CN109211967A - A kind of heat transfer experiments system and * efficiency rating method based on built-in spiral band - Google Patents
A kind of heat transfer experiments system and * efficiency rating method based on built-in spiral band Download PDFInfo
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- CN109211967A CN109211967A CN201811068911.2A CN201811068911A CN109211967A CN 109211967 A CN109211967 A CN 109211967A CN 201811068911 A CN201811068911 A CN 201811068911A CN 109211967 A CN109211967 A CN 109211967A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral band andEfficiency rating method, including heat-exchanger rig, low temperature thermostat bath, flowmeter, temperature data collecting system, pressure transmitter, reservoir, DC power supply and immersible pump；Rotatable spiral band is set in heat exchange round tube, and is filled with heat-transfer working medium in round tube and pipeline；Then it establishesEfficiency model；Prepare the TiO of different quality containing2‑H2O nano-fluid；Heat transfer experiments system, which is filled with, by the nano-fluid to deionized water and different quality containing carries out Test Data Collecting；Finally by the data of each acquisition using foundationEfficiency model is analysed and compared, final to determine under different situationsThe heat exchange structure and condition of efficiency optimization.The present invention can exchange hot systems and carry out globalityEfficiency rating optimizes convenient for exchanging the structure of hot systems, to obtainThe heat-exchange system structure of efficiency optimization.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of heat transfer experiments system andEfficiency rating method, it is specifically a kind of to be based on built-in spiral band
Heat transfer experiments system andEfficiency rating method.
Background technique
Heat transfer process occupies very important effect in heat exchange equipment,It is extremely important to energy conservation, this
Our work could be instructed in this way to energy-efficient evaluation method with regard to needing to propose.Most common evaluation method is from energy
The energy efficiency considered in quantity, in quite a few heat exchange equipment, it would be desirable to recover energy and be added on recycling, still
The value that the energy secondary transmitted in many heat exchange equipments utilizes is little, this has resulted in the significant wastage of energy, this is
As can efficiency can not analyze the devaluation and loss of energy matter present in heat exchange equipment, so that the sheet of energy loss cannot be disclosed
Matter.Have scholar's once comparative analysis energy loss of steam-electric generating station withLoss, analysis as a result, it has been found that, for it can analyze, energy
Amount loss occurs mainly in condenser, and the loss of energy accounts for 47%, but fromFrom the point of view of analysis, in boilerLoss but accounts for
49%, and condenserLoss only accounts for 1.5%, therefore can obtain, although the thermal loss in condenser is most, loss
Energy temperature is low, and acting ability is low, and the overwhelming majority belongs to non-reusable energy, and boiler is then different, although loss
Energy only accounts for 9%, but the energy temperature lost is high, has very big acting ability, and most of energy is also in the energy of loss
It can reuse.The conclusion obtained by two kinds of analysis methods known to above-mentioned is entirely different, does not lead to taken means also not
Together, if therefore improve condenser reduce its energy loss effect can very unsatisfactory, if start with from boiler improve its energy damage
It loses, then it is more to reduce lossTo just will receive good effect.
From it is described above as can be seen that can analyze andAnalysis usually obtains different view and conclusion, and can analyze phase
Than,Efficiency more can constitutionally reaction things true colours, it mainly consider transmitting energy in available energy account for gross energy
In percentage,Efficiency is analyzed and is evaluated from the angle of energy matter, us can more be instructed to go to carry out energy recycling benefit
With and improve, thus more scientific and comprehensive, for example, have scholar analyze steam-electric generating station generate it is variousThe position of loss, class
Type and reductionThe method of loss.Therefore a kind of raising is designedThe heat-exchange system of efficiency and corresponding evaluation method are these
The developing direction studied needed for industry.
Summary of the invention
In view of the above existing problems in the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of heat transfer experiments systems based on built-in spiral band
System andEfficiency rating method can exchange hot systems and carry out globalityEfficiency rating carries out convenient for exchanging the structure of hot systems
Optimization, to obtainThe heat-exchange system structure of efficiency optimization.
To achieve the goals above, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that: it is a kind of based on built-in spiral band heat exchange examination
Check system, including heat-exchanger rig, low temperature thermostat bath, flowmeter, temperature data collecting system, pressure transmitter, reservoir, direct current
Power supply and immersible pump,
The heat-exchanger rig includes round tube, spiral band, resistance wire, insulating layer and motor, and spiral band is in round tube,
One end of spiral band and the output shaft of motor are coaxially connected, and the temperature data collecting system is multiple armored thermocouples,
Multiple armored thermocouples are in single-row arrangement and are fitted in circular tube external wall at equal intervals, and resistance wire is spirally wrapped around outside round tube
Wall, insulating layer wrap up round tube, resistance wire and multiple armored thermocouples, and the both ends of round tube open up inlet and out liquid respectively
Mouthful；
By pipeline connection, the outlet end of immersible pump is passed through by pipeline for the liquid outlet of the round tube and the liquid feeding end of immersible pump
Triple valve is connected to reservoir and low temperature thermostat bath, and low temperature thermostat bath is connected to by pipeline with the inlet of round tube, flowmeter dress
On pipeline between round tube and immersible pump；Heat-transfer working medium is filled in round tube and pipeline；
Two of the differential pressure transmitter survey the inlet and liquid outlet that pressure side is separately positioned on round tube；
The temperature data of temperature data collecting system acquisition and the liquid pressure data of pressure transmitter acquisition are fed back to
Computer；
The DC power supply is data collection system, pressure transmitter, immersible pump, low temperature thermostat bath and motor power supply.
Further, the insulating layer is asbestos.
