CN109175657B - Electron beam welding method for large-thickness inclination angle welding seam - Google Patents

Electron beam welding method for large-thickness inclination angle welding seam Download PDF

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CN109175657B
CN109175657B CN201811279435.9A CN201811279435A CN109175657B CN 109175657 B CN109175657 B CN 109175657B CN 201811279435 A CN201811279435 A CN 201811279435A CN 109175657 B CN109175657 B CN 109175657B
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welding
sample block
thickness
welding seam
electron beam
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CN109175657A (en
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谢美蓉
张益坤
朱瑞灿
陈靖
李跃
王炜
田越
赵刚
张净
刘敏
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China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology CALT
Capital Aerospace Machinery Co Ltd
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China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology CALT
Capital Aerospace Machinery Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0046—Welding
    • B23K15/0053—Seam welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0006—Electron-beam welding or cutting specially adapted for particular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0033—Preliminary treatment

Abstract

An electron beam welding method for a large-thickness inclined angle welding seam comprises the following steps: step one, processing an inner sample block (7) and an outer sample block (8); step two, assembling the inner sample block(7) The outer sample block (8) forms a sample block assembly; step three, setting the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun1The electron gun (5) is controlled to perform a tilting operation, and the electron gun tilting angle alpha is checked by using the sample block assembly1The accuracy of (2); assembling an upper weldment (1) and a lower weldment (2) of a to-be-welded part, and calibrating the positions of joints of the upper weldment (1) and the lower weldment (2); fifthly, setting the beam current of the electron beam, rotating a part to be welded, and centering and aligning a welding track; sixthly, determining the root width W of the large-thickness inclination angle welding seam according to the welding thickness and various deviation factors; and seventhly, welding the inclined welding seam (3). The invention solves the problems of welding defects of welding deviation, non-fusion and the like at the root part of the large-thickness inclined welding seam.

Description

Electron beam welding method for large-thickness inclination angle welding seam
Technical Field
The present invention relates to an electron beam welding method.
Background
The heavy-duty carrier rocket high-thrust oxyhydrogen afterburning engine adopts a precombustion chamber structure and is made of high-temperature alloy GH 4169. As the pressure bearing of the precombustion chamber reaches 33MPa, the welding thickness is designed to be thicker and generally reaches more than 20mm, and the conventional fusion welding can not adapt to the requirements of controlling deformation and effectively ensuring the connection strength. Vacuum electron beam welding is an advanced welding technology and is suitable for welding large-thickness welding seams. Due to the structural position limitation, in order to avoid the shielding of the welding path on the electron beam, the joint structure of the multi-channel welding seam is designed into a butt welding seam form with an inclined angle. The oblique angle welding seam is a welding seam which forms a certain angle with the vertical direction or the horizontal direction when the workpiece to be processed is vertically placed at a normal position. The simplified pre-combustion chamber inclination angle welding seam structure is shown in figure 1, an upper weldment 1 and a lower weldment 2 are formed by connecting inclination welding seams 3, the welding seam inclination angle alpha, the welding seam diameter phi D and the welding thickness h of the inclination welding seams. Such a large thickness oblique angle weld can be accomplished using electron beam welding techniques.
The electron beam welding is to bombard the joint of the weldment by using high-speed and high-density electron beams generated by an electron gun, so that most of kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into heat energy to melt metal to form a welding line, and the welding is realized. The method has the characteristics of high power density, small heat affected zone, strong penetrating power, high joint quality, small welding deformation and the like, and plays an important role in the development of new models.
