CN109286809A - A kind of full pixelated array receptance function measurement method of imaging sensor - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of methods of the full pixelated array receptance function measurement of imaging sensor, which comprises step 1) obtains the difference of amplitude and argument of the pixel response spectrum of function of each pixel of the full array of imaging sensor in the frequency range of setting at each frequency；Step 2) measures the pixel response function of first, the full array upper left corner of imaging sensor pixel with the direct method of measurement；Discrete Fourier transform is carried out to the pixel response function, obtains the phase frequency spectrum of the pixel response function；The amplitude of the pixel response frequency spectrum of each pixel obtained in phase frequency spectrum and step 1) of the step 3) using first, the upper left corner pixel in step 2) and the difference of argument, are calculated the pixel response function of each pixel of the full array of imaging sensor.Method of the invention has the advantages that calibration is fireballing, can be applied to Practical Project, and can demarcate simultaneously to the receptance function of all pixels of multiple detector arrays, quickly obtains the pixel response function in spatial domain.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of astronomy and space, in particular to a method for measuring a full-array pixel response function of an image sensor.
Background
Image sensors (CCD, CMOS, etc.) have dominated the field of optical imaging in place of film due to their advantages of ease of digital storage, transmission and processing. With the development of the super large scale integrated circuit technology, technical indexes such as resolution, sensitivity, quantum efficiency and the like of an image sensor are greatly improved, and the image sensor is widely applied to the fields of astronomical imaging, spectrum, celestial body measurement, space technology and the like.
In order to improve the accuracy of the corresponding measuring system, many methods and techniques for calibrating the relationship between the input light intensity distribution and the output light intensity distribution of the image sensor are proposed. However, the minimum units considered by these methods are all 1 pixel, i.e. it is assumed that the response of different positions within a pixel to light is the same. In practice, however, due to problems such as photolithography and interference between adjacent pixels, the quantum efficiencies (i.e., pixel response functions) are not the same at different locations within a pixel, and in many cases this problem cannot be ignored. Especially in the applications of celestial body measurement, astronomical photometric measurement and the like, most of formed images are down-sampled or critical sampled images, and the measurement result is greatly influenced by neglecting the internal response nonuniformity of pixels.
Conventional methods of measuring the pixel response function are mainly direct measurements. The method uses an optical system to generate a small focusing light spot to scan different positions of each pixel, and then the pixel response function of each pixel can be obtained. The advantage of this approach is that it is relatively straightforward, and very effective in understanding the nature of the individual pixel responses; the method has the disadvantages that each pixel needs to be scanned point by point, the workload is large, the time is consumed, and the method cannot be applied to actual engineering. In recent years, some methods for calibrating the pixel response function in the frequency domain space have been proposed, which utilize a heterodyne laser interference device to generate two laser beams with frequency difference, so as to form dynamic interference fringes on the surface of a detector, and the pixel response frequency domain characteristics of the detector can be inverted through processing the fringe image, as shown in fig. 1. The method has the advantages that all pixels can be calibrated simultaneously, the speed is high, and the obtained calibration result cannot be converted to a spatial domain and has great limitation in application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the limitation of the traditional pixel response function calibration method, and provides a method which is high in efficiency, can be applied to practical engineering and is used for calibrating the pixel response function of the full array of an image sensor.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for measuring a pixel response function of a full array of an image sensor, the method comprising:
step 1) acquiring the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of a pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of a full array of an image sensor on a plurality of set frequencies;
step 2) measuring the pixel response function of the first pixel at the upper left corner of the full array of the image sensor by a direct measurement method at the same set frequency as that in the step 1); performing discrete Fourier transform on the pixel response function to obtain a phase frequency spectrum of the pixel response function;
and 3) calculating to obtain a pixel response function of each pixel of the full array of the image sensor by using the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response spectrum of each pixel obtained in the step 1) and the phase spectrum of the first pixel at the upper left corner in the step 2).
