CN109217550A

CN109217550A - Flywheel energy storage system

Info

Publication number: CN109217550A
Application number: CN201710704758.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: R·A·巴德科克; K·A·汉密尔顿; S·S·卡尔西
Original assignee: Victoria Link Ltd
Current assignee: Victoria Link Ltd
Priority date: 2017-06-29
Filing date: 2017-08-17
Publication date: 2019-01-15
Also published as: CN207442620U; WO2019004847A1

Abstract

Flywheel energy storage system has flywheel and monopole machine.Monopole machine includes rotor, and rotor has main body, which has at least one first salient angle and at least one second salient angle；Annular armature coils around rotor subject are arranged；Stator, including first end part, the second end part and bridge portion, wherein first end part and the second end part have multiple laminations, it allows magnetic flux to advance radially and axially, and wherein bridge portion has multiple laminations, allows magnetic flux to advance in the curved path around the bridge portion between first end part and the second end part；Superconductor field coil between stator and rotor, wherein superconductor field coil includes high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material；And electromagnetic shield, it is located between superconductor field coil and armature coil arrangement, electromagnetic shield is configured to limitation alternating field from armature winding by reaching superconductor field coil.

Description

Flywheel energy storage system

Technical field

The present invention relates to the flywheel energy storage systems of monopole.

Background technique

Flywheel energy storage system is for various applications to carry out power averaging.During low demand stage, energy is deposited In flywheel, and during peak demand period, energy is drawn from flywheel for storage.For efficient flywheel energy storage system can It can apply and include:

Electric train, acceleration period from flywheel draw energy and during deceleration by braking energy back to fly Wheel；

Rolling mill draws energy from flywheel when steel billet passes through roller；

Battery is used to store solar energy during daytime and draws solar energy during night；

Wind turbine generator is used to store surplus power during wind-force peak phase and in the poor rank of wind-force Surplus power is extracted during section；

Local electrical power network is used to store cheaper power during night and during daytime in peak speed The power is used during rate；And

Battery, be used to power to urban district/suburb bus transmission system-different from conventional batteries, it can be in several seconds Flywheel is recharged.

Conventional flywheel energy storage system has the rotor for being connected to one or more flywheels, and for passing energy It is input into out the motor/generator of rotor.Rotor is transferred to system via copper wire including one or more permanent magnets and electric current Or it is transmitted from system.

Conventional fly wheel system, which has, keeps them uneconomical and/or unpractical several defects.

Fly wheel system suitable for above-mentioned application is required to deal with the high current when energy is introduced into system.This needs big Copper conductor is measured, the volume of system is increased.In addition, energy is depleted and generating heat in copper.

High strength permanent magnets used in the rotor of existing system are relative brittleness.This is not the case where magnet fails Under limit the rotation speed of rotor.Magnet brittle failure is safety problem.

It is conventional since the alternating flux undergone in the rotor causes rotor subject and its copper coil or copper squirrel-cage bar to generate heat Induction motor/generator also suffer from loss.

The efficient flywheel energy storage system using superconducting component is proposed.Superconducting component has very efficient latent Power, because the loss in superconducting component is almost nil.Uniquely having the element associated being significantly lost to be used in refrigerator system will Superconducting component is maintained at its expected operating temperature and the power that consumes.

The power P of motor is directly proportional to both its rotor excitation field B and rotation speed ω.Therefore high power density machine It must be with very high speedRotate big magnetic field.Copper coil can not feasibly generate be higher than~ The magnetic field of 1.5T.In addition, due to the challenge of excessively high centrifugal stress and processing power and cooling system interface, for being attached to Active coil on rotor, the speed more than 15,000 revs/min is impossible.

High-temperature superconductor (HTS, High Temperature Superconductor) line of commercial production goes out recently Both cost metric and the technical feasibility of superconduction machine are fundamentally changed.HTS line is up to the temperature of 93K Superconduction enables mechanical refrigerator combination gas exchanges are cooling to use.This eliminates permitted relevant to rotating liquid refrigerant More problems, and raised operating temperature provides " hot surplus (thermal head-room ') ", further increases system stability.

The purpose of the object of at least one preferred embodiment of the invention is to provide flywheel energy storage system, provides high Electrical efficiency.

Summary of the invention

According to the first aspect of the invention, flywheel energy storage system is provided comprising:

Flywheel；And

Monopole machine comprising:

Rotor is operably connected to flywheel and is arranged to be rotated about longitudinal axes, and rotor includes main body, described Main body has at least one first salient angle of the first end at the first end of main body or towards main body, and in main body Opposed second ends at or opposed second ends towards main body at least one second salient angle, wherein one or more One salient angle is from one or more second salient angle rotation offsets；

Annular armature coils around rotor subject arrange that armature coil arrangement includes multiple armature winding；

Stator, around at least part of armature coil arrangement, which is arranged around rotor subject, wherein fixed Attached bag includes the associated first end part of the first salient angle of one or more with rotor, the second salient angle of one or more with rotor Associated the second end part, and the bridge portion extended between the first end part and the second end part of stator, Middle first end part and the second end part include multiple laminations, and the lamination is arranged so that magnetic flux can radially and axis To traveling, and wherein, bridge portion includes multiple laminations, and the lamination is arranged so that magnetic flux can be around first end portion It advances in the curved path of the bridge portion divided between the second end part；

Superconductor field coil between stator and rotor, wherein superconductor field coil includes high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material Material；And

Electromagnetic shield is located between superconductor field coil and armature coil arrangement, and electromagnetic shield is configured to limit Alternating field processed is from armature winding by reaching superconductor field coil.

In one embodiment, the plane for extending through the first salient angle is non-co-planar with the plane for extending through the second salient angle.

In one embodiment, rotor includes at least two first salient angles and at least two second salient angles.Implement at one In example, rotor includes three, four or more first salient angles and three, four or more second salient angles.

In one embodiment, the first end part of stator is located in the radial outside of the first salient angle of rotor, and The second end part of stator is located in the radial outside of the second salient angle of rotor.

In one embodiment, electromagnetic shield includes the main body of general toroidal, is located in the diameter of superconductor field coil Inwardly, and its be located in armature coil arrangement neighbouring electromagnetic shield a part radial outside.Implement at one In example, electromagnetic shield further include be located at the first end of annular body or the first end of adjacent rings main body the One end wall, and be located at the opposed second ends of annular body or the opposed second ends of adjacent rings main body second End wall, the first end wall and the second end wall extend radially outwardly from annular body so as at least the one of the end of superconductor field coil Extend on part.In one embodiment, the first end wall and the second end wall of electromagnetic shield are in the entire of superconductor field coil Extend on end.

In one embodiment, superconductor field coil is located in cryostat chamber, and heat-barrier material setting is permanent cold Between device chamber and electromagnetic shield.

In one embodiment, electromagnetic shield includes copper or other low resistivity materials.

In one embodiment, stator includes recess portion, and superconductor field coil and electromagnetic shield are located in recess portion.? In one embodiment, recess portion is located in the radially inner side of bridge portion.In one embodiment, recess portion by bridge portion and stator end Portion part limits.

In one embodiment, the radially inward edge of the lamination of the first end part and the second end part of stator limits For receiving the hole of armature coil arrangement.In one embodiment, the part of armature winding is arranged to the first end with stator The radially inward edge contact of the lamination of part and the second end part or first end part and the second end for being in close proximity to stator The radially inward edge of the lamination of portion part.

In one embodiment, the first end part and the second end portion of stator respectively include longitudinally and radially being orientated Multiple substantially flat laminations.In one embodiment, end sections respectively include the approximate wedge shape or ladder of multiple laminations Shape component.In one embodiment, end sections respectively include multiple lamination blocks, wherein at least part laminated component and at least portion Divide lamination block alternating.In one embodiment, at least partly laminated component has relatively long radial dimension, and at least partly Lamination block has relatively short radial dimension, wherein the offer of radial dimension of difference is inside in the diameter of first end and the second end The multiple teeth and slot of edge, and wherein armature winding is partially received in slot.In one embodiment, all lamination structures Part all has relatively long radial dimension, and at least partly lamination block has relatively short radial dimension.

In one embodiment, all laminated components all replace with lamination block.

In one embodiment, the lamination in bridge portion is arranged so that magnetic flux can be by the one end from stator It advances into the spiral path of the bridge portion of the other end of stator.In one embodiment, the lamination arrangement in bridge portion At allowing magnetic flux to around about 90 degree of stator and along the traveling of the length of stator, in order to provide from one of the first salient angle of rotor The magnetic flux path of one of the second salient angle to rotor.

In an alternative embodiment, armature winding can be spiral, and magnetic flux can be around stator traveling about 0 Degree.

In one embodiment, the lamination in bridge portion is concentric annular laminated.

In one embodiment, the lamination in bridge portion is spiral lamination.

In one embodiment, the lamination in end sections and bridge portion includes iron material.

