CN109194470A - High-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method - Google Patents
High-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109194470A CN109194470A CN201811045247.XA CN201811045247A CN109194470A CN 109194470 A CN109194470 A CN 109194470A CN 201811045247 A CN201811045247 A CN 201811045247A CN 109194470 A CN109194470 A CN 109194470A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/524—Pulse modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/532—Polarisation modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/54—Intensity modulation
- H04B10/541—Digital intensity or amplitude modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/50—Transmitters
- H04B10/516—Details of coding or modulation
- H04B10/548—Phase or frequency modulation
- H04B10/556—Digital modulation, e.g. differential phase shift keying [DPSK] or frequency shift keying [FSK]
- H04B10/5561—Digital phase modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering methods, including transmitting terminal to send N number of weak light pulses and 1 intense light pulse in one cycle；Weak light pulses and intense light pulse by the first beam splitter by being separated again after amplitude modulation；Weak light pulses are by inputting the second beam splitter after amplitude modulation and phase-modulation, then pass through the first and second polarization beam apparatus again, intense light pulse simultaneously exports one group of light pulse by inputting the second polarization beam apparatus, the second polarization beam apparatus after unmodulated equidistant optical path；By light pulses receiving end；Receiving end receives light pulse and local light is combined to carry out heterodyne detection, obtains the continuous variable quantum key of transmitting terminal transmission.The present invention changes traditional signal transfer mode, a pair of of reference pulse is answered to be changed into the transmission mode that multiple quantum signal pulse pairs answer a pair of of reference pulse traditional single quantum signal pulse pair, to greatly improve the spectrum efficiency of system, and the method for the present invention is simple and reliable.
Description
Technical field
Present invention relates particularly to a kind of high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering methods.
Background technique
Quantum cryptology (Quantum Cryptography) is a up-and-coming frontier, the personnel of many countries
It all is being studied, and is being tested in a certain range.Quantum cryptography system is using quantum state as information carrier, warp
Key is transmitted between legal user by quantum channel.The safety of quantum cryptography is guaranteed by principle of quantum mechanics.Quantum
Communication refers to a kind of novel communication modes that information transmitting is carried out using entangled quantum effect.Quantum communication is recent two decades hair
The new interdisciplinary that exhibition is got up, is quantum theory and the new research field that information theory combines.By development in more than 20 years, amount
From laboratory, industrialization and functionization are moved towards in demonstration to the sub- communication technology, currently towards high-speed, remote, networking
Direction it is fast-developing.Since quantum communications are the strategic fields for being related to national information safety and national defense safety, and having can
The development pattern of Future Information industry can be changed, therefore become world's Main Developed Countries such as European Union, the U.S., Japanese isopreference hair
Information technology and the industry highland of exhibition.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) can allow two telecommunication persons share unconditional security key.QKD is because of its physics
Property and have broad application prospects.Security key be for entire communication process it is vital, message is to pass through
Common signal channel transmission, correspondent is encrypted and decrypted using key pair message.QKD provides a kind of based on physical law
Cryptographic key distribution method has received widespread attention in recent years for the secure communication between two sides.With discrete variable quantum key point
Hair (DV-QKD) is compared, and the quantum state of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is easier to prepare, therefore existing frequently-used company
Continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme.
Existing continuous variable quantum key distribution scheme is as shown in Figure 1: from the figure, it can be seen that Alice (transmitting terminal)
The quantum key sent will be needed by being converted to the strong light-weak light pulses of N group after laser, wherein each group strong light-dim light arteries and veins
Punching includes an intense light pulse (reference pulse) and a weak light pulses (signal pulse), then passes through amplitude modulation (AM) again
Afterwards, intense light pulse and weak light pulses are separated by beam splitter (BS), then by weak light pulses carry out amplitude modulation (AM) and
Phase-modulation (PM), then intense light pulse pass through the optical path of same distance that do not modulate, then by intense light pulse and weak light pulses
Light beam is aggregated by beam splitter (BS), what is then obtained at this time is the alternate signal of one group of intense light pulse-weak light pulses,
Bob (receiving end) is transmitted the signal to, after then received signal is passed through dynamic polarization controller by Bob, with local laser
Device exports the LO light gone, is input to heterodyne detector together and carries out heterodyne detection, to obtain the quantum key of Alice transmission.