As an improvement of the above method, the transverse component k of the set frequencyxAnd a longitudinal component kyThe values of (A) are as follows:m is the resolution of the corresponding function of the pixel, and the value of M is in the rangeThe circumference is 15-30.
As an improvement of the above method, the step 1) specifically includes:
step 1-1) calibrating the flat field response nonuniformity of the image sensor by using an integrating sphere, and recording the calibration result as qmnIndicating the flat field response nonuniformity of the (m, n) th pixel;
step 1-2) generating dynamic interference fringes on the surface of an image sensor by using a difference frequency laser beam interference method, then respectively and independently shielding two optical fiber outgoing ports generating difference frequency laser beams, averaging multi-frame images acquired by the image sensor to obtain two optical field distribution images I on the plane of the image sensor when two optical fibers respectively exitmn，1And Imn，2(ii) a Preprocessing the optical field distribution image, subtracting the dark field image to deduct dark noise and background noise, finally obtaining the preprocessed optical field distribution image, and then simultaneously shielding two optical fiber exit ports to collect a group of images to perform multi-frame averaging to obtain a dark field image;
step 1-3) under the same condition as step 1-2), exposing an image sensor at a fixed frame frequency within a period of time to acquire a group of dynamic interference fringe images, and then preprocessing the dark field image acquired in step 1-2) to deduct dark noise and background noise to acquire a group of preprocessed dynamic interference fringe images;
step 1-4) obtaining the amplitude of a pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor on a set frequency and the wrapping phase of each pixel at the same time by using the flat field response nonuniformity obtained in the step 1-1), the two preprocessed light field distribution images obtained in the step 1-2) and the preprocessed dynamic interference fringe image obtained in the step 1-3);
step 1-5) unwrapping the phase by using the wrapped phase of each pixel obtained in the step 1-4) at the same moment and combining the moving direction of the dynamic interference fringes and the fringe spacing of the dynamic interference fringes to obtain the unwrapped phase of each pixel;
step 1-6) calculating the amplitude-angle difference of the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor at the set frequency by using the unwrapping phase of each pixel obtained in the step 1-5)
Step 1-7) adjusting the trend of the dynamic interference fringes and the distance between the dynamic interference fringes by changing the relative position relationship between two optical fibers, and repeating the steps 1-2) to 1-6) until all the set frequencies are covered; and finally, obtaining the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel at the set frequency.
As an improvement of the above method, the contrast of the dynamic interference fringes of the step 1-2) is greater than 0.7; the moving speed v, the frame frequency f and the pixel size a of the dynamic interference fringes on the surface of the image sensor satisfy the following relations:
as an improvement of the above method, the calculation procedure of step 1-4) to obtain the magnitude of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor at a set frequency is:
using the flat field response inhomogeneity q obtained in step 1-1)mnTwo light field distribution images I acquired after the pretreatment obtained in the step 1-2)mn，1、Imn，2And the amplitude V of the sinusoidal output of the pixelmnCalculating the frequency spectrum of the response function of each pixel at a set frequency (k)x，ky) Amplitude of (d)
As an improvement of the above method, the step 1-5) specifically comprises:
step 1-5-1) calculating estimated values of a transverse component and a longitudinal component of an interference fringe wave vector according to the distance between the baselines of the two optical fibers and the distance between the optical fibers and the image sensorAnd
wherein d isx、dyThe distance between the two fiber exit ports is the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance, lambda is the laser wavelength, and L is the distance between the fiber and the sensor;
step 1-5-2) to the wrapping phase of step 1-4)Unwrapping and calculating unwrapped phase
Let the unwrapped phase of the (1,1) pixelIs in phase with the wrap, i.e.For the (1,2) pixel adjacent to the (1,1) pixel, according to the fringe propagationThe difference in the direction is that the direction of the light beam,andsatisfy the requirement of OrRe-combining the relationship of wrapped phase and unwrapped phaseWhere m and n are integers, and finding the unwrapped phase of the (1,2) pixelIn this way, the unwrapped phases of all pixels are found.
