CN109374867B - Gravel hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements, which comprises the following steps: s1Constructing a wall body and a borehole, generating particles according to the particle size grading curve, and performing initial balance calculation; s2Dividing the particles into a matrix and gravel by using a cutting method and respectively endowing different cementing parameters; s3Adding a seepage field and endowing corresponding flow parameters; s4Applying confining pressure on an external wall based on a servo system, and setting a fluid injection speed; s5Monitoring the particle cementation state in real time, and judging whether microcracks are generated according to the cementation state; s6And continuing the simulation until the hydraulic fracture is penetrated. The invention establishes a glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements, and the method can accurately represent the initiation and expansion mechanism of the hydraulic fracture from the microscale and accurately capture the macroscopic distribution form of the hydraulic fracture, thereby enhancing the understanding of a site engineer on the expansion rule of the glutenite reservoir hydraulic fracturing fracture and further improving the fracturing design.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of glutenite oil and gas reservoir hydraulic fracturing, in particular to a glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements.
Background
The glutenite is widely existed in a compact oil-gas reservoir, but because of the higher burial depth, the glutenite generally has the characteristics of low permeability and low porosity, and therefore, a hydraulic fracturing technology is needed for production increasing operation, so that a high-conductivity fracture is formed underground, the oil-gas inflow capability is enhanced, and the oil-gas well productivity is further improved to achieve economic and efficient exploitation. The method is a prerequisite for implementing the hydraulic fracturing technology by determining the cracking mechanism of the glutenite hydraulic fracturing fracture and the final distribution form of the fracture, and has important guiding significance for fracturing design. However, the glutenite hydraulic fracture initiation mechanism and fracture spread morphology are more complex due to the high degree of geometric heterogeneity and its induced stress heterogeneity and strength heterogeneity, and the frequent interaction of the hydraulic fracture with gravel further affects its propagation due to the presence of gravel. Although the true triaxial experiment and numerical simulation technology explore the glutenite hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation law from different angles, it is difficult to accurately represent the rock mechanical behavior and the flow-stress-displacement coupling problem involved in the hydraulic fracturing process. In order to solve the problem, the invention explores a rock mechanics response mechanism from a microscale based on a discrete element method, simulates a seepage process by means of a network flow model, couples seepage and a discrete element process, and accurately simulates the initiation and expansion of a conglomerate hydraulic fracturing fracture so as to guide the fracturing design of a conglomerate reservoir.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: in order to clarify the cracking mechanism of the glutenite hydraulic fracturing fracture and the final fracture distribution form and reveal the interaction problem of the hydraulic fracture and gravel, the invention provides a glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements, and the method can realize the accurate prediction of the glutenite reservoir hydraulic fracturing final fracture distribution form.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements comprises the following steps:
S1setting a calculation region, establishing an external wall, generating particles in the wall according to a particle size grading curve, establishing a circular wall simulation borehole in the center of the region, deleting the particles in the region, giving discrete element parameters to the particles, and performing initial balance calculation;
S2dividing the balanced particles into a matrix and gravel, respectively giving different physical property parameters, and cementing adjacent particles to generate a numerical model;
S3setting the region surrounded by the adjacent particles as a drainage basin, setting a flow pipe at the position contacting the particles, and establishing a fluid network flow model;
S4applying confining pressure on an external wall body based on a servo system, setting the injection speed of a fluid at the bottom of a well, and performing simulation calculation on the seepage-displacement-stress coupling process;
S5when the tensile stress between the particles exceeds the tensile strength limit, the bond between the particles is broken, and a tensile microcrack is added at the broken part; and when the shear stress between the particles exceeds the shear strength limit, relative slippage occurs between the particles, shear microcracks are added at the slippage positions, the simulation is finished when the cracks penetrate through the numerical model, and the simulation result is exported and stored.
According to the invention, step S is preferred1In the method, the size of a calculation area is larger than that of an external wall;
further preferably, the particle size generated should be small enough to ensure simulation accuracy;
it is further preferred that there be sufficient particles around the wellbore to eliminate the effects of geometric inhomogeneities;
further preferably, the interparticle forces are calculated according to a linear model, including normal forces and tangential forces, wherein the normal forces are calculated according to the following formula (1):
Fn＝(Fn)0+knΔδn (1)
wherein (F)n)0Is the normal acting force of the last time step, (unit N), knFor normal stiffness, (unit N/m), Δ δnIs the increment of relative displacement at normal to adjacent particle contact, (in m);
the tangential force is calculated according to the following equation (2):
Fs＝(Fs)0+ksΔδs (2)
wherein (F)s)0Is the tangential acting force of the last time step, (unit N), ksFor tangential stiffness, (unit N/m), Δ δsIs the increment of the relative displacement at which tangentially adjacent particles touch (in m).
According to the invention, step S is preferred2In the method, gravels with different shapes and sizes are randomly generated and randomly embedded into a matrix;
further preferably, the gravel has higher strength, elastic modulus and other parameters than the matrix;
further preferably, the particles that reach initial equilibrium are consolidated using a parallel consolidation model;
further preferably, after cementation, the particles can bear normal acting force, tangential acting force and bending moment, and the values are calculated according to a parallel cementation model, wherein the normal acting force is calculated according to the following formula (3):
wherein,
the normal force for the last time step, (unit N),
normal stiffness, (unit MPa/m),
is the bond area between adjacent grains, (unit m)2)，ΔδnIs the increment of relative displacement at normal to adjacent particle contact, (in m);
the tangential force is calculated according to the following equation (4):
wherein,
the tangential force of the last time step, (unit N),
tangential stiffness, (units MPa/m),
is the bond area between adjacent grains, (unit m)2)，ΔδsFor tangential adjacent particle contactRelative displacement increment (in m);
the bending moment is calculated according to the following formula (5):
wherein,
the bending moment of the last time step (unit N.m),
tangential stiffness, (units MPa/m),
is the polar moment of inertia at the contact of adjacent particles (unit m)4)，ΔθtIn relative increments of bending (units °).
According to the invention, step S is preferred3The flow of the fluid in the flow tube follows a poiseuille flow, and the volume flow is calculated according to the following formula (6):
where w is the flow tube width, (unit m), μ is the hydrodynamic viscosity, (unit Pa · s), and dp/L is the pressure gradient, (unit Pa/m).
According to the invention, step S is preferred4The seepage-displacement-stress coupling process is as follows:
S41the fluid flows from the high-pressure flow area to the low-pressure flow area under the action of the pressure difference, so that the pressure in the flow area is changed;
S42the change in pressure within the basin changes the force of the fluid within the basin on the particles surrounding the basin, which is calculated according to the following equation (7):
wherein beta is an included angle between the fluid and the solid particles, (unit degree), p is fluid pressure in a basin, (unit Pa), theta is an angle, (unit degree), R is particle radius, (unit m);
S43the particles are displaced, so that the change of the volume of the drainage basin is influenced;
S44the change of the volume of the basin leads to the change of the pressure in the basin, and further influences the pressure difference between two adjacent basins, and the pressure variation is calculated according to the following formula (8):
wherein K is the bulk modulus of the fluid, (unit GPa), Q is the volume flow, (unit m)3S), Δ t is the time step, (unit s), VdIs the basin volume (unit m)3)；
S45And repeating the coupling process until the simulation calculation is finished.
According to the invention, step S is preferred5In the method, the cementation between the particles is only destroyed under the action of tensile stress and shear stress, and the cementation state between the particles cannot be changed by extrusion;
further preferably, after the cementation state among the particles is broken, the parallel cementation model among the particles is degraded into a linear model, and the interparticle acting force is calculated according to the formulas (1) and (2);
it is further preferred that the length of the microcracks is equal to the average particle size of the two particles, oriented perpendicular to the initial contact direction.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements can accurately represent the hydraulic fracture initiation and expansion mechanism from a microscale and accurately capture the macroscopic spreading form of the hydraulic fracture;
2. the gravel hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on the discrete elements considers geometric heterogeneity, stress heterogeneity and strength heterogeneity, and can accurately reproduce interaction between hydraulic fractures and gravels, so that the obtained simulation result is more consistent with the actual situation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of seepage-discrete element coupling solution in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a numerical model of glutenite and simulated boundary conditions in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the final spread pattern of hydraulic fractures under high level principal stress difference in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the final distribution pattern of hydraulic fractures under the influence of high-strength gravel in the example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, but is not limited thereto, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
A glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements comprises the following specific calculation steps:
S1generating particles according to the particle size grading curve, constructing a borehole, and performing initial balance calculation;
S2randomly generating gravels, dividing the balanced particles into a matrix and the gravels by using a cutting method, respectively giving different physical property parameters, and cementing adjacent particles to generate a discrete element numerical model;
S3adding a seepage field on the discrete element numerical model according to the fluid network flow model;
S4setting maximum and minimum horizontal main stresses, and applying confining pressure based on a servo system;
S5setting the injection of a well bottom fluid at a constant speed, and carrying out numerical simulation seepage-stress coupling calculation; monitoring the cementation state among the cementation particles in real time in the simulation process, when the tensile stress among the particles exceeds the tensile strength limit, the cementation among the particles is broken, and tensile microcracks are added at the broken parts; when the shearing stress between the particles exceeds the shearing strength limit, relative sliding occurs between the particles, shearing microcracks are added at the sliding positions, the simulation is finished when the cracks penetrate through the numerical model, and the results are exported and maintainedAnd storing a simulation result.
Setting a higher maximum principal stress and a smaller minimum principal stress, and obtaining the final spreading form of the conglomerate hydraulic fracturing fracture under the action of the high principal stress difference according to the simulation, as shown in fig. 3. Under the condition, the initiation and the propagation of the hydraulic fracture are mainly governed by the geological stress state, so that the hydraulic fracture is caused to propagate along the direction of the maximum main stress, and finally, a nearly horizontal double wing seam is formed; and, because the hydraulic fracture has a single propagation direction and sufficient energy, the hydraulic fracture is more prone to penetrate gravel.
Setting a higher gravel strength, and obtaining the final spreading shape of the gravel hydraulic fracturing fracture under the action of the high gravel strength according to the simulation, as shown in fig. 4. In this state, the hydraulic fracture is difficult to penetrate the gravel, propagation thereof is hindered, so that a gravel-surrounding phenomenon occurs, and a plurality of fracture points are induced to form a complex fracture morphology.
Technical contents not described in detail in the present invention belong to the well-known techniques of those skilled in the art.
Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited thereto, but rather that various changes may be made thereto as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended that all inventive concepts utilizing the inventive concepts herein disclosed will be protected thereby except insofar as such changes are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method based on discrete elements comprises the following steps:
S1generating a rock boundary wall, generating a particle size grading curve according to a Rosin-Rammler distribution function, generating particles in the boundary wall according to the particle size grading curve, constructing a borehole, giving discrete element parameters to the particles, performing initial balance calculation, and when the ratio of the average unbalanced force to the average contact force is less than 10-6When the balance is not balanced, the initial balance calculation is finished;
S2randomly generating a plurality of polygons with different sizes, shapes and positions in the boundary wall range, and enclosing the polygonsDividing the particles into gravels, dividing the balanced particles into a matrix and the gravels by using a cutting method, respectively giving different physical property parameters, and cementing adjacent particles to generate a discrete element numerical model;
S3adding a seepage field on the discrete element numerical model according to the fluid network flow model;
S4setting maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses, applying confining pressure on the boundary wall based on a servo system, and controlling the displacement of the boundary wall through the servo system to achieve the purpose of adding the maximum and minimum principal stresses, so as to ensure that the maximum and minimum principal stresses are kept unchanged in the process of simulation calculation;
S5setting the injection of bottom hole fluid at a constant speed, and performing numerical simulation calculation; monitoring the cementation state among the cementation particles in real time in the simulation process, when the tensile stress among the particles exceeds the tensile strength limit, the cementation among the particles is broken, and tensile microcracks are added at the broken parts; and when the shear stress between the particles exceeds the shear strength limit, relative slippage occurs between the particles, shear microcracks are added at the slippage positions, the simulation is finished when the cracks penetrate through the model, and the simulation result is exported and stored.
2. The discrete element-based conglomerate hydraulic fracturing simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that said step S1The method comprises the following specific steps:
S11determining a calculation domain and generating a boundary wall in the calculation domain;
S12and constructing a circular ring in the center of the calculation domain, deleting internal particles to generate a borehole, and ensuring that enough particles are around the borehole to reduce the influence of geometric heterogeneity.
3. The discrete element-based conglomerate hydraulic fracturing simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that said step S2The method comprises the following specific steps:
S21cementing the particles by using a parallel cementing model to generate a glutenite numerical simulation model;
S22and measuring the mechanical parameters of the real glutenite matrix and the gravel in a laboratory, and calibrating the discrete element parameters used for simulation according to the mechanical parameters.
4. The discrete element-based conglomerate hydraulic fracturing simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that step S3Setting a region surrounded by adjacent contact particles as a drainage basin, and setting a flow pipe perpendicular to the contact direction at the contact position of the particles to generate a fluid flow network model; fluid can be exchanged between adjacent flow domains under the action of pressure difference, so that the pressure in the flow domains is influenced, the acting force of the fluid on surrounding particles is changed, the particles are caused to displace, the width of the flow pipe is changed, and the flow of the fluid between the adjacent flow domains is further influenced.
5. The discrete element-based conglomerate hydraulic fracturing simulation method according to claim 1, characterized in that said step S5The method comprises the following specific steps:
S51endowing a constant injection speed to a flow field in a well hole;
S52monitoring the cementation state among the cementation particles in real time in each cycle calculation step in the simulation process, and when the tensile stress among the particles exceeds the tensile strength limit, namely the following formula (1) is met, the cementation among the particles is broken, and tensile microcracks are added at the broken parts; when the shear stress between the particles exceeds the shear strength limit, namely the following formula (2) is met, relative slippage occurs between the particles, and shear microcracks are added at slippage positions;
σt＞pb_ten (1)
in the formulae (1) to (2), σtTensile stress at the particle bond, (in MPa), pb _ ten tensile strength limit, (in MPa), τ shear stress at the particle bond, (in MPa), σnThe compressive stress at the particle bond, (in MPa),
inter-particle internal friction angle, (unit °), pb _ coh is cohesion at the bond, (unit MPa);
S53and finishing the simulation when the crack penetrates through the model, and exporting and storing the simulation result.
6. The discrete element-based glutenite hydraulic fracturing simulation method according to claim 5, wherein the cementation fracture is not caused by the extrusion between the particles, the cementation fracture occurs only under the action of the tensile stress and the shear stress, and the microcracks are added at the positions after the cementation fracture, the size of the microcracks is equal to the average grain size of two particles, the direction of the microcracks is vertical to the initial contact direction, and the parallel cementation model for calculating the acting force between the particles is degraded into a linear model.
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