CN109346691B - Preparation method of lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a preparation method of a lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials. In order to solve the problems of low carrying capacity and easy occurrence of volume expansion in the prior art, the method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium-sulfur battery comprises the steps of adding an anionic surfactant into a solvent to prepare a microemulsion, and adding an acid reagent to adjust the pH value to be acidic; adding a conductive polymer monomer and a metal salt into the microemulsion, then adding an oxidant and excessive metal powder for reaction, filtering and collecting a solid mixture after the reaction is finished, and washing to obtain a corresponding conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material; and mixing the conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material with elemental sulfur, and then carrying out high-temperature sintering treatment to obtain the corresponding sulfur anode composite material. The invention can improve the loading capacity of metal on the porous conductive polymer, improve the framework supporting function and the conductive capability of the porous conductive polymer, and has high stability and battery cycle performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of a lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material, and belongs to the technical field of battery materials.
Background
The lithium-sulfur battery is a lithium battery taking sulfur element as the battery anode, and the theoretical specific discharge capacity of elemental sulfur can reach 1675mAh/g, which is far higher than that of the lithium battery widely applied commercially. Thus, the sulfur positive electrode active material is currently the positive electrode material with the highest specific capacity, and lithium is the metal element with the smallest relative atomic mass and the most negative standard electrode potential. Therefore, the lithium-sulfur battery has high theoretical discharge voltage, high theoretical specific discharge capacity and high theoretical specific energy, is expected to meet the long-term development requirement of electric automobiles, and is a lithium battery with great prospect. The actual specific energy of lithium sulfur batteries has been reported to reach 350Wh kg-1. But now at the stage of lithium-sulfur powerThe cell faces a series of difficulties 1. elemental sulphur and discharge product Li2S2/Li2S is an electronic and ionic insulator, which increases cell resistance and polarization; 2. the positive electrode material has a volume expansion phenomenon in the discharging process, so that the material structure collapses, and the cycle performance of the battery is influenced; 3. soluble polysulfide generated in the charging and discharging process generates a shuttle effect of polysulfide due to migration reaction between a positive electrode and a negative electrode under the diffusion action, so that the irreversible loss of active substances is caused.
In order to solve the problems faced by lithium-sulfur batteries, a great deal of research is currently carried out, mainly focusing on the following aspects: (1) the conductive capacity of the electrode material is improved; (2) designing the structure of the electrode material to mitigate volume expansion during lithiation; (3) to suppress the dissolution of polysulfide in the electrolytic solution, and the like.
The conductive polymer has both the electrical properties of metal and the flexibility and processability of organic polymers, as well as electrochemical redox activity and lithium storage properties. These characteristics determine that the conductive polymer can play an important role in improving the performance of the lithium-sulfur battery. In the sulfur/conductive polymer composite material, the conductive polymer has the functions of dispersing agent, adsorbent, conductive additive and maintaining the stable structure of the anode material, so that the utilization rate and the cycle performance of sulfur are improved to a great extent. For example, Chinese patent application (publication No. CN1396202A) proposes a composite material of elemental sulfur and conductive polymer and a method thereof, which simply compounds the elemental sulfur and the conductive polymer, but cannot form the structure and the appearance of a porous composite material, and cannot well avoid the phenomena of low loading and volume expansion.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a preparation method of a lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material, and solves the technical problems of how to improve the loading capacity and reduce the volume expansion.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme, and the preparation method of the lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. adding an anionic surfactant into a solvent to prepare a microemulsion, and adding an acidic reagent to adjust the pH value to be acidic;
B. adding a conductive polymer monomer and a metal salt into the microemulsion, then adding an oxidant and excessive metal powder for reaction, filtering and collecting a solid mixture after the reaction is finished, adding an acid solution into the solid mixture for washing until the filtrate is neutral or weakly acidic, and then washing with water and/or alcohol to obtain a corresponding conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material;
C. and mixing the conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material with elemental sulfur, and then carrying out high-temperature sintering treatment to obtain the corresponding lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material.
According to the invention, metal salt, a conductive polymer monomer and excessive metal powder are mixed together in the microemulsion for reaction, so that a displacement reaction and a generation reaction of a conductive polymer are carried out simultaneously, the prepared conductive polymer not only has a porous hollow nanosphere or porous nanotube structure, but also can be loaded with a corresponding metal conductor on the surface of the conductive polymer, and the conductive activity and the mechanical strength of the polymer are further increased; finally, elemental sulfur is carried on the inner surface and the outer surface of the porous hollow nanospheres and the porous nano tubes through heat treatment, the carrying capacity of sulfur is greatly improved, the shuttle effect of polysulfide in the charging and discharging process is effectively inhibited, the volume expansion in the sulfur lithiation process is greatly relieved, and therefore the cycle performance of the battery is effectively improved.
