CN109165831B - 稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法,所述方法包括:建立因素群、建立风险等级评价群及将原始数据带入相应的数学模型,求出风险指数,利用风险等级评价表判定风险等级。本发明通过目标农药的理化性质、暴露水平,以及生物毒性数据等指标构建算法进行农药对水产品生长安全和生存安全(即农药对浮游动物和植物的生长影响)的风险等级表征,对指导稻渔综合种养的实际生产活动,以及为相关管理部门提供政策建议具有一定的实际意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产学技术领域,涉及水产环境风险评估技术,具体为稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法。
背景技术
稻渔综合种养是一种将水稻种植和水产养殖相结合的复合农业生产方式。从生态学上讲,是在稻田生态系统中引进鱼(虾、蟹)种群后而形成的以稻、鱼(虾、蟹)为主导生物的稻-鱼(虾、蟹)共生生态系统。
与种植业结合的水产养殖,易受到广泛的农药影响。通过调查数据可以看出,在稻渔综合养殖系统中,稻田土壤和水体、水稻进出水以及水生生物的农药残留危害日益严重,对生态环境和人体健康造成威胁。
另外,稻渔综合种养过程是否对水产品的生存和生长产生影响也不得而知。种养过程最受关注的是田间管理活动,主要包括农药等的使用。那么农药是否会影响水产品的生存呢?很多情况下,稻渔综合种养模式下水产品的生长主要靠的是天然饵料,那么农药是否会影响鱼类食物链上游的浮游动物和浮游植物的生存呢,即农药是否会影响水产品的生长?因此,本专利致力于获得一种在稻渔综合养殖系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法,目的是确定引起风险隐患的关键农药种类和时间节点。该方法对指导稻渔综合种养的实际生产活动,以及为相关管理部门提供政策建议具有一定的实际意义。
发明内容
解决的技术问题:为了克服现有技术的不足,通过目标农药的理化性质、暴露水平,以及生物毒性数据等指标构建算法进行农药对水产品生长安全和生存安全(即农药对浮游动物和植物的生长影响)的风险等级表征,以指导渔民安全地开展稻渔综合种养生产活动,本发明提供了稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法。
技术方案:稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
第1步、建立因素群:因素群是由涉及农药影响水产品安全的各个因素组成的集合,具体分为两个子因素群,其一是污染暴露子群,包括农药在稻渔综合种养系统水体中的暴露数据Mw和沉积物的暴露数据Ms;其二是农药毒性子群,包括水体毒性数据:农药对浮游植物的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-phyto、农药对浮游动物的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-zoo、农药对水产品的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-aqua,以及沉积物毒性数据:农药对浮游动物的最大无效应浓度PNECsediment-zoo、农药对水产品的最大无效应浓度PNECsediment-aqua;
第2步、建立风险等级评价群:评价群分为三个等级,一级为无风险;二级为轻度风险;三级为值得重视的风险;风险指数判别如下:(1)风险指数=0,风险等级为1级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存没有风险→水产品生长没有风险,浮游动物生存没有风险→水产品生长没有风险,水产品生存没有风险;(2)0<风险指数<1,风险等级为2级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险,浮游动物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险,水产品生存有轻度风险,影响残留量,需谨慎;(3)风险指数>1,风险等级为3级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存受到影响→水产品生长有风险,浮游动物生存受到影响→水产品生长有风险,水产品生存有风险,影响产量,值得重视;各风险等级评价如表1所示:
表1风险等级评价表
第3步、将原始数据带入相应的数学模型,求出风险指数,利用风险等级评价表判定风险等级;
优选的,水体毒性数据和沉积物毒性数据均由美国环保署的ECOSAR软件进行预测估算,或者查阅参考文献进行总结。当获得水体中的PNEC值后,即可通过EPA提供的经验系数换算得到相应的沉积物中的PNEC值。
优选的,所述农药为有机氯农药。
