CN109267484A - The intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed - Google Patents
The intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109267484A CN109267484A CN201810989784.3A CN201810989784A CN109267484A CN 109267484 A CN109267484 A CN 109267484A CN 201810989784 A CN201810989784 A CN 201810989784A CN 109267484 A CN109267484 A CN 109267484A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- strand
- anchorage
- optical fiber
- cable
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000010412 perfusion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003862 health status Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene forms Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
- E01D19/16—Suspension cables; Cable clamps for suspension cables ; Pre- or post-stressed cables
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed, it includes strand, anchorage, connecting cylinder, strand includes one or more carbon fibre composite intellectual rib and several steel wires, strand both ends are cased with connecting cylinder, connecting cylinder outer end is equipped with anchorage, passes through perfusion epoxy chill casting filler anchor connection between anchorage and strand;Length of warping winch is determined first, make the optical fiber containing fiber-optic grating sensor, optical fiber containing fiber-optic grating sensor, carbon fiber and epoxy resin are fabricated to carbon fibre composite intellectual rib, one or more carbon fibre composite intellectual rib and several steel wires are formed into strand, anchorage and connecting cylinder are configured at strand both ends, optical fiber is drawn from the anchorage tail portion at strand both ends, is wired on the optical time domain reflectometer of energy detection fiber grating variation.The deformation and stress state of cable different parts can be monitored in real time in the intelligent cable, provides science data in service phase health status for cable, avoids risk.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed, are mainly used for cable-stayed bridge
The hoist cable of suspension cable, the hoist cable of suspension bridge and bowstring arch bridge.
Background technique
Bridge cable (including cable-stayed bridge suspension cable, suspension bridge and bowstring arch bridge hoist cable) be cable-stayed bridge, suspension bridge and
The core component of bowstring arch bridge is responsible for bearing dynamic load on bridge structure self weight and bridge, and generally requiring 30 years or more makes
Use the service life.During military service, steel wire is also easy to produce corrosion degradation and vibrating fatigue degenerate problem in cable, seriously affects bridge
Safety and durability.Therefore real-time monitoring to cable long-term work state how is realized, it is ensured that the safety in validity period is
The key of modern bridge cable technology development.
At present to the side having using fiber-optic grating sensor more advanced in the monitoring mode of bridge cable stress state
Formula.Fiber-optic grating sensor have sensing accuracy height, electromagnetism interference, quasi-distributed sensing, absolute measurement, stability with it is durable
Property it is good the advantages that, fiber-optic grating sensor is mainly arranged in by steel wire table using the intelligent cable scheme of fiber-optic grating sensor
Face is exported signal by optical fiber.The deficiency of the program is to be arranged in steel wire surface since fiber grating and optical fiber are all more crisp
It is easy to happen brittle fracture, while being easy to be influenced by the environmental factors such as moisture, temperature in cable body, reduce optical fiber uses the longevity
Life.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above shortcomings, proposes the intelligent cable and system of a kind of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar
The deformation and stress state of cable different parts can be monitored in real time in Suo Fangfa, the intelligent cable, is cable in service phase health
State provides science data, avoids risk.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
A kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar, it includes strand, and the strand includes one or more carbon
Fibrous composite intellectual rib and several steel wires, strand wrapped high-strength polyester fiber band, reheating after twisting squeeze high density
Polyethylene forms high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath, and the strand both ends are cased with connecting cylinder, and connecting cylinder outer end is equipped with anchorage, anchorage and rope
By perfusion epoxy chill casting filler anchor connection between stock, the carbon fibre composite intellectual rib includes optical fiber, and optical fiber is equipped with
Several fiber-optic grating sensors, optical fiber both ends are cased with plastics loose tube and exposed portion, and exposed portion passes through stainless steel sleeve protection of pipe,
The fiber-optic grating sensor is installed on length of warping winch midpoint and upper and lower anchor point.
Preferably, the optical fiber containing fiber-optic grating sensor is drawn from the anchorage tail portion at strand both ends, the optical fiber
It is wired on the optical time domain reflectometer of energy detection fiber grating variation.
Preferably, wire sub-panel is equipped in the anchorage, the anchorage is equipped with outer nut.
Preferably, infusion epoxy resin sealing material in the connecting cylinder.
Preferably, the plastics loose tube length is 1 meter to 2 meters.