Since the electron beam welding of the oblique angle welding seam is limited by the function of the equipment, the oblique workpiece welding mode is generally adopted, as shown in fig. 2 (a). The electron gun 5 is vertically placed, the electron beam 6 emitted from the electron gun vertically descends, the welding seam is in a vertical position due to the inclination angle alpha of the workpiece, the welding seam angle adjustment is realized by clamping the welding tool 4 through the three-jaw chuck in a workpiece inclining mode (when a three-jaw chuck worktable of the equipment cannot be displaced and turned over), the operation is inconvenient, and the welding seam alignment is influenced by the positioning precision of the tool. The consistency of the beam path of the electron beam and the position of the welding seam is influenced by the inclination angle error of the workpiece in the welding seam electron beam welding, and the forming width of the section of the welding seam is too narrow if the forming width is improperly controlled, so that the defects of welding deviation, incomplete fusion and the like of the root part of the welding seam with large thickness are easily caused, and the welding quality requirement cannot be met.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the electron beam welding of the welding seam with the large thickness inclination angle, an inclined electron gun mode is adopted, the electron beam welding method of the welding seam with the large thickness inclination angle is provided, the accuracy of the inclination angle of the electron gun is ensured, the forming width of the cross section of the welding seam is met, the welding defect problems of welding deviation, incomplete fusion and the like of the root part of the welding seam with the large thickness are solved, and therefore the welding quality and the development progress of products are ensured.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: an electron beam welding method for a large-thickness inclined angle welding seam comprises the following steps:
firstly, processing an inner sample block and an outer sample block according to an inclined welding seam angle alpha and a welding thickness h marked on a drawing of a piece to be welded;
assembling the inner sample block and the outer sample block to form a sample block assembly;
step three, setting the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun1Controlling the electron gun to tilt, and checking the tilt angle alpha of the electron gun by using the sample block assembly1If there is a deviation from the angle α of the inclined weld, the inclination angle α of the electron gun is finely adjusted1Until the angle alpha is consistent with the angle alpha of the inclined welding seam;
assembling an upper weldment and a lower weldment of the to-be-welded part, calibrating the positions of the joints of the upper weldment and the lower weldment, and vertically clamping the to-be-welded part on a three-jaw chuck of a rotary workbench of welding equipment;
fifthly, setting the beam current of the electron beam, rotating a part to be welded, and centering and aligning a welding track;
sixthly, determining the root width W of the large-thickness inclination angle welding seam according to the welding thickness and various deviation factors;
step seven, performing oblique seam welding, wherein the electron beam welding process is as follows: firstly, performing segmented tack welding, then performing small-beam flow welding, and finally performing formal welding on the inclined welding seam.
The outer sample block is of a circular ring structure, the inner side wall is a conical surface, the included angle between a conical surface bus and the central shaft is alpha, and the thickness h1＝h×cos(α)。
The inner sample block is of a multi-section structure, the first section is of a frustum structure, and a bulge is arranged at the center of the large end of the frustumThe structure is that the second section and the third section are respectively of a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the second section connected with the center of the small end of the frustum is larger than that of the third section; the included angle between the conical surface generatrix of the frustum structure and the central axis is alpha, and the thickness h1＝h×cos(α)。
In the second step, the conical surfaces of the inner sample block and the outer sample block are matched with each other, the upper surface and the lower surface of the outer sample block are aligned with the upper surface and the lower surface of the inner sample block frustum, and the upper surface and the lower surface are fixed by argon arc welding in a spot welding mode.
In the third step, the sample block assembly is used for checking the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun1The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 3.1: clamping a third section of the inner sample block by using a three-jaw chuck, rotating the inner sample block and the outer sample block, measuring the runout amount of the outer side surface of the outer sample block by using a dial indicator, and ensuring that the runout amount is less than 0.1 mm;
step 3.2: the height between the electron gun and the surface of the inner sample block is adjusted, and the working distance H between the electron gun and the upper end surface of the sample block assembly is ensured by laser ranging1(ii) a Adjusting spots of laser lower beams of the electron gun to fall on the outer ring at the large end of the frustum structure of the inner sample block;
step 3.3: after the sample block assembly is turned, a three-jaw chuck is used for clamping a protruding structure at the center of the large end of the frustum section of the inner sample block, the lower end faces of the sample block assembly before and after turning are ensured to be on the same height plane, the root face of the third section of the inner sample block before and after turning and the upper end face of the sample block assembly are ensured to be on the same height plane, and a dial indicator is used for measuring the jumping quantity of the outer side face, wherein the jumping quantity is less than 0.1 mm;
step 3.4: measuring working distance H from electronic gun to lower end face of sample block assembly by laser ranging2Value of, satisfy H2＝H1+h1÷cos(α1) If H is2And H1If the deviation is more than 0.5mm, re-clamping, aligning and measuring;
step 3.5: observing whether the spot of the lower beam of the laser falls on the joint circle of the small end face of the frustum section of the inner sample block and the outer sample block, and if the spot meets the condition that the deviation of the whole circle path is within the range of +/-0.1 mm, determining that the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun is alpha1And the inclination angle alpha of the welding seam.
In the fifth step, the beam current of the electron beam is set to be 1mA, the workpiece is rotated, and the alignment error is within the range of +/-0.1 mm.