In one embodiment, armature coil arrangement includes single layer armature winding.

In one embodiment, armature coil arrangement includes the double-deck armature winding.

In one embodiment, flywheel energy storage system include be operably connected to two of rotor separate fly Wheel.

In one embodiment, one or more flywheels include carbon fiber reinforced polymer material.Flywheel can also be by other Material, which is made into, to be made, to realize the purpose of intended application.

In one embodiment, rotor and one or more flywheels can be pivotally supported by superconducting bearing.In some implementations Non-super guide bearing can also be used in example.

In one embodiment, flywheel energy storage system further includes selectively the electric current of superconductor field coil being motivated to draw Line.

In one embodiment, flywheel energy storage system is arranged to combine with flux pump selectively to motivate superconduction Body field coil.

As used in the present description and claims, term " includes " means " at least partly including ".When at this The narrative tense comprising term " includes " is explained in description and claims, also may be present in each statement in addition to front has Other feature other than the feature of the term.Relational language such as "comprising" and " by including " will explain in a similar way.

Any of above aspect of the invention may include about it is of the invention it is any other in terms of above or general herein Any one or more features and/or function stated.In addition, any of above aspect can suitable one or more combinations it is (all The combination such as summarized about other aspects) it provides, in order to provide required function.

It is contemplated that referring to also comprising complete in the range to numberical range (for example, 1 to 10) disclosed herein Portion's rational (for example, 1,1.1,2,3,3.9,4,5,6,6.5,7,8,9 and 10) and any rational model in the range Referring to for (for example, 2 to 8,1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7) is enclosed, and the whole of full scope therefore explicitly disclosed herein Thus subrange is specifically disclosed.These are only by specific expected example, between the minimum and peak enumerated May all combining for numerical value all will be considered as clearly being stated in a similar way in this application.

The present invention can also be construed broadly as individually or venue be included in the description of the present application refer to or Part, element and the above-mentioned part of feature and any two or more of instruction, any combination of element or feature or All combinations, and wherein specific integer is mentioned herein, is had in field according to the present invention known equivalent Object, such known equivalent is considered as being incorporated into herein, as individually illustrating.

As used herein, the term " (s) " after noun means the plural form and/or odd number of the noun Form.

As used herein, term "and/or" means "and" perhaps "or" or in where the context permits Under both mean.

The present invention includes above content and it is contemplated that hereafter only provides exemplary structure.

Detailed description of the invention

Only by way of example and the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings now, in which:

Fig. 1 shows the perspective sectional view of the first embodiment of flywheel energy storage system；

Fig. 2 shows the end-view of flywheel energy storage system and side view cutaway drawings；

Fig. 3 shows the perspective view of the rotor of flywheel energy storage system, wherein for the sake of clarity omitting the end of axis；

The perspective that rotor, stator, superconductor field coil and the armature coil that Fig. 4 shows flywheel energy storage system are arranged is cutd open View；

Fig. 5 shows the detailed view of the superconductor field coil of flywheel energy storage system；

Fig. 6 A shows the perspective view of the stator of flywheel energy storage system；

Fig. 6 B shows the perspective view of the bridging part of stator；

Fig. 7 A shows the perspective view of the armature coil arrangement of flywheel energy storage system；

Fig. 7 B shows the perspective view of the alternative armature coil arrangement of flywheel energy storage system；

Fig. 8 A shows the schematic diagram of the winding arrangement of the arrangement of armature coil shown in Fig. 7 A；

Fig. 8 B shows the exemplary arrangement of concatenated two armature winding in a pole span；

Fig. 8 C show by be suitble to four pole spans it is wavy in a manner of the exemplary arrangement of A phase armature winding that connects；

Fig. 9 A shows the 2D magnetic flux path of the rotor and stator arranged by armature coil shown in Fig. 7 A；

Fig. 9 B shows the 2D magnetic flux path of the rotor and stator arranged by armature coil shown in Fig. 7 B；

Figure 10 A shows the perspective view of the rotor of the arrangement of the armature coil shown in Fig. 7 A and the magnetic flux path of armature winding；

Figure 10 B shows the perspective view of the magnetic flux path of the rotor of the arrangement of the armature coil shown in Fig. 7 A；

Figure 11 A shows the schematic diagram of flux pump；

Figure 11 B shows the cross section of a part of flux pump；

Figure 12 A shows the sound using the exemplary electrical train system of flywheel energy storage system when train leaves station It answers；And

Figure 12 B shows the sound using the exemplary electrical train system of flywheel energy storage system when train gets to the station It answers.

Specific embodiment

Exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below.

In some embodiments, flywheel energy storage system includes:

Flywheel；And

Monopole machine comprising:

·General description

Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shows flywheel energy storage systems 101 comprising two flywheels 201,203 and monopole machine, it can As hompolar motor/generator operation.The energy storage system is suitable for the application of high power, quick charge and discharge.

In one exemplary embodiment, the energy of up to 6.7 kilowatt hours is stored in be up to 25,000 rev/min of rotation In 325 kilograms of the friction free gyrating mass turned.

In one exemplary embodiment, it is provided to energy storage system for up to 500 kilowatts.Under maximum load, It is fully charged to system to spend 48 seconds.

In the exemplary embodiment, 866V three-phase is to be up to 360A supply so as to about 0.99 power factor supply 535 Kilowatt power.

·Operation mode

Power storage is the kinetic energy in rotary flyweights 201,203 by flywheel energy storage system 101.The machine has three Kind operation mode:

1. motor, wherein electric energy is added to system, flywheel 201,203 is caused to accelerate；

2. storage, wherein circuit disconnects and flywheel 201,203 is rotated with fixed rate；And

3. generator, wherein electric energy is removed from system, flywheel 201,203 is caused to slow down.

·Flywheel is summarized

The major part of institute's storage energy in flywheel 201,203 storage systems.Because being input in the gross energy of system only Half is passed to each flywheel 201,203, so free wheels arrangement reduces the required size of axis 205.

·Bearing general introduction/chamber is summarized

All rotating elements of the system are all accommodated in the vacuum chamber 301 of shared evacuation, and by no friction , it is contactless, suspend superconducting bearing 303,305 be pivotably supported.Superconducting bearing 303,305 utilizes II type superconductor Flux pinning effect.It is made in the system since sole energy loss caused by rubbing be due to vacuum chamber is not absolute vacuum At windage loss.

·Superconductor field coil is summarized

In the motor/generator that the center of energy storage system is monopole comprising superconductor field coil 401, rotor 501, stator 601 and armature coil arrangement 701.Fig. 4 shows hompolar motor/generator sectional perspective view.

Superconductor field coil 401 provides permanent (constant) D.C. magnetic field, magnetized rotor 501.It is grasped when as generator When making, rotor 501 rotates, thus by 701 experience rotating excitation field of armature coil arrangement, so that armature winding 703 is in armature winding Voltage is generated in 703.When operating as motor, armature winding generates rotating excitation field, when it is moved to its magnetic aligning and rotation When turning the magnetic aligning alignment in magnetic field, torque is generated at rotor 501.

As used herein, term " permanent-magnetic field " refers to magnetic field orientating and intensity when superconduction field coil is motivated. Not changing the magnetic field of direction or intensity during machine operation is considered as " permanent ".

·Rotor is summarized

Rotor 501 is operably connected to flywheel 201,203, and is arranged to rotate around longitudinal axis L-A.Rotor 501 are made and coaxial with superconductor field coil 401 of solid iron or other suitable ferrimagnets.When rotor 501 When rotation, it is exposed to the stationary magnetic field from superconductor field coil 401.It seems permanent magnetism that this, which causes rotor 501 to show as it, Body is such, wherein the arctic at one end in the portion and South Pole on the other end.

·Stator is summarized

Rotor 501 rotates in stator 601.The radial outside of rotor 501 is arranged in stator 601.Stator 601 is by lamination Iron is made and provides low magnetic resistance magnetic flux path, so as to complete from the one end of rotor 501 to the other end from one group of salient angle to The magnetic circuit of another group of salient angle.Because rotor lobes 503,505 rotation offsets, the magnetic flux path by stator 601 are spirals Shape.Stator is arranged with lamination, to reduce magnetic resistance and to minimize eddy current, and therefore minimizes fever and loss.

·Armature coil arrangement is summarized

The armature coil arrangement 701 of annular surrounds the main body of rotor 501.Armature coil arrangement 701 include multiple armatures around Group 703.Armature coil arrangement 701 includes armature winding 703 made of twisted wire.Armature winding 703 is gone here and there in three circuits Connection connection is to receive and generate three phase power.

When as generator operation, the rotation of rotor 501 causes each armature winding to be led to by rotor lobes 503,505 It crosses, causes to generate voltage.When alternate one or more arctic salient angle 503 and one or more South Pole salient angle 505 are by each When armature winding 703, alternating voltage is generated in each armature winding 703.The electricity generated in the half of 703 side of armature winding Pressing element has the polarity opposite with the voltage generated in the other half of armature winding 703.Because 90 degree of rotor lobes offset ( In example as described herein), the voltage generated under rotor lobes is more much higher than the voltage that the place of not salient angle generates.In electricity The net voltage generated in each side of pivot winding 703 is the difference between the two voltages.