It further, further include valve, valve is arranged on the pipeline between triple valve and immersible pump.
A kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral bandEfficiency rating method, specific steps are as follows:
A, it establishesEfficiency model；
B, the TiO of different quality containing is prepared2-H2O nano-fluid, and the nanometer prepared using the judgement of settlement observation method
The stability of fluid, specifically the preparation method comprises the following steps: a certain amount of TDL-ND1 dispersing agent is added in deionized water first, then
It uses mechanical agitator that the two is stirred to be uniformly mixed, forms mixed liquor I；Then it is added and is configured in mixed liquor I
The TiO that mass fraction ω is 0.1%~0.5%2-H2O nano particle then uses mechanical agitator and magnetic stirrer again
40min, so that TiO2-H2O nano particle is sufficiently distributed in deionized water, forms mixed liquor II；Then, it is being mixed with dropper
NaOH solution is injected in liquid II, adjusts the pH value of mixed liquor II until the pH of mixed liquor II, which is equal to 8, stops injection；By mixed liquor II
It is put into supersonic oscillations equipment and shakes 40min；Finally, stable TiO is made2-H2O nano-fluid；
C, by the TiO of the step B one of mass fraction prepared2-H2O nano-fluid is filled with based on nano-fluid and interior
The heat transfer experiments system of spiral band coupling is set, first opening resistor silk heats round tube, passes through temperature data detection system
Detection round tube temperature stops Resistant heating after reaching set temperature, is then turned on immersible pump and low temperature thermostat bath, makes TiO2-H2O
Nano-fluid starts to recycle in pipeline and round tube, at this time in temperature data detection system multiple armored thermocouples by each self-test
The temperature value of survey feeds back to computer, while pressure transmitter feeds back to the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet
Computer；Then resistance wire is reopened, round tube is reheated to after set temperature value and stops resistance wire work, is then turned on
Immersible pump, motor and low temperature thermostat bath make motor drive spiral band rotation, TiO2-H2O nano-fluid enter round tube in by
The rotation disturbance of spiral band acts on, at this time in temperature data detection system multiple armored thermocouples by the temperature of each self-test
Value feeds back to computer, while the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet is fed back to computer by pressure transmitter；
It repeats the above steps respectively to the TiO of the step B all mass fractions prepared2-H2O nano-fluid and as a control group go from
Sub- water carries out data acquisition, calculates separately out deionized water and difference TiO after the completion2-H2The nusselt number of O nano-fluid
And resistance coefficient；
D, it is established using step AThe deionized water and difference TiO that efficiency model combination step C is obtained2-H2O receives
The nusselt number and resistance coefficient of meter Liu Ti, finally to spiral band rotation and static position under use deionized water and difference
TiO2-H2O nano-fluid is as heat-transfer working mediumEfficiency rating.
Further, the specific foundationThe process of efficiency model are as follows:
I, it definesParameter:
If environment temperature is T0, heat-exchange system temperature is T, in heat provided by heat-exchange system can spontaneous nuclear transformation at having
Diligent lion's share is known as heatUse Ex,QIt indicates；Assuming that there is a series of infinitesimal Carnot Engines at low temperature environment (cold source)
It works between heat-exchange system (heat source), it is every to pass through a Carnot cycle, net work (the i.e. heat-exchange system institute that heat-exchange system is made
The heat that can be providedEx,Q) are as follows:
Abbreviation obtains:
Ex,Q=Q-T0△S (2-2)
HeatIt indicates on T-S figure are as follows: Fig. 1.The cartographic represenation of area heat of dash area 1-2-3-4-1Dash area
The cartographic represenation of area heat fire nothing of 3-4-5-6-3, as can be seen from Figure 1: by reducing low-temperature heat source (environment temperature) temperature, mentioning
The mode of high high temperature heat source (heat supply temperature) temperature, can improve heat
The thermodynamic energy of silent systemExpression formula are as follows:
Ex,U=U-U0-T0(S-S0)+p0(V-V0) (2-3)
The enthalpy of steady flow working mediumExpression formula are as follows:
ex,H=h-h0-T0(s-s0) (2-4)
Silent systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
Steady flow systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
ex,Q=ex,2-ex,1+wu+i (2-6)
Parameter can be shown that " amount " and " matter " of energy simultaneously, it is the unification of the two, it evaluates energy for us and provides
One unified scale.Energy all has a part oneselfAnd this partThe capacity for work that the energy has is shown,
This portion of energy just represents " matter " of energy, how many it can clearly distinguish in the energyAnd it is shared
Ratio；
II, it definesEfficiency simultaneously proposes physical model
The general expression of efficiency are as follows:
η=as income/ as cost (2-7)
And the present invention is mainly to study heat-exchange systemEfficiency, the energy passedAs incomeAnd it is passed
The energy passedAs costTherefore heat-exchange systemThe expression formula of efficiency are as follows:
In order to deriveEfficiency equation formula, establishes heat transfer model: such as Fig. 2, temperature T, mass flow isFluid to changing
Hot face heat transfer；And assume heat transfer and flow process be steady-state process, physical property is constant, and do not consider axial thermal conductivity, heat dissipation,
Only consider the heat transfer to heat-transfer surface；
III, it establishesEfficiency equation
Fluid is to caused by heat-transfer surface heat releaseLose expression formula:
Or
When fluid is conducted heat by tube wall to cold fluid, the heat of transmittingAre as follows:
According toThe definition of efficiency:
Wushu (2-9), (2-10) substitute into formula (2-12) respectively, and abbreviation obtains:
Or
Formula (2-13) and (2-14) areTwo kinds of forms of efficiency equation；
IV, it establishesEfficiency rating figure
Have for round tube:
F=0.046Re-0.2
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
Interpretational criteria based on the assumption that
(1) round tube of spiral band built in and the equivalent diameter of light pipe are equal；
(2) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat exchange area of light pipe are equal；
(3) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat transfer temperature difference of light pipe are equal, and wall temperature is identical；
(4) thermophysical parameter of fluid is constant；
(5) round tube of spiral band built in and the dimensionless group of light pipe are equal；
With formula (2-13), enable
From assuming:
Wushu (2-18), (2-19) substitute into formula (2-17), obtain:
Abbreviation obtains:
1. inputting the equal situation of pump power
From the prior art:
According to assuming:
Wushu (2-23) substitutes into formula (2-22) and obtains:
It is obtained by the relational expression of mass flow:
Wushu (2-25) substitutes into formula (2-24) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal, wushu (2-26) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-28) substitutes into formula (2-27) and obtains:
2. the equal situation of the pressure loss
When the pressure loss is equal, wushu (2-30) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
It is obtained by formula (2-25):
It can be obtained by the relational expression of Reynolds number:
Wushu (2-33) substitutes into formula (2-32) and obtains:
Wushu (2-34) substitutes into formula (2-31) and obtains:
When the pressure loss is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-36), (2-37) substitute into formula (2-35) and obtain:
3. the equal situation of mass flow (flow velocity)
It is obtained when mass flow is equal:
Wushu (2-39) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When mass flow is equal it is known from literature that:
It is obtained by formula (2-34), (2-39):
Ree=Re0 (2-42)
Therefore
Wushu (2-41), (2-43) substitute into formula (2-40) and obtain:
④The foundation of efficiency rating figure
The left side unified representation of wushu (2-29), (2-38) and (2-44) are as follows:
In formula:kV=1.
Logarithm is taken to the both sides formula (2-45), is obtained:
In formula: bP=lnCQ,P；b△p=lnCQ,△p；bV=lnCQ,V；m1, m2Range be respectively as follows: -1≤m1< 0,0 < m2<
1, so
Further, the step DEfficiency rating detailed process are as follows:
WithFor abscissa,For ordinate, coordinate diagram is formed；biIndicate the intercept of ordinate, kiIt indicates
The slope of straight line；Abscissa indicates that built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status and light under identical Reynolds number
The ratio of the coefficient of frictional resistance of pipe, ordinate indicate when under identical Reynolds number built-in spiral band pipe be in rotation and
The ratio of the Nu Nusselt number of non-rotation status and light pipe；biWhen=0, critical line passes through (1,1), illustrates built-in spiral band pipe
In rotation and non-rotation status and light pipe under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is equal；Work as biWhen > 0 in explanation
It sets spiral band pipe and is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is greater than light pipe；Work as biIt is said when < 0
Bright built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is less than light pipe；Pe/P0=1 and pe/p0=1 three line is respectively when mass flow is equal, when pump work is equal and pressure loss phase
Whens equalThe critical line of efficiency；1,2 quadrants of coordinate diagram are divided into 1,2,3,4 four area, the 1st area by this three critical lines
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of the identical pressure lossEfficiency deteriorates；2nd area exists
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of the identical pressure lossEfficiency enhancing and identical defeated
Enter built-in spiral band pipe under the conditions of pump power and is in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency deteriorates；3rd area is in input pump work
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status to rate under the same conditionsEfficiency enhancing and in identical mass flow
Under the conditions of built-in spiral band pipe be in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency deteriorates；4th area is in identical mass flow condition
Lower built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency enhancing is obvious, which is also to be extremely difficult to.WhereinPe/P0=1 two critical line is overlapped with this two critical lines in prior art evaluation figure, pe/p0=1 this face
Boundary line is then different, this explanationEfficiency with can efficiency is existing contacts and have any different,The quality and quantity of efficiency energy unified representation energy, and
Energy efficiency can only indicate the amount of energy, thereforeEfficiency analysis is better than energy efficiency analysis.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, kiIt is identical, compare
Abscissa intercept, when work in identical crushing when, depict evaluation figure in this case: Fig. 4.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5,
CQ, Δ p=2....CQ, Δ p=9, CQ, Δ p=10 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1 work is in identical crushing, the bigger explanation of intercept
Efficiency is bigger.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in same pump
In the case of function, evaluation figure are as follows: Fig. 5.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2....CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1
Work is under the conditions of identical pump work, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in phase homogeneity
In the case of measuring flow (flow velocity), evaluation figure are as follows: Fig. 6.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2, CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 represent
With CQ, Δ p=1 work is under identical mass flow condition, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger.
Compared with prior art, the present invention, which is used, is arranged rotatable spiral band and nano-fluid phase in heat exchange round tube
In conjunction with mode, heat transfer experiments are carried out by nano-fluid to different quality containing and deionized water, while controlling spiral knob
With rotation or static situation, then establishEfficiency model passes throughEfficiency model is to nanometer under different situations
Fluid and deionized waterEfficiency is evaluated, and can finally be exchanged hot systems and be carried out globalityEfficiency rating, convenient for pair
The structure of heat-exchange system optimizes, to obtainThe heat-exchange system structure of efficiency optimization.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is heat in the present inventionSchematic diagram under T-S coordinate system；
Fig. 2 is the model schematic of diabatic process in the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the present invention under logarithmic coordinates systemEfficiency rating figure；
Fig. 4 is the present invention in identical crushingEfficiency rating figure；
Fig. 5 is the present invention under same pump power situationEfficiency rating figure；
Fig. 6 is the present invention in identical mass flowEfficiency rating figure；
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of heat transfer experiments system of the present invention；
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram of spiral band in the present invention；
Fig. 9 is the heat transfer and friction characteristics figure that heat transfer experiments system of the present invention uses deionized water to be tested；
Wherein: (a) nusselt number-laminar flow；(b) nusselt number-turbulent flow；(c) resistance coefficient-laminar flow；(d) resistance system
Number-turbulent flow；
Figure 10 is the nusselt number variation diagram that heat transfer experiments system of the present invention uses nano-fluid to be tested；
Wherein: (a) nusselt number with Reynolds number variation；(a-1) laminar region is fitted；(a-2) turbulent area is fitted；
Figure 11 is the flow resistance coefficient variation diagram that heat transfer experiments system of the present invention uses nano-fluid to be tested
Wherein: (a) laminar flow；(b) turbulent flow；
Figure 12 is of the invention wholeEfficiency rating figure.