The present invention provides a kind of Suo Fangfa processed of the intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar, it is first determined cable is long
Degree finds key position, makes optical fiber, and fiber-optic grating sensor is arranged on optical fiber according to the position of key position;Then
Optical fiber both ends are put on into plastics loose tube, by pultrusion molding process by the optical fiber containing fiber-optic grating sensor, carbon fiber and ring
Oxygen resin is fabricated to carbon fibre composite intellectual rib;Then the both ends of carbon fibre composite intellectual rib are loose from plastics are contained
The position of pipe peels off, and exposes optical fiber, using the exposed optical fiber of stainless steel sleeve protection of pipe;By one or more carbon fibre composite intelligence
Energy muscle is with several steel wires composition strands, the wrapped high-strength polyester fiber band after left-handed 1~3 ° of slight twisting, strand of being formed,
By the strand hot extrusion high density polyethylene (HDPE) after sizing, high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath is formed;Then the high density at strand both ends is gathered
Ethylene sheath and high-strength polyester fiber band strip, and expose carbon fibre composite intellectual rib and steel wire, configure at strand both ends
Anchorage and connecting cylinder, carbon fibre composite intellectual rib and steel wire diverge in anchorage to be come, and is positioned with wire sub-panel, the anchor
Epoxy chill casting filler is perfused in tool, normal-temperature curing epoxy resin seal material is perfused in the connecting cylinder;Containing fiber-optic grating sensor
Optical fiber from the anchorage tail portion at strand both ends draw, be wired to can detection fiber grating variation optical time domain reflectometer
On;Finally cable construct and during one's term of military service, by optical time domain reflectometer monitor carbon fibre composite intellectual rib cable not
With the deformation and stress state of key position, consistent principle is deformed according to adjacent wires and carbon fibre composite intellectual rib,
Steel wire is obtained in the deformation and stress state of cable difference key position.
Preferably, the fiber-optic grating sensor has high microstrain amount and high-temperature stability, and microstrain amount is up to 8000 μ ε
~16000 μ ε, heatproof is up to 180 DEG C or more.
Preferably, the epoxy resin for making carbon fibre composite intellectual rib uses high-temperature-resistant epoxy resin,
It is required that the glass transition temperature of epoxy resin is 220 DEG C.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1, a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar of the present invention and Suo Fangfa processed are by fiber-optic grating sensor, carbon
Fibrous composite muscle and bridge cable steel wire strand organically combine, and preferably solve fiber-optic grating sensor being applied to bridge
The problem of protection problem and installation technics of beam cable steel wire strand, it can be effectively protected optical fiber and fiber-optic grating sensor,
Prolong the service life.
2. the intelligent cable for the carbon fiber-containing composite material bar that the present invention makes is for stay cable of cable-stayed bridge, suspension bridge and is
Bar arch bridge hoist cable, makes bridge cable have self-sensing properties, and sensing characteristics have the advantages that all of fiber grating, Ke Yishi
When monitoring cable in construction and the deformation and stress state of different key positions during one's term of military service, improve bridge cable use it is safe
Property.
3, the present invention helps to realize the real-time monitoring and intelligent management of entire bridge cable, and production method it is simple,
Rationally, it suits large area to popularize.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the carbon fibre composite intellectual rib structural schematic diagram that the present invention uses.
Fig. 2 is intelligent cable strand cross section structure schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is intelligent cable structural schematic diagram of the present invention.
Wherein:
Carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1
Optical fiber 2
Fiber-optic grating sensor 3
Plastics loose tube 4
Stainless steel sleeve pipe 5
Steel wire 6
High-strength polyester fiber band 7
High density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath 8
Strand 9
Anchorage 10
Connecting cylinder 11
Outer nut 12
Wire sub-panel 13
Epoxy chill casting filler 14
Epoxy resin sealing material 15
Conducting wire 16
Optical time domain reflectometer 17.