When operating as motor, alternating current is supplied to armature winding 703 to generate rotating excitation field.Rotor 501 Permanent magnet is remained, and generates torsion when rotor 501 rotates to be directed at its magnetic field with the rotating excitation field of armature winding 703 Square.

·Flywheel and axis-details

The embodiment of flywheel energy storage system 101 as shown in Figure 1 will be described in further detail now.

Two flywheels 201,203 separated are operably connected to rotor 501.The rigidly attached shaft of flywheel 201,203 205, and kinetic energy is mainly stored by flywheel 201,203, and is stored in lesser degree by axis 205 and other rotary parts. The symmetric configuration of flywheel 201,203 and hompolar motor/generator either side reduce needed for 205 size of axis because transmit into Only have half to be passed to each flywheel 201,203 in the energy of motor/generator out.The asymmetry of axis 205 be characterized in order to Assemble purpose.

In one exemplary embodiment, axis 205 is formed from steel.Axis 205 can be by any other material with proper strength Material is made, such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP).In one exemplary embodiment, flywheel 201,203 includes carbon fiber Enhance polymer (CFRP) material.CFRP is suitable for bearing under the high rotation speed of rotor and axis (such as 25,000 revs/min) Centripetal force.Flywheel 201,203 can be made of any other suitable material that can bear required power, such as high-yield strength material, Such as constantan (corronil).

In an alternative embodiment, single flywheel can be used.

·Bearing-details

Superconducting bearing 303,305 is passive and does not need as in the situation in the conventional contactless bearing of magnetism Magnetic field is generated with control system or energy input.

The tool of bearing 303,305 is there are two main part: rotary part, be rigidly attached to axis 205 and by one or Multiple permanent magnets are made；And stationary parts, it is rigidly attached to the wall of vacuum chamber 301 and by with II type superconduction system At one or more superconducting components constitute.One or more permanent magnets can be kicker magnet appropriate, such as neodymium magnet.Separately Outside, there are telescopic supporting pin (not shown), support shaft 205 between trial run period, and exist and keep superconducting component temperature The refrigeration machine of degree.

Bearing operation relies on the flux pinning effect being present in II type superconductor.This effect causes in the superconductor Electric current is generated, the variation in the magnetic field for surrounding and penetrating superconductor is prevented.

The rotary part of each bearing 303,305 has axially symmetric magnetic field.This means that the superconducting component of bearing is not The axial-rotation (because the rotation does not change magnetic field strength at superconductor or direction) of axis 205 is prevented, but will prevent to appoint What it is moved.

In one exemplary embodiment, the stationary parts of bearing has muti-piece superconductor, is enclosed with the arrangement of rotational symmetry Around rotary part.The variation for increasing and decreasing and being orientated of flux pinning effect resistance magnetic field strength.The arrangement of superconducting block is anticipated Taste each piece of support shaft 205.Bearing 303,305 is used as thrust and transverse bearing (they promote and determine axis 205).

Flywheel energy storage system 101 can be mounted in vertical orientation as shown in Figure 1 by axis 205.Vertically taking Xiang Zhong, two bearings 303,305 are contemplated for use as thrust bearing, and support the half weight of rotary part.Alternatively, flywheel energy Amount storage system 101 can be installed in different orientations, such as be horizontally oriented.

The rotary part of bearing with stationary parts radial separation, generates friction free bearing in all directions.For axis Trial operation is held, axis 205 is originally maintained in the center of bearing, is supported by telescopic supporting pin.Superconducting component is then in exposure Their operating temperature is cooled to during known as " field is cooling " when the magnetic field of magnet.Then supporting pin is removed, And flux pinning effect enable axis 205 suspend it is in place and around its axis without frictionally rotating.

The operating position of the cooling position setting shaft 205 in field.205 position of bearing holding shaft is as the cooling position in field.If axis 205 cooling periods on the scene were not aligned at the center of bearing correctly, then axis 205 will not will be properly aligned in use.This meaning Taste 205 position of axis position of related features rely on retractable supports pin position and independent of bear box.If axis 205 more leans on It is bordering on a side positioning of static parts of bearings, then the weight of axis 205 will not comparably be carried by all superconductor elements；Closer to The element cooling period on the scene at 205 center of axis will be exposed to higher field, and by the more weight of carrying axle 205.In test run Non axial rotation and axis that 205 operating position of axis is also applied to axis 205 without modifying the ability of operation hardware are modified between the departure date 205 axial translation.

Due to sufficiently large power, it is possible to overcome the flux pinning effect and after cooling of superconducting component after cooling Axis 205 is relocated, bearing will work at this point, as bearing is that progress field is cold when axis 205 is located at new position But, however this is not expected trial operation method.

The hot link of copper that the superconducting component of bearing 303,305 is rigidly attached to it via them and to carry out Conduction At Low Temperature cold But.Bearing 303,305 has than the higher conductive heater of superconductor field coil 401, because bearing 303,305 must will rotate The weight transmitting of component leads to big heat transfer path to the wall of vacuum chamber 301.Bearing 303,305 is relative to superconductor field wire Circle 401 is individually cooled down, because they can be operated at a relatively high temperature.

Any other suitable frictionless bearing can be used for being pivotably supported axis 205.Can also be used friction bearing so as to In suitable given application.

·Superconductor field coil-details

Superconductor field coil 401 is between stator 601 and rotor 501 in stator 601 and armature coil Under form shown between arrangement 701, and illustrated in greater detail in Fig. 5.Superconductor field coil 401 is axially located in armature The midpoint of coil arrangement 701.

In an alternative embodiment, superconductor field coil 401 is located between rotor 501 and armature coil arrangement 701.? In the embodiment, superconductor field coil 401 can be positioned substantially as shown in the figure, and armature coil arrangement 701 can shape and be Radially outwardly through superconductor field coil 401.Alternatively, superconductor field coil 401 can be located at the salient angle 503,505 of rotor 501 Between, and armature coil arrangement 701 can substantially shape as shown in the figure.

Superconductor field coil 401 is made of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material, and can be switched on and off.When superconductor field When coil 401 is switched on, it generates permanent D.C. magnetic field.Because superconductor field coil 401 is superconducting circuit, keep it is big forever The energy that long magnetic field only needs seldom to introduce, because coil has the smallest resistance or other losses, and is once motivated It is then actually passive.

In the exemplary embodiment, two dish types that superconductor field coil 401 is separated by passing through conductibility cooling ring 405 Annular superconducting coils 403 are wound to constitute.Cooling ring 405 is made of conductive material appropriate (such as copper).It can be used by conductibility The separated any amount of superconducting coil 403 of cooling ring 405.Coil 403 is concatenated to just generate additional field circuit.Because Circuit is superconduction, so DC current ad infinitum will continuously be flowed without deteriorating, as long as coil is held below critical-temperature To keep the superconductivity of material.The electric current continuously flowed forms constant and permanent magnetic field and increases to without additional energy The system, unlike the case where conventional coil magnet.It may with the Conventional coil magnet with same volume or weight The magnetic field of generation is compared, and superconduction field coil generates much bigger magnetic field, and can be by drawing electric current or heating from coil Superconductor and be turned off or weaken.

Superconductor field coil 401 includes suitable HTS material.A kind of illustrative superconductor field coil 401 includes ReBCO, and there are 24 circles.When full load operates, the superconductor field coil carries 317A to machine, in order to provide in total 7, 600 amperes-circle.Alternatively, coil 401 may include alternative HTS material, such as DI-BSCCO.Coil may also comprise difference The number of turns and different electric currents is carried in full load in order to provide required total ampere-circle.

The operating current of superconductor/critical current ratio is less than or equal to about 50%.Low operating current/critical current ratio Rate helps to reduce A.C.power loss, and the chance paused suddenly is minimized.

In one embodiment, coil 401 includes the conductor HTS material (for example, ReBCO) of the second generation (2G) coating.It should Material is provided with belt or strips, and including the thin desert of superconductor on band substrate.Illustrative 2G HTS material Material include be 60 microns of 4 millimeters, 5 millimeters, 10 millimeters or 12 mm widesOn 2 microns of superconducting layers.This So that the 2nd generation band of copper-clad dress has 12 millimeters × 0.1 millimeter of length-width ratio.

2G HTS superconductor material provides wide still very thin coil method, and it is close to handle very high magnetic field Degree.High field density provides high output power and high power-mass ratio.As described in greater detail below, system includes Electromagnetic shield 411/412.Electromagnetic shield weakens the alternating-current field from armature coil arrangement 701, and otherwise the alternating-current field can be led Cause the A.C.power loss in superconductor field coil 401.A.C.power loss can deteriorate the performance of superconductor field coil 401 and increase to system The cooling power demand of cold.The system further includes the lamination in stator 601, is arranged to the efficiency of offer system and easily grasps The property made.