As a modification of the above method, the steps 1 to 6) specifically include:
step 1-6-1) unwrapping phase of each pixel obtained according to step 1-5)Performing least square fitting according to formula (6) to obtain actual values of the transverse component and the longitudinal component of the dynamic interference fringe wave vector
Wherein,is the initial value of the phase;
step 1-6-2) calculating the difference of the amplitudes and angles of the pixel response function frequency spectrum
As an improvement of the above method, the step 3) specifically includes:
step 3-1) calculating the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor array at (k)x，ky) Amplitude angle at frequency
Wherein,the phase spectrum of the pixel response function of the first pixel at the upper left corner of the full array of the image sensor in the step 2);
step 3-2) combining the magnitude of the response function spectrum of each pixel obtained in step 1-4)Obtaining a response function spectrum of each pixel
Step 3-3) response function spectrum for each pixelPerforming discrete inverse Fourier transform to obtain pixel response function Q of each pixelmn(x，y)。
The invention has the advantages that:
the method has the advantage of high calibration speed, can be applied to practical engineering, and can calibrate the response functions of all pixels of a plurality of detector arrays simultaneously to quickly obtain the pixel response functions on a spatial domain.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a heterodyne laser interferometer calibration;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method of measuring the full array pixel response function of the image sensor of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The direct measurement method in the prior art scans each pixel point by point, has large workload and time consumption, and can not be applied to actual engineering.
The invention fully considers the limitation of the direct measurement method and the frequency domain calibration method in the prior art for measuring the pixel response function of the image sensor, combines the direct measurement method and the frequency domain calibration method, and provides a method for measuring the pixel response function of the full array of the image sensor.
Referring to fig. 2, the method for measuring a pixel response function of a full array of an image sensor provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
and step 1), calibrating the flat field response nonuniformity of the image sensor by using an integrating sphere.
And 2) generating dynamic interference fringes on the surface of the image sensor by using a difference frequency laser beam interference method, then respectively and independently shielding two optical fiber outgoing ports generating the difference frequency laser beam, and acquiring multi-frame images by the image sensor to perform multi-frame averaging to obtain optical field distribution images on the plane of the image sensor when the two optical fibers are respectively outgoing. And then simultaneously shielding two fiber exit ports to collect a group of images to perform multi-frame averaging to obtain a dark field image. And preprocessing the light field distribution image, subtracting the dark field image to deduct dark noise and background noise, and finally obtaining the preprocessed light field distribution image.
And 3) under the same condition as the step 2), exposing the image sensor at a fixed frame frequency within a period of time to acquire a group of dynamic interference fringe images, and then preprocessing the dark field image obtained in the step 2) to deduct dark noise and background noise to obtain a group of preprocessed dynamic interference fringe images.
And 4), by using the flat field response nonuniformity obtained in the step 1), the optical field distribution image acquired after preprocessing obtained in the step 2) and the dynamic interference fringe image acquired in the step 3), obtaining the amplitude of the response function frequency spectrum of all pixels of the image sensor at the spatial frequency and the wrapping phase of all pixel output values at the same moment after processing.
And 5) unwrapping the phase by using the wrapped phases of all the pixels at the same time obtained in the step 4) and combining the moving direction of the dynamic interference fringes and the fringe spacing of the interference fringes to obtain unwrapped phases output by all the pixels.
And 6) calculating the amplitude difference of the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor at the spatial frequency by using the unwrapping phase obtained in the step 5).
Step 7), adjusting the stripe tendency and the stripe spacing by changing the relative position relationship between the two optical fibers, and repeating the steps 2) to 6) until the set frequency range is covered. Finally, the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel at each frequency in the set frequency range can be obtained.
Step 8), the pixel response function of the first pixel in the upper left corner is measured by direct measurement.
And 9) performing discrete Fourier transform on the pixel response function of the first pixel at the upper left corner measured in the step 8) to obtain a phase frequency spectrum of the pixel response function.
