CN109286004A - A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite Download PDFInfo
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- CN109286004A CN109286004A CN201811062135.5A CN201811062135A CN109286004A CN 109286004 A CN109286004 A CN 109286004A CN 201811062135 A CN201811062135 A CN 201811062135A CN 109286004 A CN109286004 A CN 109286004A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/043—Processes of manufacture in general involving compressing or compaction
- H01M4/0435—Rolling or calendering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation methods of lead carbon composite, include the following steps: 1) to prepare carbon solution;2) stereotype pre-processes;3) stereotype surface coat carbon-coating, carbon solution is evenly applied to stereotype surface, after will two blocks of stereotypes up and down be positioned to lamination, be coated with carbon solution two planes fitting, formed stereotype folder carbon core structure lamination stereotype;4) calendering of stereotype: progress rolling reductions processing is taken out after keeping the temperature 10~30min in the environment of lamination stereotype is placed in 100~300 DEG C, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, afterwards by the longitudinally asymmetric folding of stereotype, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 0.01~10%;5) gained stereotype is reprocessed according to the processing method of step 4) several times to get lead carbon composite.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation methods of lead carbon composite, belong to battery material technical field.
Background technique
With the worsening shortages of traditional energy, new energy technology increasingly obtains the attention of people.It is commonly used at present
Secondary chemical sources of electric energy mainly has lead-acid accumulator, lithium ion battery, nickel-metal hydride battery, fuel cell, nickel-cadmium cell and super capacitor
Device.But the considerations of by some safeties and price etc. factor, lithium ion battery and nickel-metal hydride battery are difficult to obtain in a short time
To large-scale application.Lead-acid battery has that mature technology, cost performance are high, capacity is big, have a safety feature, circular economy effect
The advantages that benefit is good becomes a kind of battery that yield is maximum, application range is most wide in the world.But lead-acid battery is quick in high current
A large amount of sulfuric acid leading crystal can be built up when running under charge and discharge, on negative plate, form sulfuric acid lead layer, this mistake on lead surface
Journey can be such that the resistance of active material on electrode increases, and reduce the charge efficiency of battery, eventually lead to the failure of battery.Lead acid storage battery
Pond becomes the bottleneck that lead-acid battery further develops due to the disadvantages of specific power is low, cycle life is short.
Lead carbon superbattery is one of the composite power source that lead-acid accumulator and supercapacitor is integrated, by lead
A certain amount of carbon material with high specific capacitance is added in the negative plate of acid accumulator.When battery is in high magnification partial state of charge
When lower operation, electrode for capacitors (carbon material) can share lead cathodal current, play a buffer, and effective protection lead is negative
Pole.Therefore, lead carbon superbattery has excellent high rate during charging-discharging, while addition carbon material can effectively press down in cathode
Cathode sulfation processed, the cycle life for improving battery under HRPSoC.
At present in the manufacturing process of lead carbon superbattery, the addition manner of carbon material mainly carries out with lead powder mechanical mixed
It closes.Since there are biggish density contrasts for lead powder and carbon material, it is difficult to realize the uniform mixing of the two, and the side for passing through mechanical mixture
Effective contact interface of formula, lead active material and carbon material is less, cannot give full play to the high conductance and bulky capacitor advantage of carbon.
Summary of the invention
For the present invention in the manufacturing process of current lead carbon superbattery, the mechanical mixture addition manner of carbon material leads to nothing
Method gives full play to the high conductance of carbon and the status of bulky capacitor advantage, provides a kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite.
The technical scheme to solve the above technical problems is that
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: carbon source is placed in organic solvent, ultrasonic disperse obtains carbon solution;
2) stereotype pre-processes: stereotype is pre-processed;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the resulting carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype of step 2)
Surface, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form stereotype folder carbon core structure
Lamination stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 100~300 DEG C keep the temperature 10~
Taken out after 30min and carry out rolling reductions processing, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after by the longitudinally asymmetric folding of stereotype
Folded, the squeegeeing step 1 in the interlayer for folding stereotype) resulting carbon solution;
5) iteration roll: by the resulting stereotype of step 4) according to step 4) processing method reprocessing several times to get
Lead carbon composite, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 0.01~10%.