The calculation formula of the root width W of the large-thickness oblique welding seam is as follows:
W＝K×{hcosα[tg(α+β1)-tg(α-β2)]+Δ1+Δ2}
wherein: beta is a1Deviation in the inclination angle marked for the drawing; beta is a2Marking deviation under an inclination angle for a drawing; delta1Centering and aligning deviation of the surface of the welding seam; delta2The allowable amount of the deviation of the inclination angle of the electron gun projected to the root of the welding seam; k is the insurance coefficient.
And seventhly, when the welding diameter phi D of the upper weldment is larger than 300mm, setting the number of the segmented tack welds by referring to phi D/100, and performing uniform segmented tack welds, wherein the value range of the welding length is 15-20 mm.
And seventhly, welding a circle by using small beam welding, wherein the beam value is 30-50% of the formal welding beam.
And seventhly, adopting lower focusing welding parameters for formal welding, wherein a focusing point is 20-25% h below a welding surface e, the adopted welding beam current is non-constant beam current, the formal welding beam current I is adopted at the beginning 3/4 circumference of a circle phi D of a welding seam of the upper weldment and the lower weldment, the beam current adopted at the subsequent 1/8 circumference is 95% I, and the beam current adopted at the last 1/8 circumference is 90% I.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) aiming at the problem that when a large-thickness (the welding thickness is not less than 20mm) inclined angle welding seam is welded, the beam falling path of an electron beam is inconsistent with the position of the welding seam and deviation is easy to occur, a sample block assembly is innovatively designed, red laser spots projected by a laser ranging device of an electron gun are combined for checking and strictly ensuring the accuracy of the inclined angle, the problems of welding deviation, incomplete fusion and the like of the large-thickness inclined angle welding seam are solved, and the successful welding of a novel large-thickness inclined angle welding seam is realized.
(2) The method carries out adaptive optimization of welding parameters aiming at the welding characteristics of the welding seam with the large thickness and the inclination angle, gives consideration to the control requirements of three aspects of welding penetration, welding seam root width and welding heat input quantity, obtains the large-thickness welding seam meeting the welding seam root width value, avoids the excessively thin and narrow section of the welding seam root, and further prevents the generation of the unfused defect.
(3) Compared with the traditional electron beam welding method for inclined workpieces, the electron beam welding method for the inclined electron gun is convenient to operate and easy to realize, the inclination angle can be accurately adjusted, the influence of the component force of the dead weight of the workpiece on the inclination angle is avoided, and the welding quality is favorably ensured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a bevel angle weld;
FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are schematic diagrams of different ways of electron beam welding of oblique angle welds;
FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are schematic diagrams illustrating the use of a proof mass assembly to check the tilt angle of an electron gun;
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of the method of the present invention;
fig. 5(a) to (c) are flowcharts of optimization of the electron beam focusing parameters.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of the present invention, which is a method for performing electron beam welding of a large-thickness oblique-angle weld joint by using an oblique electron gun welding method to avoid welding defects such as welding deviation and incomplete fusion, and comprises the following steps:
step one, processing an inner sample block 7 and an outer sample block 8 respectively according to an inclined welding seam angle alpha and a welding thickness h marked on a drawing. The outer sample block 8 is of a circular ring structure, and the inner side wall is a conical surface; the inner sample block 7 is of a multi-section structure, the first section is of a frustum structure, a convex structure is arranged at the center of the large end of the frustum, the second section and the third section are of cylindrical structures respectively, and the diameter of the second section connected with the center of the small end of the frustum is larger than that of the third section. The cone angles of the conical surfaces of the inner sample block 7 and the outer sample block 8 are consistent, the included angle between the generatrix of the conical surface and the central axis is alpha (strictly ensured by machining means), and the thickness of the matching surface is h1，h1Reference is made to h × cos (α) setting.
And step two, assembling the inner sample block 7 and the outer sample block 8 into a sample block assembly, wherein the upper surface and the lower surface are flush after the assembly. Argon arc welding can be adopted to perform spot welding on the upper assembly surface and the lower assembly surface to fix the two.
Step three, setting the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun in the operation program of the electron beam welding equipment1The electron gun 5 is tilted from the vertical state to the tilt angle alpha1The angular state. Due to the actual angle alpha at which the electron gun is tilted1Whether the weld inclination angle α is strictly met or not does not facilitate direct measurement, and the accuracy of the inclination angle is checked using the assembled sample block assembly, as shown in fig. 3(a) and 3 (b). If there is a deviation, the electron gun tilt angle α is finely adjusted1Until the angle alpha is consistent with the bevel angle alpha of the sample block assembly after inspection.