And step 10), obtaining a pixel response function of each pixel by using the phase spectrum of the first pixel at the upper left corner in the step 9) and the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response spectrum of each pixel obtained in the step 7.
The individual steps of the process of the present invention are further described below.
In step 1), the calibration result is recorded as qmnI.e. the flat field response non-uniformity of the (m, n) th pixel.
In step 2), the contrast of the dynamic interference fringes is greater than 0.7; the moving speed v, the frame frequency f and the pixel size a of the dynamic interference fringes on the surface of the image sensor satisfy the following relations:
in step 2), the two preprocessed light field distribution images obtained are respectively marked as Imn，1And Imn，2，Imn，1Is the output value, I, of the (m, n) th pixel under the single illumination of the first optical fibermn，2Is the output value of the (m, n) th pixel under the single illumination of the second optical fiber.
In step 3), under the irradiation of the dynamic interference fringes, the expression of the sensor pixel output is shown as the following formula (2):
wherein g ismn(t) is the output value of the pixel at time (m, n) t, kx、kyRespectively the lateral and longitudinal components of the interference fringe wave vector,pixel response function Q of (m, n) pixelsmnThe fourier transform of (x, y), i.e. the frequency domain representation of the pixel response function, Δ ω is the frequency difference of the two fiber outputs.
In step 4), according to the formula (2), the output of any pixel on the image sensor is distributed in a sine curve along with the change of time, so that the amplitude V of the sine curve output by any pixel (m, n) can be obtained by a least square fitting method for the dynamic interference fringe imagemnAnd wrapped phase
In step 4), the flat field response inhomogeneity q obtained in step 1) is used according to equation (2)mnThe light field distribution image I acquired after the preprocessing obtained in the step 2)mn，1、Imn，2And the amplitude V of the sinusoidal output of the pixelmnThe spectral value of the response function of each pixel can be found at (k)x，ky) Amplitude at frequencyThe calculation formula is as follows:
in step 5), estimating a dynamic interference fringe wave vector according to the distance between the two fiber baselines and the distance between the fiber and the sensor, wherein the specific calculation formula is as follows (4) (5):
wherein,estimated values of the transverse and longitudinal components of the dynamic interference fringe wave vector, dx、dyThe distance between the two fiber exit ports is the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance, lambda is the laser wavelength, and L is the distance between the fiber and the sensor.
In step 5), wrapping phasesUnwrapping and wrapping phase solvingThe principle of (1) is as follows.
Unwrapping phase without setting (1,1) pixelIs in phase with the wrap, i.e.For the (1,2) pixels adjacent to the (1,1) pixel, according to the difference of the stripe propagation direction,andsatisfy the requirement of OrRe-combining the relationship of wrapped phase and unwrapped phaseWhere n is an integer, can be foundIn this way, the unwrapped phases for all pixels can be found.
In step 6), due to different pixelsSmall and the variations are relatively independent and random, so we can temporarily ignore their effect on the phase, then according to equation (2), the unwrapped phase of a pixel is determined by the following equation:
whereinIs the initial value of the phase, and,the actual values of the lateral and longitudinal components of the dynamic fringe wave vector, respectively.
Performing least square fitting according to a formula (6) by using the unwrapping phase obtained in the step 5) to obtain actual values of the transverse component and the longitudinal component of the dynamic interference fringe wave vector
By the use of (6), there can be obtained:
whereinThe pixel response function spectrum for (m, n) and (1,1) pixels is at (k)x，ky) The difference in amplitude at frequency.
In step 7), the set frequency range affects the measurement accuracy of the final pixel response function and is consistent with the following step 8). Considering the practical situation, kx，kyCan be in the range of The choice of M determines the resolution of the resulting pixel response function, typically 15-30.
In step 7), the amplitude of the response function spectrum of each pixel is finally obtainedDifference between the sum and argumentIn a set frequency range The value of (c).
