convex type knife edge 11, and the conversion of the constraint condition solid support and the simple support can be realized by turning over the cover plate 3 and the steering plate 2; the screw 4 is connected with the base 1 through a threaded hole 9, and the screw 4 is directly clamped on a clamping head of the testing machine during testing.
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 1 is a front view of the test piece 5, with the test piece web 15 located above the test piece rim 16, and the clamping distance between the two ends of the test piece rim 16 is adjusted by the first elongated hole 10 in the cover plate 3.
The application process of the invention comprises the following steps: firstly, according to the angle of the test piece, the position of a caliper is set, then the bolt is screwed, and the angle of the steering plate is set. The test piece is placed on a steering plate of a test device according to the requirement, the relative position of the cover plate and the steering plate is adjusted by utilizing an extension hole on the cover plate according to the constraint condition, and then the test loading device is placed on a test machine, and the screw rod and the test piece are respectively clamped on a chuck of the test machine. And (5) checking whether the loading test device is placed and fixed as required, and starting the test machine to test.
Specific test examples are shown below:
examples
The T-shaped test piece of the embodiment is a pull-out test piece with an angle of 87 degrees, constraint conditions at two ends of the edge strip are fixed supports, and the clamping length is 30mm.
The test steps are as follows:
1) The caliper 13 is set at a 3-degree position, the angle of the steering plate 2 is adjusted to be 3 degrees, and the bolts are screwed;
2) Placing the test piece 5 on the steering plate 2, symmetrically clamping the cover plate 3 on the test piece edge strips 16 at the two ends of the test piece along the central line, adjusting the positions of the bolts in the first extension holes 10 to ensure that the fixing and supporting distance of the two ends of the test piece edge strips 16 is 30mm, and screwing the bolts;
3) Screw rod and base 1 are screwed into the screw hole of base, and the firmness and reliability are ensured;
4) The whole loading test device is placed on a tester, and the screw 4 and the top of the test piece web 15 are respectively clamped on a chuck of the tester. And checking whether the loading test device is placed and fixed as required, and starting the test machine to test;
5) Before the test, preloading a test piece, checking and adjusting a test piece and a strain measurement system to enable the whole system to be in a normal working state;
6) The test was loaded at a loading rate of 2mm/min with displacement. The test loading precision requires that the maximum load error is not more than 1%. Loading to 100% limit load according to the requirement, preserving the load for 3 seconds, and continuing to load if the test piece is not damaged until the test piece is damaged or reaches 150% limit load;
7) After the test, the test piece and the clamp are disassembled, and the site is cleaned.
Examples
The T-shaped test piece is a pull-off test piece with an angle of 85 degrees, constraint conditions at two ends of the edge strip are simple supports, and the clamping length is 20mm.
The test steps are as follows:
1) The caliper 13 is set at a 5-degree position, the steering plate 2 is turned over, a convex knife opening faces upwards, the angle of the steering plate is adjusted to be 5 degrees, and the bolts are screwed;
2) Placing the test piece 5 on the steering plate 2, symmetrically along the central line, enabling one surface of the first convex edge 11 of the cover plate to downwards contact with the test piece edge strips 16, clamping the cover plate on the edge strips at the two ends of the test piece, adjusting the positions of the bolts in the first extension holes 10, enabling the simply supported distance at the two ends of the edge strips to be 20mm, and screwing the bolts;
3) Screw 4 and base 1 are screwed into base threaded hole 9, and are firm and reliable;
4) The whole loading test device is placed on a tester, and the screw 4 and the top of the test piece web 15 are respectively clamped on a chuck of the tester. And checking whether the loading test device is placed and fixed as required, and starting the test machine to test;
5) Before the test, preloading the test piece 5, checking and adjusting the test piece 5 and the strain measurement system to enable the whole system to be in a normal working state;
6) The test was loaded at a loading rate of 2mm/min with displacement. The test loading precision requires that the maximum load error is not more than 1%. Loading to 100% limit load according to the requirement, preserving the load for 3 seconds, and continuing to load if the test piece is not damaged until the test piece is damaged or reaches 150% limit load;
7) After the test, the test piece 5 and the test device were removed and the site was cleaned.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention, and it should be noted that modifications could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles of the invention, which modifications would also be considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. The pull-out test device with the T-shaped structure with the variable angle comprises a screw rod (4) and is characterized in that a base (1) is arranged above the screw rod (4), a steering plate (2) is arranged above the base (1), and cover plates (3) are respectively arranged on two sides above the steering plate (2); the steering plate (2) is connected with the side plate of the base (1) through bolts; holes (6) are symmetrically formed in one end of a side plate of the base (1), and the steering plate (2) is fixedly connected with the end, provided with the holes (6), of the base (1) through bolts; the other end of the side plate is symmetrically provided with an arc groove (7), a threaded hole (8) is formed in the side lower part of the arc groove (7), and a corresponding angle scale (12) is arranged on the outer surface of the arc groove (7) and used for indicating a corresponding angle; the caliper (13) is connected with the threaded hole (8) through a self-contained sliding groove (14) through a bolt, the position of the caliper (13) is set according to a required angle, the angle of the steering plate (2) is adjusted by taking the angle position of the caliper (13) as a reference, so that the bolt is flush with the caliper (13), and then the bolt is screwed;
A test piece (5) is arranged above the steering plate (2), and two end edge strips of the test piece (5) are clamped through cover plates (3) at two ends;
second extension holes (18) are distributed around the steering plate (2); the upper side of the steering plate (2) is a plane, the two ends of the lower side are provided with second convex knife edges (17), the second convex knife edges (17) are connected into second extension holes (18) of the steering plate (2) through bolts, and the relative positions of the second convex knife edges (17) and the steering plate (2) are changed through adjusting the positions of the bolts in the second extension holes (18); the lower side of the cover plate (3) is a plane, and a first convex knife edge (11) is arranged in the vertical direction of the upper side; the periphery of the cover plate (3) is provided with first extension holes (10) which are connected with the steering plate (2) through bolts, and the conversion of constraint condition fixation and support and simple support is realized by simultaneously overturning the cover plate (3) and the steering plate (2);
the relative positions of the steering plate and the base are changed by utilizing the arc grooves, so that the angle between the steering plate and the base is adjusted, and the change of different angles of the steering plate is realized; the web and the rim of the T-shaped structure have a certain oblique angle.