Connection between adjacent superconducting coil 403 is low-resistance, but is not superconduction.Because above-mentioned, in magnet Electric current will have small deterioration after a period of time has passed when operation, and electric current will need external power supply to fill and lead up.

Superconductor field coil 401 is placed in cryostat chamber 407, and cold by 408 Conduction At Low Temperature of heat transfer member But, heat transfer member 408 is extended through the opening in stator 601 from refrigeration machine/vacuum chamber interface.The conduction of coil is cooling to be simplified Structure of the coil in stator 601, and insulation requirement is in vacuo reduced to just for radiation by coil receiving.

Field coil 401, which is cooled to low temperature, allows more current to flow without being prevented from superconductor, but needs to come From the more energy of the exponential growth of refrigeration machine.In order to maximize cooling efficiency, the superconductor field coil of high current is carried 401 is cooling by individual cooling system relative to bearing 303,305, which can operate at a relatively high temperature.Superconductor The exemplary operation temperature of field coil 401 is 50K.

Exemplary materials suitable for cryostat chamber 407 are stainless steels.Stainless steel has low thermal conductivity in cryogenic temperature, And its high reflectance prevents radiant heating.

Cryostat chamber 407 is pacified via from the port heat insulation support bar 427 (being shown in FIG. 2) outstanding in stator 601 It is attached to vacuum chamber 301.Compared with cryostat is mounted on stator 601, which reduce heat to transmit.

Cryostat chamber 407 is surrounded by heat-barrier material 409.Since superconductor field coil 401 and cryostat chamber 407 are hung Inside vacuum chamber 301, heat-barrier material 409 mainly completely cuts off superconductor field coil 401 and radiations heat energy.Illustratively every Hot material 409 is multilayer insulation (MLI) material, such as the polyamide film group by being coated on side or two sides with aluminium At.Illustrative MLI material is CAPLINQ Linqstat^TMPIT1N-Alum series material.

The alternating current being flowed into armature winding 703 generates alternating magnetic field.Superconductor field coil 401 is exposed to alternation Magnetic field will lead to the decrease of the heating of sluggish and eddy current and current carrying capacity, so that the size of generated permanent-magnetic field becomes It is small, and increase the heat demand to refrigeration machine.

To solve the above-mentioned problems, electromagnetic shield 411/412 is located at superconductor field coil 401 and armature coil arrangement Between 701.Electromagnetic shield weakens the alternating field from armature coil arrangement 701.Electromagnetic shield 411/412 is configured to limit Alternating field is from armature winding 703 by reaching superconductor field coil 401.Electromagnetic shield 411/412 is absorbed by rotor 501 Alternating magnetic field caused by rotation and/or the electric current advanced in armature winding 703, so that superconduction field coil 401 is exposed to most Small alternating-current field.Electromagnetic shield 411/412 absorbs alternating magnetic field and allowing to form eddy current.

In an illustrated embodiment, electromagnetic shield 411/412 is general toroidal main body made of Heat Conduction Material.When at this When observing on the axial direction of system, the electromagnetic shield main body of general toroidal can have any suitable cross-sectional shape. For example, the cross-sectional shape can be circle.Alternatively, cross-sectional shape can be the polygon of facet, for example, hexagon or Person's octagon.

U-shaped channel 412 is for accommodating coil 403 and heat-barrier material 409.Heat-barrier material 409 is arranged in cryostat chamber 407 Between U-shaped channel 412.In one embodiment, the main purpose of U-shaped channel is for accommodating coil 403, and U-shaped is logical The bottom part 413 in road 412 is lined with the electromagnetic shield 411 with rectangular cross section, is shown in broken lines in Fig. 5.In the reality It applies in example, U-shaped channel 412 can be made of stainless steel.Electromagnetic shield 411 is made of copper product.In alternative embodiments, electromagnetism Shielding part can be made of other low resistivity materials, such as gold or silver.

In an alternative embodiment, U-shaped channel 412 can be formed by suitable low resistivity material, so as to U-shaped channel 412 for realizing receiving coil 403 and heat-barrier material 409 and as the dual purpose of electromagnetic shield.Equally, U-shaped channel 412 can substantially be ring-shaped, and can have the cross-sectional shape for electromagnetic shield 411 in above-outlined.The institute in figure In the embodiment shown, U-shaped channel 412 is electromagnetic shield, and does not use individual electromagnetic shield 411.

There are three parts 413,415,417 for the tool of U-shaped channel 412 shown in Fig. 5.Annular body 413 is located in superconductor The radially inner side of field coil 401 and the armature coil for being positioned adjacent to annular body 413 arrange that the diameter of 701 a part is outside Side mainly prevents the current induced magnetic field in armature winding 703.

First annular end wall 415 be located at the first end of annular body 413 or adjacent rings main body 413 first End and the second annular end wall 417 is located at the opposed second ends of annular body 413 or adjacent rings main body 413 Opposed second ends.First end wall 415 and the second end wall 417 extend radially outwardly from annular body 413 so as in superconductor Extend at least part of the end of field coil 401.In an illustrated embodiment, 415 He of the first end wall of U-shaped channel 412 Second end wall 417 extends on the entire end of superconductor field coil 401.First end wall 415 and the second mainly protection of end wall 417 Prevent the influence by magnetic field in stator 601.First end wall 415 and the second end wall 417 are optionally, because in stator 601 Magnetic field is substantially direct current, and lower than in the alternating current magnetic field as caused by the electric current in armature winding.

In wherein alternate embodiment of the superconductor field coil 401 between rotor 501 and armature coil 601, ring Shape main body 413 is located at the radial outside of superconductor field coil 401 and is located in the radial direction of a part of armature coil arrangement 701 Inside.

In the embodiment that wherein superconductor field coil 401 substantially positions as shown in the figure, armature coil arrangement 701 at Shape is radially outwardly through superconductor field coil 401, and electromagnetic shield will need neighbouring essentially around superconductor field coil 401 The part of armature coil arrangement 701.Suitable electromagnetic shield 412 includes the annular body 413 and the first end wall of U-shaped configuration 415 and second end wall 417.

Between the salient angle 503,505 that wherein superconductor field coil 401 is located at rotor 501 and armature coil arranges 701 In the embodiment substantially shaped as shown in the figure, there is the electromagnetic shield similar to 411 shape of shielding part can be properly 's.

Superconductor field coil 401 will be motivated between the trial run period of machine, and may need during operation small Continuous current, or filled and led up once in a while to total current.This is because from neighbouring coil 403 and electromagnetic shield 411/ Connection defect between 412 and the loss generated.In embodiment as shown in Figure 2, trial operation and maintenance electric current are by electric current Lead 421 provides, and selectively motivates superconductor field coil 401.Illustrative current feed includes copper current supply cable. However, copper cable generates the big heat-transfer path supplied from cryogenic superconductor to environment power.In alternative embodiments, trial operation It is provided with maintenance electric current by superconduction flux pump.Power is wirelessly transmitted to cryogenic temperature from environment by the flux pump, and by function Rate passes through 301 wall of vacuum chamber, without feedthrough, reduces the heat load on the refrigeration machine of superconductor field coil.

·Flux pump

The superconduction flux pump that type is disclosed in WO 2016/024214 can be used to motivate superconductor field coil.Its specification Content be incorporated herein in its entirety from there through the mode of reference.

Superconduction flux pump generates physical connection of the electric current without arriving circuit using electromagnetic induction in superconducting circuit. Term " flux pump " includes the device of broad range, persistent volumetric magnetization is caused in big superconductor, or produce The raw net current around superconducting circuit flowing.

Figure 11 A shows the schematic diagram of the exemplary superconduction flux pump disclosed in WO 2016/024214.The superconduction magnetic flux Pump is used to motivate superconductor field coil 401, and superconductor field coil 401 forms a part of superconducting circuit 920, is encapsulated in true In plenum chamber 301.Superconducting circuit 920 includes that superconducting coil 403 and one or more superconducting components 901, superconducting component 901 are set It sets near flux pump stator yoke 915 or part is arranged in flux pump stator yoke 915.Superconducting circuit is encapsulated in cryostat (not Show) in and be cooled to superconducting temperature.

Flux pump includes at least one magnetic flux pump rotor 911 and magnetic flux pump stator 921, they are separated by gap 906, The wall 930 of vacuum chamber 301 extends through gap 906.The outside of vacuum chamber 301 is arranged in magnetic flux pump rotor 911, and The inside of vacuum chamber 301 is arranged in magnetic flux pump stator 921.Magnetic flux pump rotor 911 at least partly includes ferromagnetism yoke 916, with And magnetic flux pump stator 921 at least partly includes ferromagnetism yoke 915.The size in gap 906 is that the magnetic field of magnetic flux pump rotor 911 generates Minimum range between element 912a, 912b and the superconducting component 901 of magnetic flux pump stator 921.