The specific process is as follows:
electron gun tilt angle alpha using a sample block assembly1As shown in fig. 3(a) and 3(b), the electron gun has a laser distance measuring device for measuring the working distance between the electron gun and the weld, and the position of the red laser spot projected by the laser device of the electron gun can be regarded as the lower spot position of the electron beam. Clamping the third section phi D of the inner sample block 7 according to the three-jaw chuck in FIG. 3(a)3And (3) from the surface to the root surface 12 between the third section and the second section, rotating the sample block assembly, and measuring the jumping quantity of the outer side surface 14 of the outer sample block 8 by adopting a dial indicator to be less than 0.1mm to finish alignment. Adjusting the height between the electron gun and the surface of the sample block assembly, and ensuring the working distance H by the laser ranging function1Is 200 mm. And the spot 10 of the lower laser beam 9 is adjusted to fall on the whole circle of the frustum structure large end phi D1 of the inner sample block 7, and the path deviation is within the range of +/-0.1 mm. After the sample block assembly is turned over, the phi D of the convex structure at the center of the large end of the frustum section of the inner sample block 7 is clamped according to the three-jaw chuck shown in figure 3(b)4The surface is towards the large end face 13 of the frustum section of the inner sample block 7, as shown in fig. 3(a) and fig. 3(b), the lower end face 11 of the sample block assembly after being turned and after being turned is ensured to be on the same height plane (the lower end face 11 of the sample block assembly is the alignment face of the small end face of the frustum section of the inner sample block 7 and the outer sample block 8), the root face 12 and the upper end face 13 of the sample block assembly (the upper end face 13 of the sample block assembly is the alignment face of the large end face of the frustum section of the inner sample block 7 and the outer sample block 8) are ensured to be on the same height planeOn the plane, the jump quantity of the outer side surface 14 measured by the dial indicator is less than 0.1mm, and alignment is completed. Laser ranging indicates the working distance H of FIG. 3(b)2Value of should satisfy H2＝H1+h1÷cos(α1) And if the deviation is larger than 0.5mm, re-clamping, aligning and measuring. Observing whether the spot 10 of the laser lower beam 9 falls on the end surface phi D at the lower end of the inner sample block 72On the whole circle, if the deviation of the whole circle path is within the range of +/-0.1 mm, the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun is considered1Is consistent with the inclination angle alpha of the welding seam; if the position of the beam spot 10 under the laser and Φ D2If the deviation of the whole circle path is large, the electron gun inclination angle alpha is determined1And the angle of inclination alpha of the weld.
And step four, after the upper weldment 1 and the lower weldment 2 of the to-be-welded parts are assembled, uniformly punching the sample punching points on the phi D circle on the surface of the joint of the to-be-welded parts by using a chisel, wherein the sample punching points accurately fall on the whole circle of the joint, and the size of the sample punching points is about phi 0.2 mm. And vertically clamping the to-be-welded part on a three-jaw chuck of a rotary workbench of welding equipment.
Step five, the electron gun is inclined at an angle alpha1In the form of the method, 1mA of beam current of an electron beam is set, a workpiece is rotated, welding track centering alignment is carried out, and the alignment error is within the range of +/-0.1 mm. The alignment method is to observe whether the beam spot is positioned at the welding position in a circle or not through a CCD display screen (if the beam spot is positioned at the welding position, the beam spot passes through a sample punching point and is obviously displayed in a flickering mode).
And step six, determining the root width W of the welding line with the large-thickness inclination angle according to the welding thickness and various deviation factors, and formulating welding parameters based on the requirement of the root width of the welding line. The calculation formula of the root width W of the large-thickness oblique welding seam is as follows:
W＝K×{hcosα[tg(α+β1)-tg(α-β2)]+Δ1+Δ2}
in the formula: w is the root width of the large-thickness oblique welding seam; h is the welding thickness of the oblique welding seam; alpha is the inclination angle of the welding seam; beta is a1Deviation in the inclination angle marked for the drawing; beta is a2Marking deviation under an inclination angle for a drawing; delta1Setting the alignment deviation of the surface of the welding seam to be 0.2 mm; delta20.2mm is set for the allowable amount of the deviation of the electron gun inclination angle projected at the root of the weld. K is the safety factor, set to 2.
And step seven, welding the inclined welding seam 3. The electron beam welding process comprises three specific steps of segmented tack welding, small-beam flow welding and formal welding. And when the welding diameter phi D is larger than 300mm, uniformly performing segmented tack welding, wherein the number of the segmented tack welds is set by referring to phi D/100, and the length is 15-20 mm. And welding the arc-shaped steel plate for one circle by using a small beam, wherein the beam value is 30-50% of the formal beam value.
Before formal welding, determining the influence of the electron beam focusing state on the forming of the section of the GH4169 material welding seam with the welding thickness of more than 20 mm. As shown in fig. 5, the surface is focused in fig. 5(a), the electron beam 6 is focused on the welding surface e, and the section of the welding seam is narrower; in the upper focusing figure 5(b), the focusing point of the electron beam 6 is above the welding surface e, and under the condition that other parameters are the same, the welding penetration is reduced; and (c) a lower focusing graph 5 is shown, the focusing point of the electron beam 6 is below the welding surface e, the width of the root of the welding seam is increased and is not less than W on the premise of meeting the welding penetration (the penetration is more than 20mm), and the welding quality of the welding seam with a large thickness and an inclination angle is favorably ensured.
According to the invention, for the welding of a large-thickness welding seam with the welding thickness of more than 20mm, lower focusing welding parameters are adopted, as shown in fig. 5(c), and a focusing point is 20-25% h below a welding surface e.
On the premise of meeting the welding penetration of a large-thickness inclination angle welding line and the width of the root part of the welding line, the heat input quantity is required to be controlled, the welding deformation is prevented, and the proper welding speed is required to be matched. The invention adopts the welding speed of 1 m/min-1.2 m/min, has higher welding speed, high cooling speed of a molten pool, difficult accumulation of welding heat, can prevent larger welding leakage and is beneficial to controlling the forming quality of welding seams.
The welding beam current adopted by formal welding is non-constant beam current, and the formal welding beam current I is adopted at the initial 3/4 circumference (0-270 degrees) of one circle of phi D; the subsequent beam current adopted at the circumference (270-315 ℃) of 1/8 is attenuated to 95% I; the beam current adopted at the last 1/8 circumference (315-360 ℃) is further attenuated to 90% I. The non-constant beam current can ensure that the welding depth consistency of a circle of a large-thickness welding seam is good, and the phenomenon that the penetration lock bottom is increased due to the fact that the workpiece is heated, heat is accumulated and the welding depth is increased in the later welding period is avoided.
The present invention has not been described in detail, partly as is known to the person skilled in the art.

Claims (10)

1. An electron beam welding method for a large-thickness inclined angle welding seam is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, processing an inner sample block (7) and an outer sample block (8) according to an inclined welding seam angle alpha and a welding thickness h marked on a drawing of a piece to be welded;
assembling an inner sample block (7) and an outer sample block (8) to form a sample block assembly;
step three, setting the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun1The electron gun (5) is controlled to perform a tilting operation, and the electron gun tilting angle alpha is checked by using the sample block assembly1If there is a deviation from the angle α of the inclined weld, the inclination angle α of the electron gun is finely adjusted1Until the angle alpha is consistent with the angle alpha of the inclined welding seam;
assembling an upper weldment (1) and a lower weldment (2) of the to-be-welded part, calibrating the joint position of the upper weldment (1) and the lower weldment (2), and vertically clamping the to-be-welded part on a three-jaw chuck of a rotary workbench of welding equipment;
fifthly, setting the beam current of the electron beam, rotating a part to be welded, and centering and aligning a welding track;
sixthly, determining the root width W of the large-thickness inclination angle welding seam according to the welding thickness and various deviation factors;
welding the inclined welding seam (3), wherein the electron beam welding process is as follows: firstly, performing segmented tack welding, then performing small-beam flow welding, and finally performing formal welding on the oblique welding seam (3).