2. The variable-angle T-shaped structure pull-out test device according to claim 1, wherein a base threaded hole (9) is formed in the bottom surface of the base (1), and the screw (4) is connected with the base (1) through the base threaded hole (9).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811341808.0A CN109406263B (en) | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-12 | T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811341808.0A CN109406263B (en) | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-12 | T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109406263A CN109406263A (en) | 2019-03-01 |
| CN109406263B true CN109406263B (en) | 2024-05-24 |
Family
ID=65473177
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811341808.0A Active CN109406263B (en) | 2018-11-12 | 2018-11-12 | T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN109406263B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111272542A (en) * | 2020-04-06 | 2020-06-12 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Composite material T-shaped joint pull-off test device |
| CN113776930A (en) * | 2021-09-01 | 2021-12-10 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | Combined material T type connecting piece is drawn, is pressed experimental universal fixturing |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011043470A (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2011-03-03 | Tohoku Univ | Tension test jig |
| CN102288483A (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2011-12-21 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Supporting clamp for compression stabilization experiment of reinforced wallboard and supporting coefficient testing method for end socket |
| CN103728190A (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-04-16 | 华侨大学 | Multi-angle drop-hammer impact testing device and test bench thereof |
| CN206248452U (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-06-13 | 中国航空工业集团公司沈阳飞机设计研究所 | A kind of stiffened panel compression test side gripping clamping apparatus |
| CN106940275A (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2017-07-11 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of falling weight impact test plate grip platform and impact velocity measuring method |
| CN207019563U (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2018-02-16 | 成都市技师学院 | Rotatable regulation micrometer stand |
| CN108645701A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-10-12 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of test T connector multi-angle mechanical behavior experimental rig |
| CN209280447U (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2019-08-20 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of Novel T-shaped pull-off test device of variable-angle |
-
2018
- 2018-11-12 CN CN201811341808.0A patent/CN109406263B/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011043470A (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2011-03-03 | Tohoku Univ | Tension test jig |
| CN102288483A (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2011-12-21 | 中国飞机强度研究所 | Supporting clamp for compression stabilization experiment of reinforced wallboard and supporting coefficient testing method for end socket |
| CN103728190A (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-04-16 | 华侨大学 | Multi-angle drop-hammer impact testing device and test bench thereof |
| CN206248452U (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-06-13 | 中国航空工业集团公司沈阳飞机设计研究所 | A kind of stiffened panel compression test side gripping clamping apparatus |
| CN106940275A (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2017-07-11 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of falling weight impact test plate grip platform and impact velocity measuring method |
| CN207019563U (en) * | 2017-06-07 | 2018-02-16 | 成都市技师学院 | Rotatable regulation micrometer stand |
| CN108645701A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-10-12 | 北京航空航天大学 | A kind of test T connector multi-angle mechanical behavior experimental rig |
| CN209280447U (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2019-08-20 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of Novel T-shaped pull-off test device of variable-angle |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 拉伸载荷下碳纤维复合材料 T 型胶接接头脱粘监测研究;苏永刚;中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库(第2期);21 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN109406263A (en) | 2019-03-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN109406263B (en) | T-shaped structure pull-out test device with variable angle | |
| CN203197774U (en) | Automobile part hole position detecting positioning integrated tool | |
| CN109443952B (en) | T-shaped joint shear test device | |
| CN203240988U (en) | Vehicle oil filling pipe assembly checking tool | |
| CN207155630U (en) | A kind of fixture suitable for non-destructive detecting device | |
| CN203464876U (en) | Tool used for measuring cylindrical-thread pitch diameter | |
| CN107870124A (en) | Fixture for the experiment of composite board compression performance | |
| CN216816346U (en) | Device for testing hardness of round rod-shaped sample | |
| US3206973A (en) | Apparatus for testing tires and the like | |
| CN205209476U (en) | A strain measuring device for simple shear extrusion is experimental | |
| CN110261096B (en) | Rake tool strength detection device | |
| CN204630501U (en) | A kind of special measuring tool examining and determine vernier caliper | |
| CN212845771U (en) | Probe card detection tool | |
| CN207414854U (en) | A kind of multifunctional milling machine fixture for structural member processing | |
| CN207586019U (en) | A kind of fixture for the experiment of composite board compression performance | |
| CN202915850U (en) | Measuring tool for measuring the assembly size of special products | |
| CN201053919Y (en) | Fizeau interferometer detecting work platform | |
| CN207516163U (en) | A kind of strip-shaped work bending strength testing apparatus | |
| CN202216632U (en) | Wide-range accurate height measuring device | |
| CN214408409U (en) | High-strength bolt bearing capacity detection clamp for steel structure | |
| CN111336891A (en) | Detection device for port detection tool of pipe beam product | |
| CN204881481U (en) | Utensil is examined to perpendicularity / depth of parallelism in leaf spring grasswort aperture | |
| CN211527686U (en) | Fixing base capable of fast switching detection products | |
| CN103831636A (en) | Angle adjusting method and device for boring holes in helicopter propellers | |
| CN215797121U (en) | Automatic slicing device for plate detection |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |