CN109160511B - Graphite purification device and method - Google Patents
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- CN109160511B CN109160511B CN201811083929.XA CN201811083929A CN109160511B CN 109160511 B CN109160511 B CN 109160511B CN 201811083929 A CN201811083929 A CN 201811083929A CN 109160511 B CN109160511 B CN 109160511B
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Abstract
A graphite purification device and method relate to the field of metallurgical graphite purification. A graphite purification device comprises a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator, a fluidized bed reactor, a product collector, a high-temperature heating zone and a gas-solid separator; graphite raw materials enter a fluidized bed reactor after passing through a heat exchange pipeline in a product collector, reactive ion gas is ionized by a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator and then enters the fluidized bed reactor to react with impurities in the raw material graphite, waste gas enters a waste gas recoverer for purification through a gas-solid separator, and inert gas is recycled after being output from the waste gas recoverer; meanwhile, the graphite in the gas-solid separator enters a high-temperature heating zone for high-temperature purification; the graphite after high-temperature purification enters a product collector and exchanges heat with raw material graphite. The low-temperature reactive ion gas is combined with the fluidized bed process, so that the graphite clean smelting and purification with low energy consumption, low pollution and low cost are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of purification of graphite by a metallurgical method, in particular to a device and a method for purifying graphite.
Background
Graphite resources are listed as key raw materials by a plurality of countries and play an extremely important role in the development of industry and national economy. Scientific planning and orderly development are important prerequisites for ensuring the sustainable development of the graphite industry and forming good economic and social benefits. The purification of graphite is the basis for preparing all graphite materials and is a common problem in the development of graphite materials. The existing graphite purification method comprises the following steps: (1) the alkaline-acid method can obtain graphite products with the fixed carbon content of more than 99 percent, but the pollution is serious; (2) the method can obtain graphite with the purity of 99.9 percent, but hydrofluoric acid has strong toxicity and corrosivity and is large in environmental protection investment; (3) the chlorination roasting method can obtain graphite products with the purity of more than 98 percent, but the tail gas is difficult to treat and serious in pollution, the equipment is seriously corroded, and the chlorine gas cost is high; (4) a flotation method, wherein the flotation method can obtain graphite concentrate with the purity of 90-98%, and further purification still needs to utilize a chemical method or a high-temperature method; (5) the high temperature method can obtain the ultra-high purity graphite with the purity of more than 99.99 percent, but has expensive equipment, more one-time investment and large energy consumption. Therefore, the graphite clean smelting and purifying method with low energy consumption, low pollution and low cost has important practical value and strategic significance for improving the graphite quality in China and manufacturing high-end graphite products.
Chinese patent CN101817523B discloses a graphitized high-temperature vertical continuous induction heating furnace, which comprises a furnace chamber with a vertical cylindrical space, a feeding device connected above the furnace chamber, and a discharging device connected below the furnace chamber, wherein the impurities are gasified and volatilized by the high temperature of 3000 ℃. Although the patent can achieve the purpose of high-temperature purification, the patent still has insufficient energy conservation, and the discharge of impurity gases can cause environmental pollution to a certain extent.
Chinese patent CN103172060B discloses that a closed long cylinder body which is inclined from high to low in sections is used as a main body for high-temperature purification, the long cylinder body is sequentially divided into a feeding zone, a feeding buffer zone, a low-temperature heating zone, a medium-temperature heating zone, a high-temperature heating zone, a clinker buffer zone and a cooling and discharging zone from high end to low end, 99%, 99.9% and 99.99% of high-purity microlite ink powder can be produced, and a byproduct recovery device is designed, but the purification temperature is 2700 ℃, and low temperature and low energy consumption cannot be achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a device and a method for purifying graphite, which adopt low-temperature reactive ion gas combined with a fluidized bed process to lead graphite ore powder to be introduced with the reactive ion gas in a fluidized state. The reactive ion gas has high activity and can chemically react with impurities in the graphite to generate a low-boiling-point compound, and the low-boiling-point compound is separated from graphite carbon particles, so that the clean smelting and purification of the graphite with low energy consumption, low pollution and low cost are realized.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a graphite purification device comprises a raw material storage, an axial fan, a gas storage, a preheating assembly, a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator, a fluidized bed reactor and a gas-solid separator;
the raw material storage is used for storing graphite raw materials;
the gas storage is used for storing inert gas;
the input end of the axial fan is connected with a gas storage pipeline, the output end of the axial fan is connected with a raw material storage pipeline, and the axial fan is used for blowing gas to convey graphite raw materials;
the input end of the fluidized bed reactor is connected with the raw material storage pipeline, and the output end of the fluidized bed reactor is connected with the input end pipeline of the gas-solid separator;
the preheating assembly is arranged at the input end of the fluidized bed reactor and is used for heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature;
the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator is connected with the fluidized bed reactor through a pipeline and is used for ionizing the reactive ion gas and then conveying the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor.