Specific embodiment
The present invention will be further described below.
As shown, a kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral band, including heat-exchanger rig, low temperature thermostat bath,
Flowmeter, temperature data collecting system, pressure transmitter, reservoir, DC power supply and immersible pump,
The heat-exchanger rig includes round tube, spiral band, resistance wire, insulating layer and motor, and spiral band is in round tube,
One end of spiral band and the output shaft of motor are coaxially connected, and the temperature data collecting system is multiple armored thermocouples,
Multiple armored thermocouples are in single-row arrangement and are fitted in circular tube external wall at equal intervals, and resistance wire is spirally wrapped around outside round tube
Wall, insulating layer wrap up round tube, resistance wire and multiple armored thermocouples, and the both ends of round tube open up inlet and out liquid respectively
Mouthful；
By pipeline connection, the outlet end of immersible pump is passed through by pipeline for the liquid outlet of the round tube and the liquid feeding end of immersible pump
Triple valve is connected to reservoir and low temperature thermostat bath, and low temperature thermostat bath is connected to by pipeline with the inlet of round tube, flowmeter dress
On pipeline between round tube and immersible pump；Heat-transfer working medium is filled in round tube and pipeline；
Two of the differential pressure transmitter survey the inlet and liquid outlet that pressure side is separately positioned on round tube；
The temperature data of temperature data collecting system acquisition and the liquid pressure data of pressure transmitter acquisition are fed back to
Computer；
The DC power supply is data collection system, pressure transmitter, immersible pump, low temperature thermostat bath and motor power supply.
Further, the insulating layer is asbestos.
It further, further include valve, valve is arranged on the pipeline between triple valve and immersible pump.
A kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral bandEfficiency rating method, specific steps are as follows:
A, it establishesEfficiency model；
B, the TiO of different quality containing is prepared2-H2O nano-fluid, and the nanometer prepared using the judgement of settlement observation method
The stability of fluid, specifically the preparation method comprises the following steps: a certain amount of TDL-ND1 dispersing agent is added in deionized water first, then
It uses mechanical agitator that the two is stirred to be uniformly mixed, forms mixed liquor I；Then it is added and is configured in mixed liquor I
The TiO that mass fraction ω is 0.1%~0.5%2-H2O nano particle then uses mechanical agitator and magnetic stirrer again
40min, so that TiO2-H2O nano particle is sufficiently distributed in deionized water, forms mixed liquor II；Then, it is being mixed with dropper
NaOH solution is injected in liquid II, adjusts the pH value of mixed liquor II until the pH of mixed liquor II, which is equal to 8, stops injection；By mixed liquor II
It is put into supersonic oscillations equipment and shakes 40min；Finally, stable TiO is made2-H2O nano-fluid；
C, by the TiO of the step B one of mass fraction prepared2-H2O nano-fluid is filled with based on nano-fluid and interior
The heat transfer experiments system of spiral band coupling is set, first opening resistor silk heats round tube, passes through temperature data detection system
Detection round tube temperature stops Resistant heating after reaching set temperature, is then turned on immersible pump and low temperature thermostat bath, makes TiO2-H2O
Nano-fluid starts to recycle in pipeline and round tube, at this time in temperature data detection system multiple armored thermocouples by each self-test
The temperature value of survey feeds back to computer, while pressure transmitter feeds back to the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet
Computer；Then resistance wire is reopened, round tube is reheated to after set temperature value and stops resistance wire work, is then turned on
Immersible pump, motor and low temperature thermostat bath make motor drive spiral band rotation, TiO2-H2O nano-fluid enter round tube in by
The rotation disturbance of spiral band acts on, at this time in temperature data detection system multiple armored thermocouples by the temperature of each self-test
Value feeds back to computer, while the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet is fed back to computer by pressure transmitter；
It repeats the above steps respectively to the TiO of the step B all mass fractions prepared2-H2O nano-fluid and as a control group go from
Sub- water carries out data acquisition, calculates separately out deionized water and difference TiO after the completion2-H2The nusselt number of O nano-fluid
And resistance coefficient；Specific calculating process are as follows:
The heating power Qj of DC power supply:
Qj=UI (1)
In formula, U and I are respectively the heating voltage and electric current of DC power supply.
Test the caloric receptivity Q of fluidr:
Qr=cpqm(Tout-Tin) (2)
In formula, cpFor the specific heat for testing fluid；qmFor mass flow；TinAnd ToutRespectively test fluid is in pipeline section entrance
With the temperature of outlet.
According to Newtonian Cooling formula, convection transfer rate hnf:
In formula, deIt is respectively the characteristic length of equivalent diameter and pipeline with L；TwIt is the mean temperature of testing tube inner wall；Tf
It is the mean temperature for testing fluid.TfAnd TwIt can be calculated separately by formula (5-4) and (5-5):
In formula, i indicates measuring point；Tw(i) it indicates the temperature at i-th of measuring point of testing tube inner wall, can be led by Fourier
Hot law acquires, as shown in formula (5-6):
In formula, Two(i) it is temperature at i-th of measuring point of testing tube outside wall surface；roAnd riIt is the outer radius of test section respectively
And inside radius；K is the thermal coefficient of testing tube.
Nusselt number:
In formula, knfIt is the thermal coefficient for testing fluid.
Flow resistance coefficient f can be acquired by Darcy-Weisbach formula:
In formula, ρ is the density for testing fluid；U is the flow velocity for testing fluid；△ p/ △ l is the unit pressure of pressure difference testing tube
Drop.
Test tube inlet fluid reynolds number Re:
In formula, μnfIt is the dynamic viscosity for testing fluid；
D, it is established using step AThe deionized water and difference TiO that efficiency model combination step C is obtained2-H2O receives
The nusselt number and resistance coefficient of meter Liu Ti, finally to spiral band rotation and static position under use deionized water and difference
TiO2-H2O nano-fluid is as heat-transfer working mediumEfficiency rating.
Further, the specific foundationThe process of efficiency model are as follows:
I, it definesParameter:
If environment temperature is T0, heat-exchange system temperature is T, in heat provided by heat-exchange system can spontaneous nuclear transformation at having
Diligent lion's share is known as heatUse Ex,QIt indicates；Assuming that there is a series of infinitesimal Carnot Engines at low temperature environment (cold source)
It works between heat-exchange system (heat source), it is every to pass through a Carnot cycle, net work (the i.e. heat-exchange system institute that heat-exchange system is made
The heat that can be providedEx,Q) are as follows:
Abbreviation obtains:
Ex,Q=Q-T0△S (2-2)
HeatIt indicates on T-S figure are as follows: Fig. 1.The cartographic represenation of area heat of dash area 1-2-3-4-1Dash area
The cartographic represenation of area heat fire nothing of 3-4-5-6-3, as can be seen from Figure 1: by reducing low-temperature heat source (environment temperature) temperature, mentioning
The mode of high high temperature heat source (heat supply temperature) temperature, can improve heat
The thermodynamic energy of silent systemExpression formula are as follows:
Ex,U=U-U0-T0(S-S0)+p0(V-V0) (2-3)
The enthalpy of steady flow working mediumExpression formula are as follows:
ex,H=h-h0-T0(s-s0) (2-4)
Silent systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
Steady flow systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
ex,Q=ex,2-ex,1+wu+i (2-6)
Parameter can be shown that " amount " and " matter " of energy simultaneously, it is the unification of the two, it evaluates energy for us and provides
One unified scale.Energy all has a part oneselfAnd this partThe capacity for work that the energy has is shown,
This portion of energy just represents " matter " of energy, how many it can clearly distinguish in the energyAnd it is shared
Ratio；
II, it definesEfficiency simultaneously proposes physical model
The general expression of efficiency are as follows:
η=as income/ as cost (2-7)
And the present invention is mainly to study heat-exchange systemEfficiency, the energy passedAs incomeAnd it is passed
The energy passedAs costTherefore heat-exchange systemThe expression formula of efficiency are as follows:
In order to deriveEfficiency equation formula, establishes heat transfer model: such as Fig. 2, temperature T, mass flow isFluid to changing
Hot face heat transfer；And assume heat transfer and flow process be steady-state process, physical property is constant, and do not consider axial thermal conductivity, heat dissipation,
Only consider the heat transfer to heat-transfer surface；
III, it establishesEfficiency equation
Fluid is to caused by heat-transfer surface heat releaseLose expression formula:
Or
When fluid is conducted heat by tube wall to cold fluid, the heat of transmittingAre as follows:
According toThe definition of efficiency:
Wushu (2-9), (2-10) substitute into formula (2-12) respectively, and abbreviation obtains:
Or
Formula (2-13) and (2-14) areTwo kinds of forms of efficiency equation；
IV, it establishesEfficiency rating figure
Have for round tube:
F=0.046Re-0.2
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
Interpretational criteria based on the assumption that
(1) round tube of spiral band built in and the equivalent diameter of light pipe are equal；
(2) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat exchange area of light pipe are equal；
(3) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat transfer temperature difference of light pipe are equal, and wall temperature is identical；
(4) thermophysical parameter of fluid is constant；
(5) round tube of spiral band built in and the dimensionless group of light pipe are equal；
With formula (2-13), enable
From assuming:
Wushu (2-18), (2-19) substitute into formula (2-17), obtain:
Abbreviation obtains:
1. inputting the equal situation of pump power
From the prior art:
According to assuming:
Wushu (2-23) substitutes into formula (2-22) and obtains:
It is obtained by the relational expression of mass flow:
Wushu (2-25) substitutes into formula (2-24) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal, wushu (2-26) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-28) substitutes into formula (2-27) and obtains:
2. the equal situation of the pressure loss
When the pressure loss is equal, wushu (2-30) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
It is obtained by formula (2-25):
It can be obtained by the relational expression of Reynolds number:
Wushu (2-33) substitutes into formula (2-32) and obtains:
Wushu (2-34) substitutes into formula (2-31) and obtains:
When the pressure loss is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-36), (2-37) substitute into formula (2-35) and obtain:
3. the equal situation of mass flow (flow velocity)
It is obtained when mass flow is equal:
Wushu (2-39) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When mass flow is equal it is known from literature that:
It is obtained by formula (2-34), (2-39):
Ree=Re0 (2-42)
Therefore
Wushu (2-41), (2-43) substitute into formula (2-40) and obtain:
④The foundation of efficiency rating figure
The left side unified representation of wushu (2-29), (2-38) and (2-44) are as follows:
In formula:kV=1.
Logarithm is taken to the both sides formula (2-45), is obtained:
In formula: bP=lnCQ,P；b△p=lnCQ,△p；bV=lnCQ,V；m1, m2Range be respectively as follows: -1≤m1< 0,0 < m2<
1, so
Further, the step DEfficiency rating detailed process are as follows:
WithFor abscissa,For ordinate, biIndicate the intercept of ordinate, kiIndicate the slope of straight line.
Fig. 3 is logarithmic coordinates, and abscissa indicates that built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under identical Reynolds number
With the ratio of the coefficient of frictional resistance of light pipe, ordinate is indicated when built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation under identical Reynolds number
Turn and the ratio of the Nu Nusselt number of non-rotation status and light pipe.Work as biWhen=0, critical line passes through (1,1), illustrates built-in spiral
Tie pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status and light pipe under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is equal；Work as biWhen > 0
Illustrate that built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is greater than light pipe；Work as bi
Illustrate that built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding to when < 0Efficiency is less than light
Pipe；Pe/P0=1 and pe/p0=1 three line is respectively when mass flow is equal, when pump work is equal and the pressure loss
When equalThe critical line of efficiency.1,2 quadrants are divided into 1,2,3,4 four area by this three critical lines, and the 1st area is identical
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of the pressure lossEfficiency deteriorates；2nd area is in identical pressure
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of power lossEfficiency enhancing and in identical input pump power
Under the conditions of built-in spiral band pipe be in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency deteriorates；3rd area is identical in input pump power
Under the conditions of built-in spiral band pipe be in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency enhancing and under identical mass flow condition in
It sets spiral band pipe and is in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency deteriorates；4th area built-in spiral shell under identical mass flow condition
Knob band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency enhancing is obvious, which is also to be extremely difficult to.Wherein
Pe/P0=1 two critical line is overlapped with this two critical lines in prior art evaluation figure, pe/p0=1 this critical line is then not
Together, this explanationEfficiency with can efficiency is existing contacts and have any different,The quality and quantity of efficiency energy unified representation energy, and can efficiency
It can indicate the amount of energy, thereforeEfficiency analysis is better than energy efficiency analysis.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, kiIt is identical, compare
Abscissa intercept, when work in identical crushing when, depict evaluation figure in this case: Fig. 4.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5,
CQ, Δ p=2 ... .CQ, Δ p=9, CQ, Δ p=10 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1 work is in identical crushing, the bigger explanation of intercept
Efficiency is bigger.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in same pump
In the case of function, evaluation figure are as follows: Fig. 5.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2 ... .CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1
Work is under the conditions of identical pump work, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger.
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in phase homogeneity
In the case of measuring flow (flow velocity), evaluation figure are as follows: Fig. 6.Dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2, CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 represent
With CQ, Δ p=1 work is under identical mass flow condition, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger.
Heat transfer experiments system of the invention is verified:
In order to ensure the reliability of experimental system, error analysis, this paper main calculation results Nu Saierte need to be carried out to it
Several and flow resistance coefficient uncertainty is defined respectively as:
Wherein the accuracy of each variable is as shown in table 1.According to equation (1) (2), nusselt number and flow resistance system can be obtained
Several uncertainties are less than 3%.
1 variable of table and its precision
For the error for analyzing above-mentioned radiator, the experimental result of the data of test and the prior art is compared, such as
Figure 10 can obtain experimental error between 2.09-8.38%, show that heat transfer experiments system reliability of the invention is very high.
It is rightThe result that efficiency rating method obtains is verified:
Analysis of experimental results:
(1) from the relational graph 11 to nusselt number of nano-fluid in the round tube of built-in spiral band: identical
Under Reynolds number, compared with water, mass fraction is the TiO of ω=0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%2Water nano-fluid is in built-in spiral
Tie is in the round tube of rotation can be improved heat exchange 19.3%, 31.7% and 36.4% respectively.Under identical Reynolds number, with water
It compares, mass fraction is the TiO of ω=0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%2Water nano-fluid is in static in built-in spiral band
Round tube in heat exchange 9.4%, 19.1% and 22.7% can be improved respectively.
In order to establish the relationship between nusselt number and Reynolds number, fitting formula (12) are obtained according to above-mentioned data,
Constant in fitting formula is as shown in table 2.It can be seen that test data and the fitting data goodness of fit very from corresponding matched curve
It is high.
Nu=A+B Re+C Re2 (12)
Constant in 2 fitting formula of table (17)
(2) it can be obtained by flow resistance coefficient Figure 12 of nano-fluid in the round tube of interpolation tie: when Reynolds number number increases,
Resistance coefficient shows the trend of reduction.Compared with built-in static tie pipe, the nano-fluid that mass fraction is 0.5% is built-in
31.2% and 27.0% has been respectively increased in laminar flow and turbulent area in the resistance coefficient of rotation tie pipe.
The data of built-in tie pipe are brought into according to the processing method of exergy efficiencyXIn efficiency rating figure, Tu12Ke
Know, slope of the water in the round tube that built-in spiral band is in rotation is greater than to be in static round tube in built-in spiral band
Slope.And to nano-fluid, as a result on the contrary.Slope of the nano-fluid in the round tube that built-in spiral band is in rotation is less than
Built-in spiral band is in the slope in static round tube.This means that the rotation of spiral band can effectively improveEfficiency, it is real
Test result in area 3.This means that the round tube of interpolation twisted strip can be improved under identical pump work and pressure dropEfficiency.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral band, which is characterized in that including heat-exchanger rig, low temperature thermostat bath,
Flowmeter, temperature data collecting system, pressure transmitter, reservoir, DC power supply and immersible pump,
The heat-exchanger rig includes round tube, spiral band, resistance wire, insulating layer and motor, and spiral band is in round tube, spiral
One end of tie and the output shaft of motor are coaxially connected, and the temperature data collecting system is multiple armored thermocouples, multiple
Armored thermocouple is in single-row arrangement and is fitted in circular tube external wall at equal intervals, and resistance wire is spirally wrapped around circular tube external wall, protects
Warm layer wraps up round tube, resistance wire and multiple armored thermocouples, and the both ends of round tube open up inlet and liquid outlet respectively；
The liquid outlet of the round tube and the liquid feeding end of immersible pump are by pipeline connection, and the outlet end of immersible pump is by pipeline through threeway
Valve is connected to reservoir and low temperature thermostat bath, and low temperature thermostat bath is connected to by pipeline with the inlet of round tube, and flowmeter is mounted in circle
On pipeline between pipe and immersible pump；Heat-transfer working medium is filled in round tube and pipeline；
Two of the differential pressure transmitter survey the inlet and liquid outlet that pressure side is separately positioned on round tube；
The temperature data of temperature data collecting system acquisition and the liquid pressure data of pressure transmitter acquisition feed back to calculating
Machine；
The DC power supply is data collection system, pressure transmitter, immersible pump, low temperature thermostat bath and motor power supply.
2. a kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral band according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the guarantor
Warm layer is asbestos.
3. a kind of heat transfer experiments system based on built-in spiral band according to claim 1, which is characterized in that further include
Valve, valve are arranged on the pipeline between triple valve and immersible pump.
4. a kind of heat transfer experiments system according to claim 1 based on built-in spiral bandEfficiency rating method,
It is characterized in that, specific steps are as follows:
A, it establishesEfficiency model；
B, the TiO of different quality containing is prepared2-H2O nano-fluid, and the nano-fluid prepared using the judgement of settlement observation method
Stability, it is specific the preparation method comprises the following steps: a certain amount of TDL-ND1 dispersing agent is added in deionized water first, then use
The two is stirred to be uniformly mixed by mechanical agitator, forms mixed liquor I；Then institute's configuration quality is added in mixed liquor I
The TiO that score ω is 0.1%~0.5%2-H2O nano particle then uses mechanical agitator and magnetic stirrer again
40min, so that TiO2-H2O nano particle is sufficiently distributed in deionized water, forms mixed liquor II；Then, it is being mixed with dropper
NaOH solution is injected in liquid II, adjusts the pH value of mixed liquor II until the pH of mixed liquor II, which is equal to 8, stops injection；By mixed liquor II
It is put into supersonic oscillations equipment and shakes 40min；Finally, stable TiO is made2-H2O nano-fluid；
C, by the TiO of the step B one of mass fraction prepared2-H2O nano-fluid is filled with based on nano-fluid and built-in spiral shell
The heat transfer experiments system of knob band coupling, first opening resistor silk heat round tube, are detected by temperature data detection system
Round tube temperature stops Resistant heating after reaching set temperature, is then turned on immersible pump and low temperature thermostat bath, makes TiO2-H2O nanometers
Fluid starts to recycle in pipeline and round tube, at this time in temperature data detection system multiple armored thermocouples by each self-test
Temperature value feeds back to computer, while the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet is fed back to calculating by pressure transmitter
Machine；Then resistance wire is reopened, round tube is reheated to after set temperature value and stops resistance wire work, is then turned on diving
Pump, motor and low temperature thermostat bath make motor drive spiral band rotation, TiO2-H2O nano-fluid is entering in round tube by spiral
The rotation disturbance of tie acts on, and multiple armored thermocouples are anti-by the temperature value of each self-test in temperature data detection system at this time
It feeds computer, while the pressure difference of the round tube inlet of acquisition and liquid outlet is fed back to computer by pressure transmitter；It repeats
Above-mentioned steps are respectively to the TiO of all mass fractions of step B preparation2-H2O nano-fluid and deionized water as a control group
Data acquisition is carried out, calculates separately out deionized water and difference TiO after the completion2-H2The nusselt number of O nano-fluid and resistance
Force coefficient；
D, it is established using step AThe deionized water and difference TiO that efficiency model combination step C is obtained2-H2O nanometers of streams
The nusselt number and resistance coefficient of body, finally to spiral band rotation and static position under use deionized water and difference
TiO2-H2O nano-fluid is as heat-transfer working mediumEfficiency rating.
5. one kind is according to claim 4 based on built-in spiral band heat transfer experiments systemEfficiency rating method, it is special
Sign is, the specific foundationThe process of efficiency model are as follows:
I, it definesParameter:
If environment temperature is T0, heat-exchange system temperature is T, in heat provided by heat-exchange system can spontaneous nuclear transformation at useful work
Lion's share be known as heat, use Ex,QIt indicates；Assuming that have a series of infinitesimal Carnot Engines low temperature environment and heat-exchange system it
Between work, it is every pass through a Carnot cycle, the net work that heat-exchange system is made are as follows:
Abbreviation obtains:
Ex,Q=Q-T0ΔS (2-2)
The thermodynamic energy of silent systemExpression formula are as follows:
Ex,U=U-U0-T0(S-S0)+p0(V-V0) (2-3)
The enthalpy of steady flow working mediumExpression formula are as follows:
ex,H=h-h0-T0(s-s0) (2-4)
Silent systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
Steady flow systemEquilibrium equation are as follows:
ex,Q=ex,2-ex,1+wu+i (2-6)
II, it definesEfficiency simultaneously proposes physical model
Define heat-exchange systemThe expression formula of efficiency are as follows:
Establish heat transfer model: temperature T, mass flow areFluid to heat-transfer surface conduct heat；And assume that heat transfer and flow process are equal
For steady-state process, physical property is constant, and does not consider axial thermal conductivity, heat dissipation, only considers the heat transfer to heat-transfer surface；
III, it establishesEfficiency equation
Fluid is to caused by heat-transfer surface heat releaseLose expression formula:
Or
When fluid is conducted heat by tube wall to cold fluid, the heat of transmittingAre as follows:
According toThe definition of efficiency:
Wushu (2-9), (2-10) substitute into formula (2-12) respectively, and abbreviation obtains:
Or
Formula (2-13) and (2-14) areTwo kinds of forms of efficiency equation；
IV, it establishesEfficiency rating figure
Have for round tube:
F=0.046Re-0.2
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
Interpretational criteria based on the assumption that
(1) round tube of spiral band built in and the equivalent diameter of light pipe are equal；
(2) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat exchange area of light pipe are equal；
(3) round tube of spiral band built in and the heat transfer temperature difference of light pipe are equal, and wall temperature is identical；
(4) thermophysical parameter of fluid is constant；
(5) round tube of spiral band built in and the dimensionless group of light pipe are equal；
With formula (2-13), enable
From assuming:
Wushu (2-18), (2-19) substitute into formula (2-17), obtain:
Abbreviation obtains:
1. inputting the equal situation of pump power
From the prior art:
According to assuming:
Wushu (2-23) substitutes into formula (2-22) and obtains:
It is obtained by the relational expression of mass flow:
Wushu (2-25) substitutes into formula (2-24) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal, wushu (2-26) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When input pump power is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-28) substitutes into formula (2-27) and obtains:
2. the equal situation of the pressure loss
When the pressure loss is equal, wushu (2-30) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
It is obtained by formula (2-25):
It can be obtained by the relational expression of Reynolds number:
Wushu (2-33) substitutes into formula (2-32) and obtains:
Wushu (2-34) substitutes into formula (2-31) and obtains:
When the pressure loss is equal from the prior art:
Wushu (2-36), (2-37) substitute into formula (2-35) and obtain:
3. the equal situation of mass flow
It is obtained when mass flow is equal:
Wushu (2-39) substitutes into formula (2-21) and obtains:
When mass flow is equal from the prior art:
It is obtained by formula (2-34), (2-39):
Ree=Re0 (2-42)
Therefore
Wushu (2-41), (2-43) substitute into formula (2-40) and obtain:
④The foundation of efficiency rating figure
The left side unified representation of wushu (2-29), (2-38) and (2-44) are as follows:
In formula:kV=1；
Logarithm is taken to the both sides formula (2-45), is obtained:
In formula: bP=lnCQ,P；bΔp=lnCQ,Δp；bV=lnCQ,V；m1, m2Range be respectively as follows: -1≤m10,0 < m of <2< 1, institute
With
6. one kind is according to claim 5 based on built-in spiral band heat transfer experiments systemEfficiency rating method, it is special
Sign is, the step D'sEfficiency rating detailed process are as follows:
WithFor abscissa,For ordinate, coordinate diagram is formed；biIndicate the intercept of ordinate, kiIndicate straight line
Slope；Abscissa indicates that under identical Reynolds number built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status and light pipe
The ratio of coefficient of frictional resistance, ordinate are indicated when built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and does not revolve under identical Reynolds number
Turn the ratio of the Nu Nusselt number of state and light pipe；biWhen=0, critical line passes through (1,1), illustrates that built-in spiral band pipe is in
Rotation and non-rotation status and light pipe are under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is equal；Work as biIllustrate built-in spiral shell when > 0
Knob band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is greater than light pipe；Work as biIllustrate when < 0
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under conditions of corresponding toEfficiency is less than light pipe；Pe/P0=1 and pe/p0=1 three line is respectively when mass flow is equal, when pump work is equal and pressure loss phase
Whens equalThe critical line of efficiency；1,2 quadrants of coordinate diagram are divided into 1,2,3,4 four area by this three critical lines, and the 1st area exists
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of the identical pressure lossEfficiency deteriorates；2nd area is in phase
With the pressure loss under the conditions of built-in spiral band pipe be in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency enhancing and in identical input
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the conditions of pump powerEfficiency deteriorates；3rd area is in input pump power
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under the same conditionsEfficiency enhancing and in identical mass flow item
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation status under partEfficiency deteriorates；4th area is under identical mass flow condition
Built-in spiral band pipe is in rotation and non-rotation statusEfficiency enhancing is obvious；
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, kiIt is identical, more horizontal seat
Mark intercept, when work in identical crushing when, depict evaluation figure in this case: dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=
2….CQ, Δ p=9, CQ, Δ p=10 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1 work is in identical crushing, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is got over
Greatly；
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in identical pump work feelings
Under condition, dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2 ... .CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1 work is in identical pump work condition
Under, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger；
When the fluid that spiral band is in rotation and non-rotation status or pipe is identical, work in identical quality stream
In the case of amount, dotted line CQ, Δ p=1.5, CQ, Δ p=2, CQ, Δ p=8, CQ, Δ p=9 representatives and CQ, Δ p=1 work is in identical quality stream
Under the conditions of amount, the bigger explanation of interceptEfficiency is bigger.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111093347A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-05-01 | 季华实验室 | Self-circulation efficient radiator |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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