本发明所述稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法的原理在于:根据稻渔综合种养生态系统的实际,从农药等污染物对该生态系统中食物链产生影响的角度出发,利用农药对浮游生物(包括浮游动物和浮游植物)的风险商表征水产品的生长风险,以及农药对水产品本身的风险商表征水产品的生存风险。进一步在该生态系统中,利用水体和沉积物的综合影响来综合考虑各类风险商。
有益效果:稻渔综合种养系统是我国渔业领域在拓展水产养殖空间方面的有益尝试。基于农田种稻期间可能会使用农药进行杀虫和除草等田间活动,本发明首次研究和评估了稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险,填补了该领域的空白。
具体实施方式
以下实施例进一步说明本发明的内容,但不应理解为对本发明的限制。在不背离本发明精神和实质的情况下,对本发明方法、步骤或条件所作的修改和替换,均属于本发明的范围。若未特别指明,实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。
实施例1
以云南红河哈尼梯田稻渔综合种养系统环境中有机氯农药残留状况及其影响水产品安全的风险评价案例为例。
云南红河哈尼梯田分布于云南省红河州的元阳、红河、绿春、金平4县境内,采样点位于云南省红河县乐育乡的尼美梯田,这部分梯田总体面积760亩,在养殖户家中437亩范围内采样。水样及沉积物样品使用配有ECD检测器的Agilent-7890A气相色谱仪进行分析。具体检测条件:色谱柱为DB-5毛细管色谱柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);载气为99.999%高纯氮气;线速度为30cm/sec;采用脉冲不分流方式进样,进样量1μL;进样口温度260℃;检测器温度310℃;升温程序:初始温度100℃,保持1min,以30℃/min升至250℃,再以10℃/min,升至290℃,保持5min。
检测指标为七氯,其值在水体中的暴露值为18.47ng/L,在沉积物中的暴露值为5.31μg/kg dw。
通过本发明中的数学模型:
计算可知,该农药对浮游植物的风险指数(RQ)为0.03,表明浮游植物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险;对浮游动物的风险指数(RQ)为0.44,表明浮游动物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险;该农药对水产品的风险指数(RQ)为2.97,表明水产品生存有风险,影响产量,值得重视。
通过该风险评估方法可知,尽管农药七氯对水产品生存所依赖的浮游生物没有过多的风险,但该农药对水产品本身的生长构成了一定量的风险,将可能影响水产品的产量,值得重视。该评估结果指示,生产者应规避该农药在稻渔综合种养系统中的过多使用。另外,政府部门在制定农药在稻渔综合种养系统中残留量的最大限值,以利于水产品生存和生长。
Claims (2)
1.稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
第1步、建立因素群:因素群是由涉及农药影响水产品安全的各个因素组成的集合,具体分为两个子因素群,其一是污染暴露子群,包括农药在稻渔综合种养系统水体中的暴露数据Mw和沉积物的暴露数据Ms;其二是农药毒性子群,包括水体毒性数据:农药对浮游植物的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-phyto、农药对浮游动物的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-zoo、农药对水产品的最大无效应浓度PNECwater-aqua,以及沉积物毒性数据:农药对浮游动物的最大无效应浓度PNECsediment-zoo、农药对水产品的最大无效应浓度PNECsediment-aqua;
第2步、建立风险等级评价群:评价群分为三个等级,一级为无风险;二级为轻度风险;三级为值得重视的风险;风险指数判别如下:(1)风险指数=0,风险等级为1级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存没有风险→水产品生长没有风险,浮游动物生存没有风险→水产品生长没有风险,水产品生存没有风险;(2)0<风险指数<1,风险等级为2级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险,浮游动物生存受到轻度影响→水产品生长有轻度风险,水产品生存有轻度风险,影响残留量,需谨慎;(3)风险指数>1,风险等级为3级,表示的意义为浮游植物生存受到影响→水产品生长有风险,浮游动物生存受到影响→水产品生长有风险,水产品生存有风险,影响产量,值得重视;
第3步、将原始数据带入相应的数学模型,求出风险指数,利用风险等级评价表判定风险等级;
2.根据权利要求1所述的稻渔综合种养系统中农药影响水产品安全的风险评估方法,其特征在于,所述农药为有机氯农药。
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