In the above method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the metal powder in step B is one or more selected from aluminum powder, magnesium powder, iron powder and copper powder. Through the replacement reaction between the metal powder and the metal ions in the metal salt, the metal in the metal salt can be effectively loaded on the conductive polymer, so that the framework supporting capacity and the conductive performance of the conductive polymer are improved, the structural characteristic of the porous hollow conductive polymer is favorably formed, and the loading capacity of the inner surface and the outer surface of the conductive polymer is improved. When selecting metal powder, it is preferable to select metal powder capable of generating substitution reaction with metal ions in the metal salt according to the characteristics of metal activity, so as to ensure effective reaction and improve the metal conductor in the conductive polymer.
In the above method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the metal salt in step B is one or more selected from copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, silver nitrate and gold chloride.
In the above-described method for producing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, the acid solution described in step B is preferably one or more of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid, and citric acid. The excess metal powder can be effectively removed by washing with an acid solution. It is preferable to use an acid solution (not including a hydrochloric acid solution) having a mass fraction of 5% to 70%, and further, a diluted solution of a corresponding acid may be used for nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, perchloric acid, or the like, to improve the safety of the operation, and a solution of 5% to 20% may be used for a hydrochloric acid solution.
In the above method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the molar ratio of the conductive polymer monomer to the metal salt in step B is 20: 1-1: 2. the progress of the polymerization reaction can be promoted. Further preferably, the molar ratio of the anionic surfactant to the conductive polymer monomer is 1: 10-5: 1, the molar ratio of the oxidant to the conductive polymer monomer is 5: 1-1: 2.
in the above method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the conductive polymer monomer in step B is selected from one or more of 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene, pyrrole, aniline, thiophene and acetylene.
In the above method for producing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the oxidizing agent in step B is one or more selected from the group consisting of a sodium persulfate solution, a potassium persulfate solution, an ammonium persulfate solution, an iron chloride solution, an iron p-toluenesulfonate solution, and a cerium sulfate solution.
In the above-described method for producing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, it is generally sufficient to allow the reaction to proceed efficiently. Preferably, the reaction temperature in step B is-20 to 100 ℃, and preferably 0 to 10 ℃.
In the above method for producing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the anionic surfactant is one or more selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate-type surfactant, a sulfonate-type surfactant, a sulfate-type surfactant, and a phosphate-type surfactant. The preparation method has the advantages that micro-floating liquid can be formed, the formation of a porous hollow structure of a subsequent conductive polymer is facilitated, and the loading capacity is improved. As a further preferred, the carboxylate surfactant is one or more selected from the group consisting of higher fatty acid salts, triethanolammonium salts and N-oleoyl polypeptides; the sulfonate surfactant is selected from one or more of 2-sodium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, dodecyl sulfonate, N-oleoyl N-methyl sodium taurate and sodium p-methoxy fatty amide benzene sulfonate; the sulfate salt type surfactant is selected from one or two of sulfated sodium ricinoleate and sodium naphthenate sulfate, and the phosphate salt type surfactant is selected from one or two of alkyl phosphate monoester salt and alkyl phosphate diester salt. The concentration of the microemulsion is preferably 0.1-1.0M, and the pH value of the system can be adjusted to 1-7 by using an acid solution with the mass concentration of 5-40% when the microemulsion is prepared. Wherein the acidic solution can be one or more selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid and citric acid. The solvent used in preparing the microemulsion can be deionized water, or low molecular weight alcohol solvent such as ethanol, n-butanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-pentanol, carbitol, etc., or ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc.; or one or more of acetone, chloroform, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, etc. Preferably, alcohol solvent or deionized water is adopted, so that the raw materials are easily available, the toxicity is low, and the safe production is facilitated.
In the above method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery, preferably, the high-temperature sintering treatment in step C is specifically: the temperature is controlled to be 100-200 ℃ for constant temperature treatment for 2-48 h, then the temperature is controlled to be 200-400 ℃ for constant temperature treatment for 1-10 h, and finally the sulfur anode composite material is obtained after natural cooling to room temperature. The sulfur active material is more effectively loaded on the porous conductive polymer, so that the shedding phenomenon is avoided, the volume expansion phenomenon of polysulfide in the charging and discharging process is inhibited, the volume expansion in the sulfur lithiation process is greatly relieved, and the cycle performance of the battery is effectively improved.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. excessive metal powder and metal salt are added into a reaction system together, so that the displacement reaction and the generation reaction of the conductive polymer are carried out simultaneously, and the metal conductor is supported in the conductive polymer, thereby further increasing the conductivity and the mechanical strength of the polymer, reducing the internal resistance of the battery, improving the stability of the material structure in the charging and discharging process, effectively forming the conductive polymer with a porous hollow structure, and being beneficial to improving the loading effect.