Flux pump includes one or more field generating element 912a, the 912b carried by magnetic flux pump rotor 911, to mention For penetrating the magnetic flux of superconducting component 901 relevant to magnetic flux pump stator 921 across gap 906.911 He of magnetic flux pump rotor This of magnetic flux pump stator 921 ferromagnetism yoke 915,916 is collectively formed the magnetic loop of low magnetic resistance, to by field generating element The magnetic flux that 912a, 912b are generated provides path, across gap 906 and to penetrate superconducting component 901, then returnes to magnetic flux Pump rotor yoke 916 without penetrating superconducting circuit 920 for the second time.

In one embodiment, stator yoke 915 includes ferromagnetism protruding portion 922a, 922b of concentrated magnetic flux, is located in The opposite of field generating element 912a, 912b.

Superconducting component 901 is surpassed at this by the gap 906 between magnetic flux pump rotor 911 and magnetic flux pump stator 921 Guiding element 901 is exposed to by the magnetic flux line 940 of field generating element 912a, 912b concentration provided.In an illustrated embodiment, Superconducting component 901 enters gap 906 first around magnetic flux pump stator 921, then passes through the shape in flux pump stator yoke 915 At exit opening 923 leave gap 906.Therefore superconducting component 901 is not in one direction but in the other directions in magnetic Lead between field generating element 912a, 912b of logical pump rotor 911 and ferromagnetism protruding portion 922a, 922b of magnetic flux pump stator 921 It crosses.Exit opening perhaps hole 923 include higher reluctance region its enable superconducting component 901 in low opposite magnetic fields or Do not have to leave magnetic flux pump stator 921 in the case of opposite magnetic fields.Then it reenters gap after through another opening 923 906, and gap is left from the opposite end of magnetic flux pump stator 921.

Magnetic flux pump rotor 911 is driven by electric motor 913.When field generating element 912a, 912b move through flux pump When ferromagnetism protruding portion 922a, 922b of stator 921, it is applied to the magnetic flux at 901 surface of superconducting component and is greater than B_pen, wherein B_penIt is that the magnetic flux of superconductor penetrates and required minimum applies magnetic field.When field generating element 912a, 912b are relative to superconducting component When 901 movement, magnetic flux whirlpool enters the side of superconducting component 901, and then leaves from the other side.This causes through superconduction member The net flow of the magnetic flux line 940 of part 901 causes net current to be pumped around superconducting circuit 920, thus motivates superconductor field Coil 401.

Figure 11 B shows the cross section of a part of the embodiment of superconduction flux pump.Magnetic flux pump rotor 911 is driven by motor 913 It is dynamic so as to rotated around axis 914 and field generating element 912a, 912b are scanned by magnetic flux pump stator 921 so that It obtains magnetic flux line 940 and passes through superconducting component 901, therefore driving current is flowed around superconducting circuit 920.

·Rotor-details

Fig. 3 shows rotor 501.Rotor 501 include main body 502, the main body 502 have at the first end of main body or Towards at least one first salient angle 503 of the first end of main body and at the opposed second ends of main body or towards main body At least one second salient angle 505 of opposed second ends.Preferably, rotor have two or more first salient angles and two or More second salient angles are in order to provide rotational symmetry.First salient angle 503 is from 505 rotation offset of the second salient angle, so that extending Plane across the first salient angle 503 is non-co-planar with the plane for extending through the second salient angle 505.In an illustrated embodiment, rotor 501 each end includes two salient angles for being separated from each other 180 degree.The salient angle of first end is inclined from the rotation of the salient angle of the second end Move 90 degree.In alternative embodiments, it may be present one, three, four or more in each end or towards each end A salient angle.

About 90 degree of salient angle electric deflection (in phase time), in order to provide the required magnetic flux path for passing through armature winding 703. In the rotor embodiment for including three, four or more salient angles, salient angle is by about 90 degree of electric deflection, in order to provide armature is passed through The required magnetic flux path of winding 703.For alternative armature coil arrangement, it may be necessary to the electric deflection of different degrees.

Rotor 501 is fixedly attached to axis 205, and concentric with superconductor field coil 401.In an exemplary embodiment In, the material of rotor 501 includes iron or other suitable ferrimagnets.In alternative embodiments, can be used has height The other materials of magnetic conductivity and high saturation field, such as ferrocobalt.Other ferrimagnets can also be used, but may not provide Optimal result.

When rotor 501 rotates, the magnetic flux as caused by superconductor field coil 401 in rotor 501 is due to superconductor field The axially symmetric magnetic field of coil 401 and intensity and orientation on be constant.This causes rotor 501 to show as it One piece of permanent magnet is such.Mean there is no induced current in rotor 501 in the constant flux in rotor 501, and does not therefore have Lead to the heating of energy loss.Therefore, rotor 501 does not need to be stacked.The rotor lobes 503,505 at portion cause at either end Magnetic field outside rotor 501 is rotated with rotor 501.

One end of rotor 501 will effectively become magnetic north pole, and the arctic with superconductive permanent magnet is aligned by this.Separately One end will be south magnetic pole.

When being combined with stator 601, the minimum reluctance path of magnetic loop is along rotor 501 (parallel with axis 205), then Radially away by arctic salient angle 503, across small flux gap 602, and pass through stator tooth 615 or armature winding 703 Into stator 601；It is directed along rotor lobes 503,505.Inside stator 601, magnetic loop surrounds superconduction field coil 401 It is external extend, then radially inwards through stator tooth 615 or armature winding 703, across flux gap 602 and in the South Pole Rotor 501 is backed at salient angle 505.

Rotor lobes 503,505 are arranged so that magnetic loop at any time at a position just through armature coil cloth Set each of 701 parallel middle sections.The middle section of armature coil arrangement 701 is never simultaneously by arctic rotor lobes 503 Pass through with South Pole rotor lobes 505.

In an illustrated embodiment, there are two arctic salient angles 503 and two South Pole salient angles 505, South Pole salient angle is from the arctic Salient angle deviates 90 degree, therefore armature winding 703 is handed at the axially different position along winding by arctic salient angle and South Pole salient angle Alternately pass through above.

·Stator-details

Stator 601 around armature coil arrangement 701 it is corresponding with rotor subject 502 and salient angle 503,505 at least one Middle section.With reference to Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B, stator 601 includes first end part 603, is associated with the first salient angle 503 of rotor Or specifically it is located in the radial outside of the first salient angle 503 of rotor；The second end part 605, the second salient angle 505 with rotor It is associated with and is specifically located in 505 radial outside of the second salient angle of rotor；And bridge portion 607, in the first end of stator 601 Extend between portion part 603 and the second end part 605.

First end part 603 and the second end part 605 include multiple laminations 609, are arranged so that magnetic flux can Advance (the arrow RA in Figure 10 A and Figure 10 B) radially and axially.Bridge portion 607 includes multiple laminations 621, is arranged to It allows magnetic flux in the curved path around the bridge portion 607 between first end part 603 and the second end part 605 It advances in (the arrow AP in Figure 10 A and Figure 10 B).

End sections 603,605 and the outer diameter having the same of bridge portion 607.The internal diameter of bridge portion is greater than first end part 603 and the second end part 605 internal diameter.This provides recess portion 631, is located in the radially inner side of bridge portion and by bridge portion It is limited with the end sections of stator 601.In an illustrated embodiment, superconductor field coil 401 and electromagnetic shield 412, which are located at, is somebody's turn to do In recess portion 631.

The radially inward edge of the lamination of first end part 603 and the second end part 605 is limited for receiving armature line The hole of circle arrangement 701.The part of armature winding 703 is arranged to folded with first end part 603 and the second end part 605 The radially inward edge of layer contacts or is in close proximity to the radial inner edge of the lamination of first end part 603 and the second end part 605 Edge, to provide the high efficiency of transmission of magnetic flux between rotor 501 and stator 601.

In an illustrated embodiment, the radially inward edge limit of the lamination of first end part 603 and the second end part 605 It is scheduled on the tooth 615 extended between armature winding 703.In alternative embodiments, first end part 603 and the second end part The radially inward edge of 605 lamination limits other geometries for receiving armature coil arrangement, such as circular hole.

The armature winding 703 of armature coil arrangement 701 is located in the limit of the hole in the end sections 603,605 by stator It is provided between rotor lobes 503,505 and the first end part 603 and the second end part 605 of stator between fixed tooth Very small flux gap.This makes it possible the high efficiency of transmission of the magnetic flux between rotor 501 and stator 601.

Pass through the magnetic flux path of stator 601 due to rotor lobes 503,505 with reference to Fig. 6 A, Fig. 6 B, Figure 10 A and Figure 10 B FP is spiral.Magnetic flux path FP enters stator 601 at the position close to arctic rotor lobes 503, then surrounds stator 601 advance to leave stator 601 near South Pole rotor lobes 505.Lamination 609,621 in stator 601 reduces flux path The vortex and magnetic resistance of diameter FP.In first end part 603 and the second end part 605, magnetic flux path FP is easy in radial side Outside is advanced to from the inside of stator 601 upwards, but is restricted in circumferential direction.In bridge portion 607, magnetic flux path It is easy to advance in circumferential direction, and is moved with spiral shape around stator 601, but be restricted in radial directions.Magnetic Path is axially advanced in all parts 603,605,607 of stator 601.

Stator 601 is cooled down by conduction.Because it is in vacuo, convection current is impossible, so cooling is pacified by stator Dress seat 623 (Fig. 1) is cooling to the conduction of vacuum chamber and is that the cooling conduction of liquid is cooling from armature winding 703 Combination.In one embodiment, stator 601 is that liquid is cooling.

The first end part 603 and the second end part 605 of stator respectively include the lamination 609 of multiple substantially flats, It is orientated both axially and radially.End sections 603,605 are by the approximate wedge shape of multiple laminations or trapezoidal component 611 and multiple The formation of lamination block 613.Laminated component 611 replaces with lamination block 613.Any appropriate number of component 611 and block 613 can be used.

In an alternative embodiment, the part (but being not all of) in laminated component 611 and the part in lamination block 613 (but being not all of) alternating.

At least portion at least partly having in relatively long radial dimension and lamination block 613 in laminated component 611 Dividing has relatively short radial dimension.In one embodiment, all laminated components 611 all have relatively long radial dimension, All lamination blocks 613 all have relatively short radial dimension.Radial dimension is in first end part 603 and the second end part Multiple teeth 615 and slot 617 are provided at 605 radially inward edge.The winding of armature coil arrangement 701 is accommodated in slot, therefore They are in close proximity to field coil 401, so that rotor lobes 503,505 are in close proximity to field coil 401.

Lamination 621 in bridge portion 607 is concentric annular laminated, is arranged so that magnetic flux can pass through bridge portion 607 advance in the spirality path of the other end 605 from one end of stator 603 to stator.Lamination arrangement in bridge portion At allow magnetic flux to advance around stator 601 about 90 degree and along stator 601 length traveling, in order to provide from rotor Magnetic flux path FP of one of first salient angle 503 to one of the second salient angle 505 of rotor.Stationary part 603,605,607 is by low magnetic The lamination of resistance material is made.Illustrative material includes iron.Laminated component 611 and lamination block 613 can be from commercially available asphalt mixtures modified by epoxy resin The lamination block machining of rouge bonding, the block of such as Japanese steel 10JNEX900 cohesive bond.Alternatively, laminated component 611 and folded Layer block 613 can pass through the formation of lamination 609 of the required quantity of institute made of bonding suitable material.Bridge portion 607 can pass through package Laminated sheet and constitute, as between layers with adhesive spool, until obtain needed for radial thickness.These spiral shapes Lamination be the effective use in space, and be more easily manufactured than concentric loop.Alternatively, bridge portion 607 can be by concentric lamination Ring formed.

Exemplary materials suitable for the lamination 621 in laminated component 611, lamination block 613 and bridge portion 607 are 0.1 millimeter Thick JFE steel Super Core^TM10JNEX900.This material has in the field of 1T and the saturation of 1 khz frequency and 1.8T The core loss of 10W/kg under magnetic field.This material has low-down power loss and high efficiency.In alternative embodiments, Steel plate sheet material can be used.The stator design relatively simply constructs and reduces the materials'use in stator and loss.

Laminated component 611, lamination block 613 and bridge portion 607 adhesively bond and use surrounding portion (if necessary) 603,605,607 one or more the progress band bindings extended are to form stator 601.

The arrangement of stator lamination 609,621 allows magnetic flux path FP to be helically advanced through bridge portion, ensures simultaneously The magnetic flux line at flux gap between rotor and stator 601 is perpendicular to armature winding 703.It is important for magnetic flux line It is perpendicular to the winding of armature coil arrangement 701, to realize hompolar motor/generator maximal efficiency.Because of rotor pole quilt Offset 90 degree, need spirality path, thus from arctic rotor pole to the path of South Pole rotor pole have to be around stator 601 and It advances 90 degree along its length.

·Armature arrangement-details

Fig. 7 A and Fig. 8 A show the illustrative double-deck armature coil arrangement 701.Armature coil arrangement 701 includes by being twisted Thread armature winding 703 has the liquid cooling tube and full transposition copper strand wire of insertion.Armature coil arrangement 701 has Cylindrical middle section 705 is located between two widened opposite end portions 707,709.Middle section 705 is located at fixed In the central indentation of son 601.Widened end sections 707,709 are located on the outside of the central indentation of stator 601.

What armature winding 703 was formed in the middle section 705 of armature coil arrangement 701 and by superconductor field coil 401 Magnetic field is parallel, therefore this will not generate the power acted on line in conjunction with the electric current for flowing into armature winding 703.

When as generator operation, the rotation of rotor 501 causes each armature winding 703 by rotor lobes 503,505 Pass through above.Because salient angle 503,505 is by rotation offset, any moment each armature winding 703 is only by magnetic north pole salient angle 503 Any one of both (generating voltage in the windings) or south magnetic pole salient angle 505 (generating backward voltage in the windings) exist Top passes through.When alternate north and south poles salient angle passes through above each armature winding 703, in each armature winding 703 Middle generation alternating voltage.

It, can be with the cooling electricity of liquid since stator 601 is located in vacuum and may be insufficient via the conduction of stator 601 cooling Pivot winding 703.Armature winding 703 is connected to six power feedthroughs devices 423, enables current to from vacuum chamber 301 Internal flow is to the outside of vacuum chamber 301.Three pairs of power feedthroughs devices 423 correspond to the three-phase of AC power.Power feedthroughs Device is connected to armature coil arrangement 701 in the end of armature winding 711.

Liquid cooling tube reaches the pump outside vacuum chamber 301 by individual feedthrough device 425.

Vacuum is applied to vacuum chamber 301 by port 302 (Fig. 2).

As shown in Figure 8 A, armature coil arrangement 701 can be the double-layer structure using diamond-type coil.Each coil is phase With, and the series connection of multiple coils is to form single-phase armature winding 703.In three-phase windings, coil sum 1/3 series connection with Just it is formed each single-phase.Because there are two slots for mutually each pole every in this embodiment, two coils for giving phase can be such as Fig. 8 B Shown in connected.The relative position of the north and south poles of the rotor under a time point is shown respectively in N and S.A, B and C generation Three, table electric phases.

Armature winding 703 is extremely connected with coil down other to form phase, and all windings are all with the connection of correct polarity.

Alternatively, armature winding 703 can be concatenated waveform winding, wherein single-phase all windings are all from single length Cable constitute, as seen in fig. 8 c.Single cooling path suitable for each phase, which can provide into, makes liquid pumping pressure and temperature Degree, which rises, to be acceptable.Otherwise, cooling path may be logically divided into two or more pieces circuit.A_SAnd A_FIt is opening for the cable of the length Begin and terminate, wherein conducting wire will be connected.

Armature winding 703 is arranged so that different rotor lobes 503,505 pass through the different armatures in same circuit Winding 703 is to generate from the one end of armature winding 703 to the voltage of the other end.Armature winding 703 is arranged in armature coil Part in 701 middle section 705 is parallel on the longitudinally or axially direction of equipment to be extended each other.Every armature around In group circuit, armature winding 703 from the arctic be to the South Pole be attached partially to armature winding 703 further around stator 90 degree of the part from the South Pole to the arctic, so as to generation all arc in phase and in a same direction along armature winding Line.

As shown in Figure 8 A, adjacent armature winding 703 is arranged so that the part and the portion of adjacent winding of a winding Divide and is overlapped in radial directions.The part of two overlappings is respectively positioned in a slot 617 in stator 601.

There are three armature winding circuits, they are identical, but around armature coil arrange 701 (electrically) that 120 degree of this rotation offset is to receive and generate three phase power.

Salient angle and/or tooth with different number and be also possible around the alternative designs of group format.For example, Fig. 7 B The single layer armature coil arrangement layout 701A of light weight is shown.In this configuration, stator 601 can not have tooth 615 and recess portion 617. On the contrary, the part of the armature winding 703 in the middle section 705 that armature coil arranges layout 701A will be located immediately adjacent in fixed The wall of the central indentation of son 601.

In another example of alternative designs, armature winding can be it is spiral, and magnetic flux can enclose stator traveling About 0 degree.Compared with armature winding shown in the figure, the manufacture of spiral shape armature winding is increasingly complex.

Fig. 9 A and Fig. 9 B show the rotor 501 and stator 601 arranged by the armature coil for being respectively adapted to Fig. 7 A and Fig. 7 B Corresponding 2D magnetic flux path.

Figure 10 A and Figure 10 B show the 3D diagram of the magnetic flux path FP of the armature coil arrangement 701 by Fig. 7 A.