2. The electron beam welding method of the large-thickness oblique angle welding seam as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the outer sample block (8) is of a circular ring structure, the inner side wall is a conical surface, the included angle between a conical surface bus and the central shaft is alpha, and the thickness h1＝h×cos(α)。
3. Root of herbaceous plantThe electron beam welding method of a large-thickness oblique angle weld according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the inner sample block (7) is of a multi-section structure, the first section is of a frustum structure, a convex structure is arranged at the center of the large end of the frustum, the second section and the third section are of cylindrical structures respectively, and the diameter of the second section connected with the center of the small end of the frustum is larger than that of the third section; the included angle between the conical surface generatrix of the frustum structure and the central axis is alpha, and the thickness h1＝h×cos(α)。
4. The electron beam welding method of the large-thickness oblique angle welding seam as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: in the second step, the conical surfaces of the inner sample block (7) and the outer sample block (8) are matched with each other, the upper surface and the lower surface of the outer sample block (8) are aligned with the upper surface and the lower surface of the frustum of the inner sample block (7), and the upper surface and the lower surface are fixed by argon arc welding in a spot welding mode.
5. The electron beam welding method of the large-thickness oblique angle welding seam as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: in the third step, the sample block assembly is used for checking the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun1The method comprises the following specific steps:
step 3.1: clamping a third section of the inner sample block (7) by using a three-jaw chuck, rotating the inner sample block (7) and the outer sample block (8), and measuring the runout amount of the outer side surface (14) of the outer sample block (8) by using a dial indicator to ensure that the runout amount is less than 0.1 mm;
step 3.2: the height of the surface of the electron gun (5) and the surface of the inner sample block (7) are adjusted, and the working distance H between the electron gun (5) and the upper end surface (13) of the sample block assembly is ensured by laser ranging1(ii) a Adjusting spots (10) of a laser lower beam (9) of the electron gun (5) to fall on the outer ring of the large end of the frustum structure of the inner sample block (7);
step 3.3: after the sample block assembly is turned over, a three-jaw chuck is used for clamping a convex structure at the center of the large end of the frustum section of the inner sample block (7), the lower end face (11) of the sample block assembly before and after turning is ensured to be on the same height plane, the root face (12) of the third section of the inner sample block (7) before and after turning and the upper end face (13) of the sample block assembly are ensured to be on the same height plane, and a dial indicator is used for measuring the jumping quantity of the outer side face (14), wherein the jumping quantity is less than 0.1 mm;
step 3.4: measuring the working distance H from the electron gun (5) to the lower end face (11) of the sample block assembly by using laser ranging2Value of, satisfy H2＝H1+h1÷cos(α1) If H is2And H1If the deviation is more than 0.5mm, re-clamping, aligning and measuring;
step 3.5: observing whether the spot (10) of the lower laser beam (9) falls on the joint circle of the small end face of the frustum section of the inner sample block (7) and the outer sample block (8), and if the spot (10) meets the condition that the deviation of the whole circle path is within the range of +/-0.1 mm, determining that the inclination angle alpha of the electron gun is alpha1And the inclination angle alpha of the welding seam.
6. The electron beam welding method of a large-thickness oblique angle weld according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that: in the fifth step, the beam current of the electron beam is set to be 1mA, the workpiece is rotated, and the alignment error is within the range of +/-0.1 mm.
7. The electron beam welding method of the large-thickness oblique angle welding seam as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that: the calculation formula of the root width W of the large-thickness inclination angle welding seam is as follows:
W＝K×{hcosα[tg(α+β1)-tg(α-β2)]+Δ1+Δ2}
wherein: beta is a1Deviation in the inclination angle marked for the drawing; beta is a2Marking deviation under an inclination angle for a drawing; delta1Centering and aligning deviation of the surface of the welding seam; delta2The allowable amount of the deviation of the inclination angle of the electron gun projected to the root of the welding seam; k is the insurance coefficient.
8. The electron beam welding method of the large-thickness oblique angle welding seam as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: and seventhly, when the welding diameter phi D of the upper weldment (1) is larger than 300mm, setting the number of the segmented tack welds by referring to phi D/100, and performing uniform segmented tack welds, wherein the value range of the welding length is 15-20 mm.
9. The electron beam welding method of a large-thickness oblique angle weld according to claim 8, characterized in that: and seventhly, welding a circle by using small beam welding, wherein the beam value is 30-50% of the formal welding beam.
10. The electron beam welding method of a large-thickness oblique angle weld according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that: and seventhly, adopting lower focusing welding parameters for formal welding, wherein a focusing point is 20-25% h below a welding surface e, the adopted welding beam current is non-constant beam current, the formal welding beam current I is adopted at the initial 3/4 circumference of a circle phi D of the welding seam of the upper weldment (1) and the lower weldment (2), the beam current adopted at the subsequent 1/8 circumference is 95% I, and the beam current adopted at the final 1/8 circumference is 90% I.
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