2. Due to the formation of the porous hollow structure, sulfur can be effectively loaded on the surface or in the pores of the porous hollow structure, the loading amount of sulfur is effectively improved, the shuttle effect of polysulfide in the charging and discharging process is effectively inhibited, and the volume expansion in the sulfur lithiation process is greatly relieved, so that the cycle performance of the battery is effectively improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a graph of charge-discharge cycle performance and coulombic efficiency analysis at 0.5C for corresponding cells obtained in the examples of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be further specifically described below with reference to specific examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
Dissolving a certain amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate in deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly to form a 0.1M microemulsion system, and then adding hydrochloric acid with the mass fraction of 10% to adjust the pH value of the system to 4 so that the system is acidic for later use.
Taking 50mL of the microemulsion, adding 0.02moL of aniline monomer and 0.17g of silver nitrate, stirring and ultrasonically dispersing uniformly, then slowly dropwise adding an oxidant ammonium persulfate solution (the molar ratio of aniline to ammonium persulfate is 1:1) and simultaneously slowly adding excessive aluminum powder under the stirring state, stirring and reacting for 12 hours after dropwise adding, controlling the reaction temperature of the system to be 0-5 ℃ in the whole reaction process, carrying out suction filtration to obtain a corresponding solid mixture, slowly adding a dilute nitric acid aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 10% into the solid mixture, washing until the filtrate is neutral, and finally repeatedly centrifuging and washing by using a large amount of deionized water and ethanol to obtain the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube.
And grinding the obtained mixture of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube and elemental sulfur (the mass ratio of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube to the elemental sulfur is 1:1) in a mortar to uniformly mix the mixture, then placing the mixture in a reaction kettle filled with argon or nitrogen, placing the reaction kettle in a muffle furnace, raising the temperature at the rate of 2 ℃/min, controlling the temperature to be under the constant temperature condition of 157 ℃ for high-temperature sintering treatment for 18h, then treating the mixture at the constant temperature of 280 ℃ for 4h, and finally naturally cooling the mixture to room temperature to obtain the lithium-sulfur battery anode material.
And (3) carrying out performance test on the obtained material after battery assembly, wherein the battery assembly and test are as follows:
and adding 0.8g of the sulfur anode composite material, 0.1g of acetylene black and 0.1g of polyvinylidene fluoride into N-methylpyrrolidone, stirring and dispersing to obtain anode slurry, coating and drying the slurry to obtain a battery anode plate, taking a lithium plate as a cathode, dropwise adding 25 mu l of electrolyte by adopting a Celgard2400 diaphragm, and assembling into a CR2032 button battery in a glove box to perform corresponding test. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the charge/discharge cut-off voltage is set to 1.7V-2.8V (vs. Li/Li)+)。
The composite material shows good cycle performance when subjected to a cycle performance test at 0.5C charge and discharge. As shown in figure 1, the first discharge specific capacity of the composite material reaches 941mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 98 percent, and the circulation capacity is kept at 508mAh g after 100 times of circulation-1The coulombic efficiency reached 78%.
Example 2
Dissolving a certain amount of sulfated sodium ricinoleate in deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly to form a 0.2M microemulsion system, and then adding 20% hydrochloric acid by mass to adjust the pH value of the system to 1, so that the system is acidic for later use.
Taking 50mL of the microemulsion, adding 0.01moL of pyrrole monomer and 0.08g of silver nitrate, stirring and ultrasonically dispersing uniformly, then slowly dropwise adding an oxidant ferric chloride solution (the molar ratio of pyrrole to ferric chloride is 1:1) under a stirring state, simultaneously slowly adding excessive aluminum powder, stirring and reacting for 12 hours after dropwise adding is finished, controlling the reaction temperature of the system to be 5-10 ℃ in the whole reaction process, carrying out suction filtration to obtain a corresponding solid mixture, slowly adding 15% by mass of dilute nitric acid into the solid mixture until the filtrate is neutral, and finally repeatedly centrifuging and washing by using a large amount of deionized water and ethanol to obtain the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube.