But can see from existing quantum key distribution process, Alice is passed when distributing quantum key to Bob
In defeated optical signal, the strong optical signal for having half is not the signal transmitted required for being, and it is low to cause serious efficiency of transmission.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering methods that effective transmission rate is high.
This high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method provided by the invention, includes the following steps:
S1. according to the continuous variable quantum key of required transmission, transmitting terminal by sending N number of dim light in one cycle
Pulse and 1 intense light pulse；
S2. after the N number of weak light pulses and 1 intense light pulse that transmitting terminal is sent pass through amplitude modulation (AM), then pass through first
Beam splitter (BS) carries out weak light pulses and intense light pulse separation；
S3. second point is input to after the weak light pulses that step S2 is obtained being passed through amplitude modulation (AM) and phase-modulation (PM)
Beam device (BS), while quantum signal pulse is detected with photodetector (PD) on the second beam splitter；Then is passed sequentially through again
One polarization beam apparatus (PBS) and the second polarization beam apparatus (PBS), while the intense light pulse that step S2 is obtained is by unmodulated
The second polarization beam apparatus is input to after equidistant optical path, to obtain one group of light pulse by the second polarization beam apparatus；
S4. one group of light pulses that transmitting terminal obtains step S3 are to receiving end；
S5. receive one group of light pulse is detected by heterodyne and carries out phase compensation by receiving end, to obtain transmitting terminal
The continuous variable quantum key of transmission.
One group of light pulse is obtained described in step S3, specially obtains N number of weak light pulses and a pair of of intense light pulse, and the group
First light pulse of light pulse is intense light pulse, and second light pulse to N+1, ground light pulse is weak light pulses, and N+2 is a
Light pulse is intense light pulse, and weak light pulses correspond to quantum signal pulse, and intense light pulse corresponds to reference pulse.
By light pulses to receiving end described in step S4, light pulse is specially passed through into single mode optical fiber (SMF) route
It is sent to receiving end.
Before receive one group of light pulse is detected progress phase compensation by heterodyne by receiving end, receiving end will be received
To one group of light pulse first pass through dynamic polarization controller (DPC), to avoid the relative position of intense light pulse and weak light pulses
It changes.
Receive one group of light pulse is detected by heterodyne and carries out phase compensation by receiving end described in step S5, specially
Receiving end is input to together by by the LO light of the light pulse of dynamic polarization controller and the generation of receiving end itself laser
The heterodyne detector of receiving end carries out heterodyne detection.
Carry out phase compensation described in step S5 specially calculates phase compensation amount using following formula:
ξtotal=VAσex
ξ in formulatotalFor phase compensation amount, VATo modulate variance, σexFor total phase noise variance.
Total phase noise variance is to calculate total phase noise using following formula:
B in formulat=Bt, B are bandwidth, and t is transmission cycle, and k is the location label of quantum signal pulse in a cycle,
N is the quantity of quantum signal pulse in a cycle.
This high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method provided by the invention changes traditional signal transmission mould
Traditional single quantum signal pulse pair is answered a pair of of reference pulse to be changed into multiple quantum signal pulse pairs of the method for the present invention by formula
The transmission mode of a pair of of reference pulse is answered, to greatly improve the spectrum efficiency (i.e. effective transmission rate) of system, Er Qieben
Inventive method is simple and reliable.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the continuous variable quantum key distribution process schematic of the prior art.
Fig. 2 is the continuous variable quantum key distribution process schematic of the method for the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the phase noise composition schematic diagram of the method for the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of transmission process of a cycle of the method for the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the Relationship Comparison schematic diagram of the method for the present invention key rate compared with prior art and transmission range.
Specific embodiment
It is illustrated in figure 2 the continuous quantum key distribution process schematic of the method for the present invention: this height provided by the invention
Continuous variable quantum key delivering method is imitated, is included the following steps:
S1. according to the continuous variable quantum key of required transmission, transmitting terminal by sending N number of dim light in one cycle
Pulse and 1 intense light pulse；
S2. after the N number of weak light pulses and 1 intense light pulse that transmitting terminal is sent pass through amplitude modulation (AM), then pass through first
Beam splitter (BS) carries out weak light pulses and intense light pulse separation；
S3. second point is input to after the weak light pulses that step S2 is obtained being passed through amplitude modulation (AM) and phase-modulation (PM)
Beam device (BS), while quantum signal pulse is detected with photodetector (PD) on the second beam splitter；Then is passed sequentially through again
One polarization beam apparatus (PBS) and the second polarization beam apparatus (PBS) guarantee that weak light pulses and intense light pulse will not interfere with each other, together
When by intense light pulse that step S2 is obtained by being input to the second polarization beam apparatus after unmodulated equidistant optical path, to pass through
Second polarization beam apparatus obtains one group of light pulse；It include N number of weak light pulses and a pair by the light pulse that the second beam splitter obtains
Intense light pulse, and first light pulse of this group of light pulse is intense light pulse, second light pulse to N-1, ground light pulse is weak
Light pulse, n-th light pulse is intense light pulse, and weak light pulses correspond to signal pulse, and intense light pulse corresponds to reference pulse
S4. one group of light pulses (can be by single mode optical fiber SMF) that transmitting terminal obtains step S3 are to receiving end；
S5. receive one group of light pulse is first passed through dynamic polarization controller (DPC) by receiving end, to avoid strong light arteries and veins
It rushes and changes with the relative position of weak light pulses；Then, receiving end will pass through the light pulse of dynamic polarization controller, Yi Jijie
The LO light that receiving end itself laser generates, the heterodyne detector for being input to receiving end together carries out heterodyne detection, to be sent out
The continuous variable quantum key that sending end is sent；
When heterodyne detects, phase compensation therein mainly calculates phase compensation amount using following formula:
ξtotal=VAσex
ξ in formulatotalFor phase compensation amount, VATo modulate variance, σexFor total phase noise variance.
Total phase noise variance is to calculate total phase noise using following formula:
B in formulat=Bt, B are bandwidth, and t is transmission cycle, and k is the location label of quantum signal pulse in a cycle,
N is the quantity of quantum signal pulse in a cycle.
Be illustrated in figure 3 the phase noise composition schematic diagram of the method for the present invention: phase noise is made of three parts: phase
Drift noise, phase channel noise and phase noise error.
For phase drift noise:
σdIt is the phase drift noise variance as caused by the phase drift between quantum signal pulse and phase reference pulse,
σdIt can be expressed as σd=2 π B Δ t, wherein B is bandwidth, and Δ t=1/f, f are frequency；
The main reason for generating phase drift noise is the time delay between signal pulse and reference pulse transmission.In reality
In the requirement of experiment of border, it is necessary to assure excess phase noise ξphase≤ 0.1, that is, σd< 0.1VA.Work as VAWhen sufficiently large, phase drift
Moving noise can be ignored.
For phase channel noise:
σcIt is channel phase noise variance, because quantum signal pulse and reference pulse pass through identical transmission path, institute
WithIt is also assumed that σc≈0；
For phase noise error:
σeThe phase noise error that other thermal noises when being detected by shot noise and heterodyne form, phase noise error side
Difference
The transmission process of a cycle of the method for the present invention is as shown in Figure 4: φ1And φ2It can be by formulaIt obtains, wherein piFor i-th of displacement component, xiFor i-th of phase component；The characteristic equation of interchannel noise
Are as follows:Wherein exAnd epIt makes an uproar for line.Then linear minimal error is utilized
The square estimation technique estimates the phase error of k-th of quantum signal pulse
N is the quantity of quantum signal pulse in a cycle in formula, and k indicates k-th of quantum signal pulse in a cycle；
K-th of phase noise error θkFor
θ in formulaLOFor the phase of LO, t is period, θSFor quantum signal phase；
Phase noise error variances sigmaeFor
Wherein, the feature formula of carrier bandwidths 3dB, phase noise error can be indicated by bandwidth, be quantified as and transmission week
The relevant formula of phase t, Bt=Bt.
Therefore, total phase noise variance σexFor
So total phase noise of the method for the present invention can indicate are as follows:
ξtotal=ξphase=VAσex
However, two larger with continuing reference to the drift between pulse when spectrum efficiency is lower.Therefore, the method for the present invention
CV-QKD suitable for high-speed transfer.
Hereinafter, the existing CV-QKD scheme based on the design of LLO delay line is compared with the application method:
There are Railway Projects in CV-QKD.In existing CV-QKD agreement, the biography of reference pulse and quantum signal pulse
Defeated ratio is 1:1.Since the amplitude of the Amplitude Ratio signal pulse of reference pulse is several orders of magnitude higher, so these schemes result in
The reduction of spectrum efficiency, while increasing transmission cost.Secondly, it is desirable that between the LO pulse of the signal pulse and Bob of Alice
Difference on the frequency be it is quite stable, this can be realized by using single-frequency laser, and single-frequency laser can individually lock one
Stable reference frequency, such as atom line.When relative phase drift is slow and line width, drift noise is seen as phase and makes an uproar
Sound.If relative phase drift is fast, the LO frequency that Bob is locked using PHASE-LOCKED LOOP PLL TECHNIQUE should be considered.In the reality of laser characteristics
In the case that border limits, for example, integrated photonics realize in available on piece laser limited coherence, synchronous discrete laser
Source is a challenge.
CV-QKD agreement based on LLO is to solve security vulnerabilities by generating LO pulse at the end Bob.However, LLO postpones
Line design has limitation in terms of spectral characteristic.The invention proposes a kind of multiple quantum signal pulse pairs to answer a pair with reference to arteries and veins
The CV-QKD scheme of the transmission of punching, effective spectrum efficiency can be improved in the program, to improve efficiency of transmission, solves LLO
The limitation of delay line design.
In CV-QKD, the detection of quantum state has certain measuring limit, and wherein the greatest limit of quantum measurement is sea
The gloomy fort limit, detectable limit is no more than the standard limit (SQL) that quantum measures.When only using relevant detection means, such as
Balanced homodyne detection, detection limit cannot surmount SQL.But if detection limit can break through SQL using other supplementary means,
Approach Heisenberg's limit.In relevant detection, approaching and reaching SQL is the premise for realizing quantum measurement.Because of shot noise
Limits properties (SNL, SQL have meaning identical with SNL), it is necessary to consider the excessively high situation of the power of reference pulse.
In CV-QKD, the size of shot noise can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of LO.On the other hand, due to shot
The quantity of the slope of noise and local oscillator light photon by the quantum efficiency of detector gain and detector determine due to shot noise with
The slope size of local oscillator light number of photons is determined by the quantum efficiency of amplifier gain and detector, in order to guarantee detector
Photoelectric tube work can adjust detector threshold by changing amplifier gain in the range of linearity.
Be illustrated in figure 5 the key rate comparison schematic diagram of the method for the present invention compared with prior art: Fig. 5 shows no phase
The comparison of noise, LLO delay line design and key rate and safe distance relationship under the present invention.Compared with the design of LLO delay line,
The present invention can obtain higher key rate under same distance.Influence of the increase of N to key rate is little, but may be implemented more
High spectrum efficiency.