Based on the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows.
Further, the carbon source is active carbon, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide or carbon black.
Further, the deformation quantity of control calendering process is 30~80% in step 4), and the deformation quantity refers to each calendering
The ratio of the thickness of stereotype and the preceding stereotype thickness of calendering afterwards.
It further, is 5~100 times according to the number that the processing method of step 4) reprocesses in step 5).
Further, the organic solvent is dehydrated alcohol.
Further, pretreated specific steps described in step 2) are as follows: successively through oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution
Cleaning.Wherein, the specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, 10~20 are impregnated under the conditions of 40~60 DEG C
Minute, the residual solution on surface is then washed with deionized water;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: 20g/L
The Na of NaOH, 20g/L3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution
Stereotype is rinsed with deionized water behind smooth stereotype 5~10 seconds of impregnation surface;Hydrogen peroxide and ice second of the acid solution by 30%
Acid composition, wherein the volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1) method of the invention effectively realizes lead and the mixed uniformly problem of carbon material, so improve lead and carbon it
Between the dispersion in active material of interface cohesion and carbon, improve the cathode service life of lead carbon superbattery, realize capacitive character
It can be with the combination of battery performance;
2) carbon content in composite material can be regulated and controled by controlling the coating of carbon solution, and reaction condition is easily controllable,
Simple process and low cost, low energy consumption, it can be achieved that batch large scale preparation.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the process schematic of the method for the present invention;
In Fig. 1,1 is stereotype, and 2 be the carbon solution layer brushed, and 3 be calendar rolls, and 4 be the stereotype being longitudinally elongated, and 5 be vertical
Roll to the stereotype after symmetrical fold, 6 for iteration.
Specific embodiment
Principles and features of the present invention are described below in conjunction with example, the given examples are served only to explain the present invention, and
It is non-to be used to limit the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: 2 grams of graphite being added in dehydrated alcohol, are placed in 50 DEG C of ultrasonic cleaner, surpass
Frequency of sound wave is 80Hz, and ultrasonic treatment 50min obtains finely dispersed carbon solution;
2) stereotype surface preparation: the surface of stereotype successively carries out through the cleaning of oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution pre-
Processing;The specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, impregnates 20 minutes under the conditions of 40 DEG C, then spends
Ionized water washes away the residual solution on surface;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L's
Na3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution impregnation surface is smooth
Stereotype 5~10 seconds after with deionized water rinse stereotype;Acid solution is made of 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, wherein
The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 250 DEG C keep the temperature 20min after take out into
The processing of row rolling reductions, control calendering deflection is 50%, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after stereotype is indulged
To symmetrical fold, the squeegeeing step 1 in the stereotype interlayer of folding) carbon solution;
5) iteration is rolled: the resulting stereotype of step 4) being handled 30 times according to the processing method of step 4) and is answered to get lead carbon
Condensation material, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 2.6%.