And grinding the obtained mixture of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube and elemental sulfur (the mass ratio of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube to the elemental sulfur is 1:3) in a mortar to uniformly mix the mixture, then placing the mixture in a reaction kettle filled with argon or nitrogen, placing the reaction kettle in a muffle furnace, heating at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, sintering at the constant temperature of 160 ℃ for 10 hours, treating at the constant temperature of 285 ℃ for 2 hours, and finally naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the lithium-sulfur battery anode material.
And (3) carrying out performance test on the obtained material after battery assembly, wherein the battery assembly and test are as follows:
and adding 0.8g of the sulfur anode composite material, 0.1g of acetylene black and 0.1g of polyvinylidene fluoride into N-methylpyrrolidone, stirring and dispersing to obtain anode slurry, coating and drying the slurry to obtain a battery anode plate, taking a lithium plate as a cathode, dropwise adding 25 mu l of electrolyte by adopting a Celgard2400 diaphragm, and assembling into a CR2032 button battery in a glove box to perform corresponding test. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the charge/discharge cut-off voltage is set to 1.7V-2.8V (vs. Li/Li)+)。
The composite material shows good cycle performance test under 0.5C charge and dischargeGood cycle performance. The first discharge specific capacity of the corresponding battery of the composite material reaches 955mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 98.5 percent, and the circulation capacity is kept at 524mAh g after 100 times of circulation-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 80.2%.
Example 3
Dissolving a certain amount of p-methoxy fatty amide benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt in deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly to form a 1.0M microemulsion system, and then adding tartaric acid with the mass fraction of 20% to adjust the pH value of the system to 6.5, so that the system is weakly acidic for later use.
Taking 50mL of the microemulsion, adding 0.02moL of 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer and 0.2g of copper nitrate, stirring and ultrasonically dispersing uniformly, then slowly dropwise adding an oxidant p-ferric tosylate solution (the molar ratio of the 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene to the ferric tosylate is 1:0.5) under a stirring state, simultaneously slowly adding excessive iron powder, stirring and reacting for 12 hours after dropwise adding, controlling the reaction temperature of the system to be 0-6 ℃ in the whole reaction process, performing suction filtration to obtain a corresponding solid mixture, slowly adding dilute hydrochloric acid into the solid mixture, washing until the filtrate is neutral, and finally repeatedly centrifuging and washing by using a large amount of deionized water and ethanol to obtain the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube.
And grinding the obtained mixture of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube and elemental sulfur (the mass ratio of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube to the elemental sulfur is 1:4) in a mortar to uniformly mix the mixture, then placing the mixture in a reaction kettle filled with argon or nitrogen, placing the reaction kettle in a muffle furnace, raising the temperature at the rate of 4 ℃/min, controlling the temperature to be sintered at the constant temperature of 155 ℃ for 15 hours, then treating the mixture at the constant temperature of 282 ℃ for 3 hours, and finally naturally cooling the mixture to the room temperature to obtain the lithium-sulfur battery anode material.
And (3) carrying out performance test on the obtained material after battery assembly, wherein the battery assembly and test are as follows:
adding 0.8g of the sulfur anode composite material, 0.1g of acetylene black and 0.1g of polyvinylidene fluoride into N-methyl pyrrolidone, stirring and dispersing to obtain anode slurry,and coating and drying the slurry to obtain a battery positive plate, taking a lithium plate as a negative electrode, adopting a Celgard2400 diaphragm, dropwise adding 25 mu l of electrolyte, and assembling the battery into a CR2032 button battery in a glove box to perform corresponding tests. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the charge/discharge cut-off voltage is set to 1.7V-2.8V (vs. Li/Li)+)。
The composite material shows good cycle performance when subjected to a cycle performance test at 0.5C charge and discharge. The first discharge specific capacity of a corresponding battery obtained from the composite material reaches 952mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 98.5 percent, and the circulation capacity is kept at 521mAh g after 100 times-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 80.1%.
Example 4
Dissolving a certain amount of sulfated sodium ricinoleate in deionized water, stirring and mixing uniformly to form a 0.5M microemulsion system, and then adding tartaric acid to adjust the pH value of the system to 6.0, so that the system is weakly acidic for later use.
Taking 50mL of the microemulsion, adding 0.02moL of 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer and 2.82g of copper nitrate, stirring and ultrasonically dispersing uniformly, then slowly dropwise adding an oxidant cerium sulfate solution (the molar ratio of the 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer to the cerium sulfate is 1:2) under a stirring state, simultaneously slowly adding excessive iron powder, stirring and reacting for 14 hours after dropwise adding, controlling the reaction temperature of the system to be 6-10 ℃ in the whole reaction process, performing suction filtration to obtain a corresponding solid mixture, slowly adding citric acid into the solid mixture, washing until the filtrate is neutral, and finally repeatedly centrifuging and washing by using a large amount of deionized water and ethanol to obtain the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube.