Any other suitable armature coil arrangement and winding configuration can be used.

Alternating current is added to system rather than draws alternating current from system and monopole machine is made to be used as motor, convexity Angle 503,505 is attracted and is repelled by the electric current formed rotating excitation field in armature winding 703.

·The use of equipment

Figure 12 A and Figure 12 B graphically show flywheel energy storage system 101 electric train system (such as Iron) in exemplary application.Power is supplied to electric train system via supply lines.For line voltage of powering, keep In given opereating specification so as to the electric current in armature winding 703 is maintained at them design value in be advantageous.For example, In order to generate given torque value, will be necessary to carry bigger electric current in armature winding 703 when voltage is low.Big electric current Also lead to bigger pressure drop in supply lines.On the other hand, it is exhausted will to impact armature winding 703 for the voltage more much higher than design value Edge, and will lead to the accelerated ageing of electrical isolation.

Power supply line voltage is monitored by suitable control system.Control system is configured to when detection power supply line voltage is reduced to Lower than predetermined under-voltage trigger value, and line voltage of when powering is more than predetermined overvoltage trigger value.Control System is configured to control flywheel energy storage system 101.

Figure 12 A shows the response of the electric train system when train leaves station.In the example shown, the train is 20 Up to 80,000 ms/h are accelerated to from 0,000 ms/h in the time of second.When train accelerates, power is drawn from supply lines, The voltage on supply lines is caused to decline.When line drop of powering is as low as under-voltage trigger value (such as 11,000V) are lower than, control Flywheel energy storage system 101 is connected to supply lines as homopolar generator by system.Kinetic energy from flywheel 201,203 is by list The generator of pole is transformed into electric energy and increases to supply lines to prevent power supply line voltage from further declining.Because energy from fly Wheel 201,203 is drawn, so the rotation speed 201,203 of flywheel reduces.

Once train is under full speed, then the power that it draws from supply lines reduces and power supply line voltage is increased above The level (such as 12,000V) of under-voltage trigger value.Control system detects above-mentioned and disconnects flywheel energy storage system 101 Connection.The relatively low velocity backspin that flywheel 201,203 is maintained at new turns, until another train leaves station (wherein flywheel energy Amount storage system 101 will be again used as generator, and the rotation speed of flywheel 201,203 will further decrease), Huo Zhezhi Get to the station to another train (wherein flywheel energy storage system 101 will be used as regenerative braking motor and flywheel 201, 203 rotation speed will increase, as described in more detail below like that.)

Figure 12 B shows the response of the electric train system when train gets to the station.In the example shown, train was at 20 seconds Time in speed from 80,000 ms/h be reduced to 0,000 ms/h.When train deceleration, the energy from regeneration brake system It is added to supply lines, the voltage on supply lines is caused to increase.When power supply line voltage increase above overvoltage trigger value (such as 13,000V) when, flywheel energy storage system 101 is connected to supply lines as hompolar motor by control system.From supply lines Electric energy is changed into the kinetic energy in flywheel 201,203 by hompolar motor, draws energy from train, is slowed down train and is increased flywheel 201,203 rotation speed.

Once train stops, no longer increasing to supply lines and add energy, and line voltage of powering drops below overvoltage touching The level of hair value.Control system detects connection that is above-mentioned and disconnecting flywheel energy storage system 101.Flywheel 201,203 is protected It holds and another train is rotated up with new fast speed gets to the station that (wherein flywheel energy storage system 101 will be again used as Motor, and the rotation speed of flywheel 201,203 will be further increased), or (wherein fly until a new train leaves station Wheel energy storage system 101 will be used as generator, and the rotation speed of flywheel 201,203 will reduce, as described above).

·Trial operation

For system trial run, vacuum chamber 301 is applied vacuum to.Then superconducting bearing 303,305, superconductor field wire Circle 401 and flux pump (if you are using) are refrigerated to their corresponding operating temperature.Using by ampere wires 421 and/ Or electric current provided by flux pump, motivate superconductor field coil.Ampere wires 421 and/or flux pump can be used for when needed by Electric current is filled and led up to provide to system.

·Illustrative machine parameter and performance

Following content describes the parameter and performance of flywheel energy storage system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.It is retouched The exemplary parameter stated not is intended that restrictive.Select flywheel energy storage using the kinetic energy of 9MJ for storage.Horse Up to/generator machine is coupled to flywheel and rated power is 500 kilowatts.Its demand is summarised in table 1.

Table 1: for the demand using exchange hompolar motor/generator rotary machine flywheel energy storage device

The machine is designed using following hypothesis:

A) rotary machine is that there are four the synchronous AC monopolar types of pole for tool；

B) field coil is located in stator, and winds from HTS (ReBCO or DI-BSCCO)；

C) for ReBCO 50K and for DI-BSCCO in the work temperature suitable for HTS winding of 30K Degree；

D) field coil uses suitable commercially available cryocooled；

E) armature on stator is the three-phase windings using suitable twisted copper wires cable；

F) current density that armature winding has is 3A/ millimeters²(totality) and 6A/ millimeters²(in copper)；

G) armature winding is that liquid is cooling；

H) rotor is made of the magnet of high magnetic permeability；

I) stator lamination is the Japanese JNEX-Core (model 10JNEX900) of expected 0.1 millimeters thick for reducing iron loss.

It is summarized in table 2 using preliminary between single layer (SL) 701A and the machine of 701 armature coil of bilayer (DL) arrangement Compare.Two machines are designed to generate 500 kilowatts under 3 phases line voltages of 830V to 900V.SL machine on total length more It is short and lighter than DL machine.But DL machine ratio SL machine is more effective and uses the ReBCO line of length much shorter (for SL For 185 meters, 54 meters for DL).It is lower that this makes DL machine construct cost compared with SL machine.Table 2 also arranges The preliminary component weight of this two machines out；DL machine ratio SL machine weighs 27%.If being indifferent to size and weight, DL design It is an advantage over the more preferable design of SL design.

The Preliminary design of table 2:SL and DL machine

The twisted wire (litz wire) with cooling tube of armature winding 703 for armature coil arrangement 701 has basic The cross section of upper rectangle has the stainless steel liquid cooling tube for extending therethrough with the heart.The total cross-section of each wire turn is 10 Millimeter × 12 millimeters, and stainless steel tube at center have 5 millimeters of diameter.The total cross-section of twisted cable is equal to single The total cross-section of 1/0 conductor of AWG.More details provide in table 3.

Table 3: twisted wire parameter

On the length of tube (2.3 meters) for being equal to two series coils (overlapping winding), the constant stream speed of 1 meter per second is only passed through Go through the pressure drop of 6.7kPa.Water temperature increases about 1.2K.Based on the data, it is possible to which all coils of phase can connect to be formed Single cooling circuit suitable for each phase.It is 1.2 thousand that all-in resistance in whole armature coils, which is lost when carrying nominal load, Watt.

The performance data of the summary machine of table 4.The performance of 360A full-load current is calculated under the sluggishness of power factor 0.99. The factor of power sluggishness is conservative estimation value.The more accurate value of power factor can be designed based on power electronic inverters to be determined. It is 1.34 degree with the associated angles of loading of terminal voltage, this is very small angle.However, due to lacking fixed terminal electricity Pressure, the value of angles of loading are not important.It is 1.14pu in the induced voltage during full load: than the nominal electricity at machine terminal It presses high by 14%.If it loses load when carrying full load suddenly, the higher voltage can be undergone at machine terminal.

The nominal axis torque of machine is 208Nm.But during short circuit at machine terminal, torque will be added to 1487Nm. Therefore, armature spindle 205 and armature coil arrange that 701 mechanical supports may be designed to the acceptable margin of safety (for example, at least Factor of safety for 2) bear the torque.Attraction between rotor and stator under solid magnetic pole for 9282N and It is 246N under hollow magnetic pole.

Table 4: calculated performance

Table 4 also lists various loss components when machine carrying full load.Stator core loss and armature winding resistance damage Consumption is two very important components.

Low-temperature cooling system power is estimated as 1.36 kilowatts based on the refrigeration machine COP for being 21 in 50K.By manufacturer The chiller system of selection can have different COP.In addition, being suitable for the heat load calculating of HTS coil can be different, because They depend on type, its structure and the interface with room temperature system of HTS coil.Based on this done it is assumed that bearing entirely The total losses of load are 4.4 kilowatts, generate 99.2% efficiency.

Superconduction machine usually undergoes significant loss under zero load operation.For example, if field current is maintained at its full load Under operating value, then machine heat load (subcolling condenser power) and core loss will remain unchanged and total losses will be 3.2 Kilowatt.However, if field current is turned off during long-term unloaded operation, it is unique that component (subcolling condenser power is lost Loss) it will be less than 1.36 kilowatts.