Lead carbon superbattery, after tested, the lead carbon superbattery are made using lead carbon composite prepared by embodiment 1
Quality lead-acid accumulator more existing than power ratio improves 15%.Charge and discharge cycles in the following ways: 2C electric discharge 20s → stop 10s →
1C charging 40s → stop 10s → 2C electric discharge 20s, electric discharge cut-off 1.65V;The cycle life of above-mentioned lead carbon superbattery is existing lead
1.9 times of acid accumulator.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: 0.5 gram of graphene being added in acetone, is placed in 50 DEG C of ultrasonic cleaner, surpass
Frequency of sound wave is 80Hz, and ultrasonic treatment 50min obtains finely dispersed carbon solution;
2) stereotype surface preparation: the surface of stereotype successively carries out through the cleaning of oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution pre-
Processing;The specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, impregnates 10 minutes under the conditions of 60 DEG C, then spends
Ionized water washes away the residual solution on surface;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L's
Na3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution impregnation surface is smooth
Stereotype 5~10 seconds after with deionized water rinse stereotype;Acid solution is made of 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, wherein
The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 300 DEG C keep the temperature 30min after take out into
The processing of row rolling reductions, control calendering deflection is 70%, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after stereotype is indulged
To symmetrical fold, the squeegeeing step 1 in the stereotype interlayer of folding) carbon solution;
5) iteration is rolled: the resulting stereotype of step 4) being handled 50 times according to the processing method of step 4) and is answered to get lead carbon
Condensation material, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 0.15%.
Lead carbon superbattery, after tested, the lead carbon superbattery are made using lead carbon composite prepared by embodiment 2
Quality lead-acid accumulator more existing than power ratio improves 21%.Charge and discharge cycles in the following ways: 2C electric discharge 20s → stop 10s →
1C charging 40s → stop 10s → 2C electric discharge 20s, electric discharge cut-off 1.6V;The cycle life of above-mentioned lead carbon superbattery is existing plumbic acid
2.2 times of battery.
Embodiment 3:
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: 33mg carbon black is added in DMF, be placed in 50 DEG C of ultrasonic cleaner, ultrasonic wave
Frequency is 80Hz, and ultrasonic treatment 50min obtains finely dispersed carbon solution;
2) stereotype surface preparation: the surface of stereotype successively carries out through the cleaning of oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution pre-
Processing;The specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, impregnates 20 minutes under the conditions of 40 DEG C, then spends
Ionized water washes away the residual solution on surface;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L's
Na3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution impregnation surface is smooth
Stereotype 5~10 seconds after with deionized water rinse stereotype;Acid solution is made of 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, wherein
The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 150 DEG C keep the temperature 30min after take out into
The processing of row rolling reductions, control calendering deflection is 30%, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after stereotype is indulged
To symmetrical fold, the squeegeeing step 1 in the stereotype interlayer of folding) carbon solution;
5) iteration roll: by the resulting stereotype of step 4) according to step 4) processing method handle 5 times it is compound to get lead carbon
Material, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 0.01%.
Embodiment 4:
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: 10 grams of graphene oxides being added in dehydrated alcohol, 50 DEG C of ultrasonic cleaning is placed on
In device, ultrasonic frequency 80Hz, ultrasonic treatment 50min obtains finely dispersed carbon solution;
2) stereotype surface preparation: the surface of stereotype successively carries out through the cleaning of oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution pre-
Processing;The specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, impregnates 20 minutes under the conditions of 50 DEG C, then spends
Ionized water washes away the residual solution on surface;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L's
Na3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution impregnation surface is smooth
Stereotype 5~10 seconds after with deionized water rinse stereotype;Acid solution is made of 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, wherein
The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 100 DEG C keep the temperature 30min after take out into
The processing of row rolling reductions, control calendering deflection is 80%, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after stereotype is indulged
To symmetrical fold, the brushing carbon solution in the interlayer for folding stereotype;
5) iteration is rolled: the resulting stereotype of step 4) being handled 10 times according to the processing method of step 4), controls the matter of carbon
Measuring score is 10% to get lead carbon composite.