Grinding the obtained mixture of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube and elemental sulfur (the mass ratio of the porous hollow conductive metal/conductive polymer nanotube to the elemental sulfur is 1:4) in a mortar to uniformly mix the mixture, then placing the mixture in a reaction kettle filled with argon or nitrogen, placing the reaction kettle in a muffle furnace, raising the temperature at the rate of 4 ℃/min, controlling the temperature to be sintered at the constant temperature of 200 ℃ for 10 hours, then raising the temperature to 400 ℃ for 5 hours at the constant temperature of 10 ℃/min, and finally naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the lithium-sulfur battery anode material.
And (3) carrying out performance test on the obtained material after battery assembly, wherein the battery assembly and test are as follows:
and adding 0.8g of the sulfur anode composite material, 0.1g of acetylene black and 0.1g of polyvinylidene fluoride into N-methylpyrrolidone, stirring and dispersing to obtain anode slurry, coating and drying the slurry to obtain a battery anode plate, taking a lithium plate as a cathode, dropwise adding 25 mu l of electrolyte by adopting a Celgard2400 diaphragm, and assembling into a CR2032 button battery in a glove box to perform corresponding test. The method specifically comprises the following steps: the charge/discharge cut-off voltage is set to 1.7V-2.8V (vs. Li/Li)+)。
The composite material shows good cycle performance when subjected to a cycle performance test at 0.5C charge and discharge. The first discharge specific capacity of a corresponding battery obtained from the composite material reaches 948mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 98.4 percent, and the capacity is kept at 531mAh g after 100 times of circulation-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 80.3 percent.
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a positive electrode material of a lithium-sulfur battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. adding an anionic surfactant into a solvent to prepare a microemulsion, and adding an acidic reagent to adjust the pH value to make the system acidic;
B. adding a conductive polymer monomer and a metal salt into the microemulsion, then adding an oxidant and excessive metal powder for reaction, filtering and collecting a solid mixture after the reaction is finished, adding an acid solution into the solid mixture for washing until the filtrate is neutral or weakly acidic, and then washing with water or alcohol to obtain a corresponding porous nano conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material; the metal salt is selected from one or more of copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, silver nitrate and gold chloride; the metal powder is selected from one or more of aluminum powder, magnesium powder, iron powder and copper powder; and the selected metal powder can generate displacement reaction with metal ions in the metal salt;
C. and mixing the conductive metal/conductive polymer composite material with elemental sulfur, and then carrying out high-temperature sintering treatment to obtain the corresponding lithium-sulfur battery positive electrode material.
2. The method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein the acid solution in step B is one or more selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, perchloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, benzoic acid, and citric acid.
3. The method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the conductive polymer monomer to the metal salt in the step B is 20: 1-1: 2.
4. the method for preparing the positive electrode material for the lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer monomer in the step B is one or more selected from 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene, pyrrole, aniline, thiophene and acetylene.
5. The method for preparing a positive electrode material for a lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein the oxidant in step B is one or more selected from the group consisting of a sodium persulfate solution, a potassium persulfate solution, an ammonium persulfate solution, an iron chloride solution, an iron p-toluenesulfonate solution, and a cerium sulfate solution; the reaction temperature in the step B is-20-100 ℃.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the anionic surfactant in step a is one or more selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate surfactant, a sulfonate surfactant, a sulfate surfactant, and a phosphate surfactant.
7. The method for preparing the positive electrode material for the lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 6, wherein the carboxylate surfactant is one or more selected from the group consisting of a higher fatty acid salt, a triethanolammonium salt and an N-oleoyl polypeptide; the sulfonate surfactant is selected from one or more of 2-sodium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, dodecyl sulfonate, N-oleoyl N-methyl sodium taurate and sodium p-methoxy fatty amide benzene sulfonate; the sulfate salt type surfactant is selected from one or two of sulfated sodium ricinoleate and sodium naphthenate sulfate; the phosphate surfactant is one or two of alkyl phosphate mono-and alkyl phosphate diester salt.
8. The method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein the high-temperature sintering treatment in the step C is specifically: the temperature is controlled to be 100-200 ℃ for constant temperature treatment for 2-48 h, then the temperature is controlled to be 200-400 ℃ for constant temperature treatment for 1-10 h, and finally the sulfur anode composite material is obtained after natural cooling to room temperature.
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