Specific embodiment
Referring to Fig. 1, first according to target bridge engineering project length of warping winch, and length of warping winch midpoint and upper and lower anchor point are found
Equal key positions, make optical fiber 2, and fiber-optic grating sensor 3 is arranged on optical fiber according to the position of above-mentioned key position, described
Fiber-optic grating sensor 3 has high microstrain amount and high-temperature stability, and microstrain amount is up to the 8000 μ ε of μ ε~16000, and heatproof is up to 180
DEG C or more;The plastics loose tube 4 that 2 both ends of optical fiber are put on to 1 meter to 2 meters will contain optical fiber grating sensing by pultrusion molding process
Optical fiber 2, carbon fiber and the epoxy resin of device 3 are fabricated to carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1, and optical fiber 2 is located at carbon fiber composite
To expect inside intellectual rib 1, molding epoxy resin uses high-temperature-resistant epoxy resin, it is desirable that the glass transition temperature of epoxy resin is 220 DEG C,
The both ends of carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 are peeled off from the position containing plastics loose tube 4, expose optical fiber 2, using stainless steel sleeve
Pipe 5 protects exposed optical fiber 2.
Referring to figure 2-3, one or more carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 and several steel wires 6 are formed into strand 9, warp
Wrapped high-strength polyester fiber band 7 after 1~3 ° of left-handed slight twisting is high by 9 hot extrusion of strand after sizing for the sizing of strand 9
Density polyethylene forms high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath 8, the quantity and position that carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 is arranged in strand 9
It sets, it can be depending on actual monitoring demand;The high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath 8 at 9 both ends of strand and high-strength polyester fiber band 7 are shelled
It removes, exposes carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 and steel wire 6,9 both ends of strand are provided with anchorage 10 and connecting cylinder 11, on anchorage 10
With outer nut 12, carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 and steel wire 6 diverge in anchorage 10 and, and are positioned with wire sub-panel 13;
Epoxy chill casting filler 14 is perfused in anchorage 10, for anchoring strand 9, normal-temperature curing epoxy resin seal material is perfused in connecting cylinder 11
15;Optical fiber 2 containing fiber-optic grating sensor 3 is drawn from 10 tail portion of anchorage at 9 both ends of strand, and can be connected to by conducting wire 16 can examine
It surveys on the optical time domain reflectometer 17 of fiber grating variation.
It constructs in cable and during one's term of military service, carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1 can be monitored by optical time domain reflectometer 17 and existed
The deformation and stress state of cable difference key position deform unanimously according to adjacent wires 6 and carbon fibre composite intellectual rib 1
Principle, can get steel wire 6 cable difference key position deformation and stress state.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar, it is characterised in that: it includes strand (9), strand (9) packet
Include one or more carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) and several steel wires (6), strand (9) wrapped high intensity after twisting
Polyester fiber band (7), reheating squeeze high density polyethylene (HDPE) and form high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath (8), and strand (9) both ends are cased with company
Connect cylinder (11), connecting cylinder (11) outer end are equipped with anchorage (10), pass through perfusion epoxy chill casting filler between anchorage (10) and strand (9)
(14) anchor connection, the carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) include optical fiber (2), and optical fiber (2) is equipped with several fiber gratings
Sensor (3), optical fiber (2) both ends are cased with plastics loose tube (4) and exposed portion, and exposed portion is protected by stainless steel sleeve pipe (5),
The fiber-optic grating sensor (3) is installed on length of warping winch midpoint and upper and lower anchor point.
2. a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described to contain
The optical fiber (2) of fiber-optic grating sensor (3) is drawn from anchorage (10) tail portion at strand (9) both ends, and the optical fiber (2) passes through conducting wire
(16) it is connected on the optical time domain reflectometer (17) of energy detection fiber grating variation.
3. a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the anchorage
(10) wire sub-panel (13) are equipped in, the anchorage (10) is equipped with outer nut (12).
4. a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the connection
Infusion epoxy resin sealing material (15) in cylinder (11).
5. a kind of intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the plastics
Loose tube (4) length is 1 meter to 2 meters.