In step 8), the direct measurement method measures the response function of each pixel by: an optical system is used for forming a submicron-level focusing light spot, a high-precision displacement table is used for enabling the focusing light spot to scan on the surface of the image sensor in a certain step length to measure the pixel response of each position, and the scanning range covers 3 x 3 pixels around the selected pixel. The scanning steps in each direction are 2M, the step size is 1.5a/M, and pixel responses of 2M multiplied by 2M positions are obtained.
In step 9), the phase spectrum obtained by performing the discrete Fourier transform is also discrete, that isIn thatThe amplitude value of (d).
In step 10), the argument of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel, that is, the argument of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel can be obtained using the difference between the (1,1) pixel response function phase spectrum obtained in step 9) and the argument of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel obtained in step 7)The calculation method is shown in the following formula (8):
the amplitude of the response function spectrum of each pixel obtained in step 7) is recombinedObtaining a response function spectrum of each pixelIn that The calculation method of the value is shown in the following formula (9).
Finally, discrete inverse Fourier transform is carried out on the response function frequency spectrum of each pixel, and the pixel response function Q of each pixel can be obtainedmn(x，y)。
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and are not limited. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method of image sensor full array pixel response function measurement, the method comprising:
step 1) acquiring the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of a pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of a full array of an image sensor on a plurality of set frequencies;
step 2) measuring the pixel response function of the first pixel at the upper left corner of the full array of the image sensor by a direct measurement method at the same set frequency as that in the step 1); performing discrete Fourier transform on the pixel response function to obtain a phase frequency spectrum of the pixel response function;
and 3) calculating to obtain a pixel response function of each pixel of the full array of the image sensor by using the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response spectrum of each pixel obtained in the step 1) and the phase spectrum of the first pixel at the upper left corner in the step 2).
2. The method of image sensor full array pixel response function measurement according to claim 1, wherein the lateral component k of the set frequencyxAnd a longitudinal component kyThe values of (A) are as follows: and M is the resolution of the corresponding function of the pixel, and the value range of M is 15-30.
3. The method for measuring the pixel response function of the full array of the image sensor according to claim 2, wherein the step 1) specifically comprises:
step 1-1) calibrating the flat field response nonuniformity of the image sensor by using an integrating sphere, and recording the calibration result as qmnIndicating the flat field response nonuniformity of the (m, n) th pixel;
step 1-2) generating dynamic interference fringes on the surface of an image sensor by using a difference frequency laser beam interference method, then respectively and independently shielding two optical fiber outgoing ports generating difference frequency laser beams, averaging multi-frame images acquired by the image sensor to obtain two optical field distribution images I on the plane of the image sensor when two optical fibers respectively exitmn,1And Imn,2(ii) a Preprocessing the optical field distribution image, subtracting the dark field image to deduct dark noise and background noise, finally obtaining the preprocessed optical field distribution image, and then simultaneously shielding two optical fiber exit ports to collect a group of images to perform multi-frame averaging to obtain a dark field image;
step 1-3) under the same condition as step 1-2), exposing an image sensor at a fixed frame frequency within a period of time to acquire a group of dynamic interference fringe images, and then preprocessing the dark field image acquired in step 1-2) to deduct dark noise and background noise to acquire a group of preprocessed dynamic interference fringe images;
step 1-4) obtaining the amplitude of a pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor on a set frequency and the wrapping phase of each pixel at the same time by using the flat field response nonuniformity obtained in the step 1-1), the two preprocessed light field distribution images obtained in the step 1-2) and the preprocessed dynamic interference fringe image obtained in the step 1-3);
step 1-5) unwrapping the phase by using the wrapped phase of each pixel obtained in the step 1-4) at the same moment and combining the moving direction of the dynamic interference fringes and the fringe spacing of the dynamic interference fringes to obtain the unwrapped phase of each pixel;
step 1-6) calculating the amplitude-angle difference of the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor at the set frequency by using the unwrapping phase of each pixel obtained in the step 1-5)
Step 1-7) adjusting the trend of the dynamic interference fringes and the distance between the dynamic interference fringes by changing the relative position relationship between two optical fibers, and repeating the steps 1-2) to 1-6) until all the set frequencies are covered; and finally, obtaining the difference between the amplitude and the amplitude of the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel at the set frequency.