When flywheel turns and the storage energy within the quite a long time, field current be will be off.For example, if When field current is opened, flywheel is being rotated, then the core loss undergone in stator lamination mentions the energy stored from flywheel For.This will slow down flywheel.

It will be applied for individual manufacturer ability suitable for the design scheme of armature as described above and field winding and practice institute Well known technology.Because above-mentioned, the result reported herein may be preliminary.However, the parameter reported herein helps to set Target and for designing electronics, cooling and other subsystem interfaces.Hereinafter only the design of DL armature winding is described.

Table 2 summarizes the design of flywheel machine, and secondary series is related to DL structure.The machine is designed to produce under the line voltage of 866V It is 535 kilowatts raw.Corresponding phase current is 360 A when sluggish with power factor 0.99.The motor/generator of monopole has respectively There are 455 millimeters of axial length and 438 millimeters of diameter.The design that these sizes meet table 1 is guided.Individually machine mass is 467 kilograms.Total machine mass with low-temperature cooling system is 516 kilograms.The numerical value of these quality can be according to selected machine Tool hardware and cooling system change.99.2% is estimated as in the efficiency of nominal load, this machine.

When machine full load operation, ReBCO field coil has 24 circles and carries 317A.Different superconductors is available It is equal to or more than total ampere-circle of 7,600 (~24 × 317) in generation.In addition, operation electric current (the I of superconductor_o)/critical Electric current (I_c) ratio preferably lower than or equal to~50%.

Armature coil on stator arranges the double-layer overlapping winding using single-turn circular coil.Every mutually each great have two A coil sides lead to 8 coils of every phase (being equal to 8 circles/phase).Machine part weight estimated value is also included in table 2.

Table 5 includes machine parameter, these parameters are used to calculate the machine performance under different loads and operating condition, with And for it to be connect with inverter interface.Parameter is indicated with per unit value；Referring to 1.39 ohm of base impedance.Due to Small the air gap between rotor and stator, the synchronous reactance of this machine are very low.Small synchronous reactance is usually to machine Stable operation on power grid is helpful.However, small value also established during the suddenly-applied short circuit of field coil it is very big Fault current.It should be noted that this aspect during inverter design.Unloaded and full load field current is 278A and 317A respectively. Field coil should be designed to be about 2 I_c/I_oCarry 317A.It should be noted, however, that if full load operation this Platform machine loses load suddenly, then armature voltage will rise to 1.14pu (=866*1.14=987V-rms).Because being difficult to fast Change HTS field wire loop current fastly, so voltage will carry out electrical modulation in inverter.

Table 5: machine parameter

In the case that winding on the scene disconnects suddenly, 0.36 ohm of resistor can be used to discharge.This will be applied across field The 100V of coil terminals and provide the discharge time constant of 2.7ms.Manufacturer may be selected different discharging resistor value or It is suitble to the different protection schemes of HTS Winding Design.

Preferred embodiment provides compact and light-weight device, with very high torque/weight and electrical efficiency.It is a kind of Possible application is to be used as both motor and generator, and be integrated in the high speed flywheel for energy stores as machine Together.The system can be used on mobile asset (such as locomotive and automobile), not only as the method for energy regenerating but also be used for fast The energy conveying of speed.Alternatively, flywheel energy storage system can play the role of battery, for storing extra solar energy and wind It can be in case be used in the poor stage of energy production later.

HTS field coil makes it possible to realize compact and light-weight machine.Exchange monopolar synchronous machine topological structure makes High rotation speed can be realized by eliminating demand to effective rotating coil, and simplify low-temperature cooling system to mention High system reliability, making it is ideal for high power applications.It is constructed using conventional copper rotor excitation coil this Machine will come significant challenge, and the rated power that the size of such machine will be restricted to only several kilowatts to cooling zone. It can however, becoming specified million watts of machine and replacing DC fields excitation coil with suitable superconductor coil Energy.

Described above is exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and without departing from the present invention can to its into Row modification.

Claims

1. flywheel energy storage system comprising:

Flywheel；And

Monopole machine comprising:

Rotor is operably connected to flywheel and is arranged to be rotated about longitudinal axes, and rotor includes main body, the main body At least one first salient angle with the first end at the first end of main body or towards main body, and the phase in main body To at least one second salient angle of the opposed second ends at the second end or towards main body, wherein one or more are first convex Angle is from one or more second salient angle rotation offsets；

Stator, around at least part of armature coil arrangement, which is arranged around rotor subject, wherein stator packet The associated first end part of the first salient angle of one or more with rotor is included, is associated with the second salient angle of one or more of rotor The second end part, and the bridge portion extended between the first end part and the second end part of stator, wherein One end portion and the second end part include multiple laminations, and the lamination is arranged so that magnetic flux can go radially and axially Into, and wherein bridge portion includes multiple laminations, the lamination be arranged so that magnetic flux can around first end part and It advances in the curved path of bridge portion between the second end part；

Superconductor field coil between stator and rotor, wherein superconductor field coil includes high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material；With And

Electromagnetic shield is located between superconductor field coil and armature coil arrangement, which is configured to limit Alternating field is from armature winding by reaching superconductor field coil.

2. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that rotor includes at least two first salient angles With at least two second salient angles.

3. according to claim 1 or flywheel energy storage system as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that electromagnetic shield packet Include the main body of general toroidal, the agent localization superconductor field coil radially inner side, and be located in armature coil arrangement The radial outside of a part of neighbouring electromagnetic shield.

4. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that electromagnetic shield further includes being located in ring At the first end of shape main body or the first end wall of the first end of adjacent rings main body, and it is located in the phase of annular body To at the second end or the second end wall of the opposed second ends of adjacent rings main body, the first end wall and the second end wall are from annular Main body extends radially outwardly to extend at least part of the end of superconductor field coil.

5. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the first end wall of electromagnetic shield and Two end walls extend on the entire end of superconductor field coil.

6. flywheel energy storage system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is characterized in that superconductor field wire Circle is located in cryostat chamber, and heat-barrier material is arranged between cryostat chamber and electromagnetic shield.

7. the flywheel energy storage system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which is characterized in that electromagnetic shield Including copper or other low resistivity materials.

8. flywheel energy storage system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, which is characterized in that stator includes recessed Portion, and wherein superconductor field coil and electromagnetic shield are located in recess portion.

9. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the diameter that recess portion is located in bridge portion is inside Side.

10. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 9, which is characterized in that recess portion by bridge portion and stator end Portion part limits.

11. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 10, which is characterized in that the of stator The radially inward edge of one end portion and the lamination of the second end part limits the hole for receiving armature coil arrangement.

12. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 11, which is characterized in that the part of armature winding be arranged to The radially inward edge of the lamination of the first end part and the second end part of stator contacts or is in close proximity to the first end of stator The radially inward edge of the lamination of portion part and the second end part.

13. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 12, which is characterized in that the of stator One end portion and the second end portion respectively include the multiple substantially flat laminations being longitudinally and radially orientated.

14. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 13, which is characterized in that end sections respectively include multiple folded The approximate wedge shape or trapezoid part of layer.

15. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 14, which is characterized in that end sections respectively include multiple folded Layer block, wherein at least part laminated component replace at least partly lamination block.

16. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 15, which is characterized in that at least partly laminated component has phase To long radial dimension, and at least partly, lamination block has relatively short radial dimension, and wherein radial dimension is provided first Multiple teeth and slot at the radially inward edge of end and the second end, and wherein armature winding is partially received in slot.

17. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 15 or 16, which is characterized in that all laminated components all with it is folded Layer block alternating.

18. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 17, which is characterized in that in bridge portion In lamination be arranged so that magnetic flux can be in the spiral shell by the bridge portion from an end of stator to the other end of stator Rotation is advanced in path.

19. flywheel energy storage system according to claim 18, which is characterized in that the lamination in bridge portion is arranged to Allow magnetic flux to around about 90 degree of stator and along the length of stator traveling, in order to provide from one of first salient angle of rotor to The magnetic flux path of one of second salient angle of rotor.

20. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 19, which is characterized in that in bridge portion In lamination be concentric annular laminated.

21. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 19, which is characterized in that in bridge portion In lamination be spiral lamination.

22. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 21, which is characterized in that in end portion Dividing with the lamination in bridge portion includes iron material.

23. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 22, which is characterized in that armature coil Arrangement includes single layer armature winding.

24. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 22, which is characterized in that armature coil Arrangement includes the double-deck armature winding.

25. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 24, which is characterized in that including that can grasp It is connected to two flywheels separated of rotor with making.

26. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 25, which is characterized in that one or more A flywheel includes carbon fiber reinforced polymer material.

27. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 26, which is characterized in that rotor and one A or multiple flywheels are rotatably supported by superconducting bearing.

28. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 27, which is characterized in that further include choosing Motivate to selecting property the ampere wires of superconductor field coil.

29. according to claim 1 to flywheel energy storage system described in any one of 28, which is characterized in that flywheel energy Storage system is arranged to combine with flux pump selectively to motivate superconductor field coil.