6. a kind of Suo Fangfa processed of the intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar described in manufacturing claims 1, it is characterised in that:
Length of warping winch is determined first, finds key position, is made optical fiber (2), and arranged on optical fiber (2) according to the position of key position
Fiber-optic grating sensor (3);Then optical fiber (2) both ends are put on into plastics loose tube (4), optical fiber will be contained by pultrusion molding process
Optical fiber (2), carbon fiber and the epoxy resin of grating sensor (3) are fabricated to carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1);Then by carbon
The both ends of fibrous composite intellectual rib (1) are peeled off from the position containing plastics loose tube (4), are exposed optical fiber (2), using stainless steel
Casing (5) protects exposed optical fiber (2);One or more carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) and several steel wires (6) are formed
Strand (9), the wrapped high-strength polyester fiber band (7) after left-handed 1~3 ° of slight twisting are formed strand (9), by the rope after sizing
Stock (9) hot extrusion high density polyethylene (HDPE), forms high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheath (8);Then by the high density polyethylene (HDPE) at strand (9) both ends
Sheath (8) and high-strength polyester fiber band (7) strip, and expose carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) and steel wire (6), in strand
(9) both ends configuration anchorage (10) and connecting cylinder (11), carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) and steel wire (6) are in anchorage (10)
It diverges and, positioned with wire sub-panel (13), epoxy chill casting filler (14) are perfused in the anchorage (10), the connecting cylinder (11)
Middle perfusion normal-temperature curing epoxy resin seal material (15);Optical fiber (2) containing fiber-optic grating sensor (3) is from strand (9) both ends
Anchorage (10) tail portion is drawn, and is connected on the optical time domain reflectometer (17) of energy detection fiber grating variation by conducting wire (16);Most
It constructs afterwards in cable and during one's term of military service, monitors carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) in cable by optical time domain reflectometer (17)
The deformation and stress state of different key positions deform consistent according to adjacent wires (6) and carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1)
Principle, obtain steel wire (6) cable difference key position deformation and stress state.
7. a kind of Suo Fangfa processed of the intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 6, feature exist
There is high microstrain amount and high-temperature stability in: the fiber-optic grating sensor (3), microstrain amount up to the 8000 μ ε of μ ε~16000,
Heatproof is up to 180 DEG C or more.
8. a kind of Suo Fangfa processed of the intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar according to claim 6, feature exist
In: the epoxy resin for making carbon fibre composite intellectual rib (1) is using high-temperature-resistant epoxy resin, it is desirable that asphalt mixtures modified by epoxy resin
The glass transition temperature of rouge is 220 DEG C.
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CN201810989784.3A CN109267484A (en) | 2018-08-28 | 2018-08-28 | The intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed |
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CN201810989784.3A CN109267484A (en) | 2018-08-28 | 2018-08-28 | The intelligent cable of carbon fiber-containing composite material bar and Suo Fangfa processed |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110685221A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2020-01-14 | 同济大学 | Intelligent inhaul cable containing rubber-coated optical fibers and manufacturing method thereof |
CN110725204A (en) * | 2019-09-09 | 2020-01-24 | 法尔胜泓昇集团有限公司 | Carbon fiber composite material intelligent cable considering temperature compensation and preparation method thereof |
CN111323187A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2020-06-23 | 中国矿业大学 | Device and method for monitoring dynamic contact state of main cable and main cable saddle of suspension bridge |
CN112411374A (en) * | 2020-10-10 | 2021-02-26 | 江苏法尔胜缆索有限公司 | Manufacturing and construction method of carbon fiber inhaul cable |
CN112501929A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2021-03-16 | 法尔胜泓昇集团有限公司 | Flame-retardant fireproof steel wire cable for bridge and preparation method thereof |
CN113513122A (en) * | 2021-03-22 | 2021-10-19 | 广东坚宜佳五金制品有限公司 | Hot-cast anchor of intelligent steel strand inhaul cable and manufacturing method |
CN114016038A (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2022-02-08 | 郑州大学 | CFRP-steel combined cable structure and electrochemical corrosion prevention method utilizing rainwater to conduct electricity |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN110725204A (en) * | 2019-09-09 | 2020-01-24 | 法尔胜泓昇集团有限公司 | Carbon fiber composite material intelligent cable considering temperature compensation and preparation method thereof |
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CN112411374A (en) * | 2020-10-10 | 2021-02-26 | 江苏法尔胜缆索有限公司 | Manufacturing and construction method of carbon fiber inhaul cable |
CN112501929A (en) * | 2020-10-27 | 2021-03-16 | 法尔胜泓昇集团有限公司 | Flame-retardant fireproof steel wire cable for bridge and preparation method thereof |
CN113513122A (en) * | 2021-03-22 | 2021-10-19 | 广东坚宜佳五金制品有限公司 | Hot-cast anchor of intelligent steel strand inhaul cable and manufacturing method |
CN114016038A (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2022-02-08 | 郑州大学 | CFRP-steel combined cable structure and electrochemical corrosion prevention method utilizing rainwater to conduct electricity |
CN114016038B (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2023-08-29 | 郑州大学 | CFRP-steel combined cable structure and electrochemical corrosion prevention method using rainwater for conduction |
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