Assuming that EVE can only access quantum signal, the Security Proof of traditional CV-QKD also can be applied to present invention side
In case.It discusses below to the individual attack of the program and collective's attack.
Security key rate is normally based on the reasonable assumption of communication channel and detection device to calculate.Analogous diagram can be shown
Show influence of the various design parameters to desired key rate.Bob by the phase of estimation and come correct received quantum signal and
Then fixed phase carries out heterodyne measurement to two correction signals, to obtain measurement result respectively.
The variation of N has little effect key rate as can be seen from Figure 5, therefore increases in the case where not reducing key rate
Add the value of N that effective spectrum efficiency can be improved.Therefore, the method for the present invention can effectively improve the effective spectrum effect of transmission process
Rate.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method, includes the following steps:
S1. according to the continuous variable quantum key of required transmission, transmitting terminal by sending N number of weak light pulses in one cycle
With 1 intense light pulse；
S2. transmitting terminal is sent N number of weak light pulses and 1 intense light pulse by after amplitude modulation, then by the first beam splitter into
Row weak light pulses and intense light pulse separation；
S3. by weak light pulses that step S2 is obtained by being input to the second beam splitter after amplitude modulation and phase-modulation, while
The subsignal pulse of photodetector detection limit is used on second beam splitter；Then the first polarization beam apparatus and second is passed sequentially through again partially
Shake beam splitter, while by intense light pulse that step S2 is obtained by being input to the second polarization beam splitting after unmodulated equidistant optical path
Device, to obtain one group of light pulse by the second polarization beam apparatus；
S4. one group of light pulses that transmitting terminal obtains step S3 are to receiving end；
S5. receive one group of light pulse is detected by heterodyne and carries out phase compensation by receiving end, to obtain transmitting terminal transmission
Continuous variable quantum key.
2. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described in step S3
One group of light pulse is obtained, N number of weak light pulses and a pair of of intense light pulse, and first light pulse of this group of light pulse are specially obtained
For intense light pulse, second light pulse to N+1, ground light pulse is weak light pulses, and the N+2 light pulse is intense light pulse, and weak
Light pulse corresponds to quantum signal pulse, and intense light pulse corresponds to reference pulse.
3. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that described in step S4
By light pulses to receiving end, light pulse is specially sent to receiving end by single mode optical fiber route.
4. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that will be connect in receiving end
The one group of light pulse received is detected before carrying out phase compensation by heterodyne, and receiving end first passes through receive one group of light pulse
Dynamic polarization controller, so that the relative position of intense light pulse and weak light pulses be avoided to change.
5. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method according to claim 4, it is characterised in that described in step S5
Receive one group of light pulse is detected by heterodyne and carries out phase compensation by receiving end, and specially receiving end will pass through dynamic polarization
The LO light that the light pulse of controller and receiving end itself laser generate, be input to together the heterodyne detector of receiving end into
The detection of row heterodyne.
6. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method described according to claim 1~one of 5, it is characterised in that step S5
The carry out phase compensation specially calculates phase compensation amount using following formula:
ξtotal=VAσex
ξ in formulatotalFor phase compensation amount, VATo modulate variance, σexFor total phase noise variance.
7. high-efficiency and continuous variable quantum key delivering method according to claim 6, it is characterised in that total phase
Noise variance is to calculate total phase noise using following formula:
B in formulat=Bt, B are bandwidth, and t is transmission cycle, and k is the location label of quantum signal pulse in a cycle, N mono-
The quantity of quantum signal pulse in a period.
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| US12088707B2 (en) | 2020-02-14 | 2024-09-10 | Shanghai Jiao Tong University | Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) method and system |
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| CN113938277A (en) * | 2021-10-21 | 2022-01-14 | 济南量子技术研究院 | Double-field quantum key distribution system and communication distance improving method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20190111 |