4. The method of image sensor full array pixel response function measurement according to claim 3, wherein the contrast of the dynamic interference fringes of step 1-2) is greater than 0.7; the moving speed v, the frame frequency f and the pixel size a of the dynamic interference fringes on the surface of the image sensor satisfy the following relations:
5. the method of claim 4, wherein the step 1-4) of obtaining the magnitude of the pixel response function spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor at a set frequency is performed by:
using the flat field response inhomogeneity q obtained in step 1-1)mnTwo light field distribution images I acquired after the pretreatment obtained in the step 1-2)mn,1、Imn,2And the amplitude V of the sinusoidal output of the pixelmnCalculating the frequency spectrum of the response function of each pixel at a set frequency (k)x,ky) Amplitude of (d)
6. The method for measuring the pixel response function of the full array of the image sensor according to claim 5, wherein the steps 1-5) specifically comprise:
step 1-5-1) calculating estimated values of a transverse component and a longitudinal component of an interference fringe wave vector according to the distance between the baselines of the two optical fibers and the distance between the optical fibers and the image sensorAnd
wherein d isx、dyThe distance between the two fiber exit ports is the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance, lambda is the laser wavelength, and L is the distance between the fiber and the sensor;
step 1-5-2) to the wrapping phase of step 1-4)Unwrapping and calculating unwrapped phase
Let the unwrapped phase of the (1,1) pixelIs in phase with the wrap, i.e.For the (1,2) pixels adjacent to the (1,1) pixel, according to the difference of the stripe propagation direction,andsatisfy the requirement of OrRe-combining the relationship of wrapped phase and unwrapped phaseWhere m and n are integers, and finding the unwrapped phase of the (1,2) pixelIn this way, the unwrapped phases of all pixels are found.
7. The method for measuring the pixel response function of the full array of the image sensor according to claim 6, wherein the steps 1-6) specifically comprise:
step 1-6-1) unwrapping phase of each pixel obtained according to step 1-5)Performing least square fitting according to formula (6) to obtain actual values of the transverse component and the longitudinal component of the dynamic interference fringe wave vector
Wherein,is the initial value of the phase;
step 1-6-2) calculating the difference of the amplitudes and angles of the pixel response function frequency spectrum
8. The method for measuring the pixel response function of the full array of the image sensor according to claim 7, wherein the step 3) specifically comprises:
step 3-1) calculating the pixel response function frequency spectrum of each pixel of the image sensor array at (k)x,ky) Amplitude angle at frequency
Wherein,the phase spectrum of the pixel response function of the first pixel at the upper left corner of the full array of the image sensor in the step 2);
step 3-2) combining the magnitude of the response function spectrum of each pixel obtained in step 1-4)Obtaining a response function spectrum of each pixel
Step 3-3) response function spectrum for each pixelPerforming discrete inverse Fourier transform to obtain pixel response function Q of each pixelmn(x,y)。
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| CN104320598A (en) * | 2014-11-06 | 2015-01-28 | 中国科学院光电研究院 | Aberration-free image reconstruction method based on CCD array pixel response function frequency domain calibration |
| CN105738073A (en) * | 2016-02-03 | 2016-07-06 | 中国科学院国家空间科学中心 | Method for performing pixel response function measurement in spatial frequency domain |
| CN105841925A (en) * | 2016-03-22 | 2016-08-10 | 中国科学院国家空间科学中心 | Detector pixel response Fourier spectrum acquisition-based image reconstruction method |
| CN106770020A (en) * | 2016-11-24 | 2017-05-31 | 中国科学院国家空间科学中心 | A kind of system for the measurement of image sensor pixel internal quantum efficiency |
| CN106644107A (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2017-05-10 | 中国科学院光电研究院 | Device and method for measuring spatial coherence length of laser beams |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112504631A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-03-16 | 北京控制工程研究所 | Method and system for measuring response change in detector pixel |
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