Embodiment 5:
A kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, includes the following steps:
1) it prepares carbon solution: 4.5 grams of active carbons being added in benzene, are placed in 50 DEG C of ultrasonic cleaner, ultrasound
Wave frequency rate is 80Hz, and ultrasonic treatment 50min obtains finely dispersed carbon solution;
2) stereotype surface preparation: the surface of stereotype successively carries out through the cleaning of oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution pre-
Processing;The specific steps of oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype is put into degreaser, impregnates 20 minutes under the conditions of 40 DEG C, then spends
Ionized water washes away the residual solution on surface;Wherein, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L's
Na3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, the Na of 4g/L4SiO4.The specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution impregnation surface is smooth
Stereotype 5~10 seconds after with deionized water rinse stereotype;Acid solution is made of 30% hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, wherein
The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 200 DEG C keep the temperature 20min after take out into
The processing of row rolling reductions, control calendering deflection is 80%, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after stereotype is indulged
To symmetrical fold, the squeegeeing step 1 in the stereotype interlayer of folding) carbon solution;
5) iteration is rolled: the resulting stereotype of step 4) being handled 100 times according to the processing method of step 4) and is answered to get lead carbon
Condensation material, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 5%.
The foregoing is merely presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, it is all in spirit of the invention and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on be should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of preparation method of lead carbon composite, which comprises the steps of:
1) it prepares carbon solution: carbon source is placed in organic solvent, ultrasonic disperse obtains carbon solution;
2) stereotype pre-processes: stereotype is pre-processed;
3) stereotype surface coats carbon-coating: the resulting carbon solution of step 1) is evenly applied to the pretreated stereotype table of step 2)
Face, after two blocks of stereotypes will be positioned to lamination up and down, be coated with two planes fitting of carbon solution, form the folded of stereotype folder carbon core structure
Layer stereotype;
4) calendering of stereotype: after keeping the temperature 10~30min in the environment of the resulting lamination stereotype of step 3) is placed in 100~300 DEG C
Take out and carry out rolling reductions processing, the stereotype being longitudinally elongated after calendering process, after by the longitudinally asymmetric folding of stereotype, rolling over
Squeegeeing step 1 in the interlayer of folded stereotype) resulting carbon solution;
5) iteration is rolled: the resulting stereotype of step 4) is reprocessed according to the processing method of step 4) several times to get lead carbon
Composite material, the mass fraction for controlling carbon is 0.01~10%.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon source is active carbon, graphite, graphene, oxidation stone
Black alkene or carbon black.
3. method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the deformation quantity of control calendering process is 30 in step 4)
~80%.
4. method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that repeated in step 5) according to the processing method of step 4)
Number of processing is 5~100 times.
5. method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the organic solvent is dehydrated alcohol.
6. method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that pretreated specific steps described in step 2) are as follows: according to
It is secondary to be cleaned through oil removal treatment, grinding process and acid solution.
7. according to the method described in claim 6, it is characterized in that, the specific steps of the oil removal treatment are as follows: stereotype to be put into
In degreaser, is impregnated 10~20 minutes under the conditions of 40~60 DEG C, the residual solution on surface is then washed with deionized water;Its
In, degreaser is four sodium solutions, consisting of: the Na of the NaOH of 20g/L, 20g/L3PO4, the Na of 10g/L2CO3, 4g/L's
Na4SiO4。
8. according to the method described in claim 6, it is characterized in that, the specific steps of acid solution cleaning are as follows: acid solution
Stereotype is rinsed with deionized water behind smooth stereotype 5~10 seconds of impregnation surface;Hydrogen peroxide and ice second of the acid solution by 30%
Acid composition, wherein the volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid is 3 ︰ 1.
9. a kind of lead carbon composite, which is characterized in that be made by method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
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Cited By (1)
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EP4184605A1 (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2023-05-24 | National Formosa University | Method for lead carbon compression moulding and applications thereof |
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CN1546726A (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2004-11-17 | 南开大学 | Method for chemical plating nickel phosphor alloy |
CN101083171A (en) * | 2006-05-30 | 2007-12-05 | 中南大学 | Method for preparing RuO2 coating cathode film material of super capacitor |
CN102856528A (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2013-01-02 | 天能集团江苏科技有限公司 | Preparation method of super storage battery lead-carbon negative plate |
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EP4184605A1 (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2023-05-24 | National Formosa University | Method for lead carbon compression moulding and applications thereof |
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