The invention also comprises a waste gas recoverer and a dryer; a solvent for dissolving the waste gas is arranged in the waste gas recoverer, an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator extends into the solvent, and an output end of the waste gas recoverer is connected with the off-axis fan so as to convey the purified inert gas to the off-axis fan for recycling; the dryer is arranged between the waste gas recoverer and the axial fan.
And a filtering baffle is arranged in the gas-solid separator, an output end pipeline of the fluidized bed reactor is connected below the filtering baffle, and an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator is connected above the filtering baffle.
A high-temperature purification device is also arranged below the gas-solid separator, and a high-temperature heating zone and a product collector are sequentially arranged in the high-temperature purification device from top to bottom; the input end of the high-temperature heating zone is connected with the gas-solid separator, and the high-temperature heating zone is used for purifying the graphite separated by the gas-solid separator at high temperature; the product collector is used for collecting high-purity graphite produced from the high-temperature heating area.
The pipeline connecting the fluidized bed reactor and the raw material storage comprises a heat exchange pipeline which penetrates through the product collector.
The device also comprises a high-temperature waste gas precipitator, wherein the input end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator is connected with the upper part of the high-temperature purification device, and the output end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator is connected with a waste gas recoverer.
In the high-temperature purification device, the high-temperature heating area is provided with a buffer part, and the buffer part is a spiral channel, a flat plate with layered inclination or a layered funnel.
A method for purifying graphite comprises the following steps:
step 1, outputting a graphite raw material from a raw material storage, conveying the graphite raw material by blowing through an axial fan, feeding the graphite raw material into a fluidized bed reactor after passing through a heat exchange pipeline in a product collector, heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature by a preheating assembly, ionizing reactive ion gas by a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator, feeding the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor, and reacting the ionized reactive ion gas with impurities in raw material graphite to generate a low-boiling-point compound and a high-boiling-point compound;
and 3, allowing the graphite subjected to high-temperature purification to enter a product collector from a high-temperature heating area and exchange heat with raw material graphite.
The impurities in the raw material graphite comprise simple substances or oxides of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K and Mg.
The reactive ionic gas comprises HCl, HF and H2At least one of O; the solvent can be one or two of alkali metal carbonate solution and alkali metal hydroxide solution; the preheating component and the high-temperature heating area can be induction heating or resistance wire heating; the target temperature is 300-1000 ℃, and the optimal temperature is 300-500 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the method has simple process, organically combines the fluidized bed technology with the low-temperature reactive ion gas technology, and realizes that impurities or oxides such as Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K, Mg and the like in the natural graphite are converted into low-boiling-point compounds under the low-temperature condition, thereby effectively removing various impurity elements in the graphite ore.
2. The invention is provided with the gas-solid separator, so that the low boiling point compound is separated in advance, thereby avoiding the separation at high temperature and increasing the energy consumption.
3. The high-temperature heating area and the preheating assembly can adopt induction heating, the induction heating is the most effective rapid heating means, and the purification energy consumption can be greatly reduced by raising the temperature through self-induction of graphite particles.
4. The high-temperature heating area is provided with the buffer part, for example, a spiral channel is adopted, so that the retention time of graphite in the high-temperature heating area can be prolonged, impurity compounds in the graphite are fully volatilized, and the purity of the graphite is effectively further improved.
5. Be equipped with the heat exchange pipeline in the product collector, make full use of graphite waste heat after the high temperature purification heats the graphite raw materials, but the comprehensive energy consumption of greatly reduced whole system.
6. The invention is provided with the waste gas recoverer, the solvent in the waste gas recoverer can be one or two of carbonate solution of alkali metal or alkali metal hydroxide solution, and the impurity oxide in the graphite and unreacted reactive ion gas can be effectively dissolved in the solvent, thereby ensuring zero emission, cleanness and no pollution in the whole purification process.
7. The inert gas used for conveying forms closed circulation in the whole system, so that the system can effectively run, an efficient continuous production process is formed, and the consumption of the inert gas is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Reference numerals: the device comprises a gas storage device 1, an axial fan 2, a raw material storage device 3, a preheating assembly 4, a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5, a fluidized bed reactor 6, a gas-solid separator 7, a filtering baffle plate 8, a waste gas recoverer 9, a solvent 10, a dryer 11, a high-temperature purification device 12, a high-temperature heating zone 13, a buffer part 14, a product collector 15, a heat exchange pipeline 16 and a high-temperature waste gas precipitator 17.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantageous effects of the present invention clearer and clearer, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, the invention comprises a raw material storage 3, an axial fan 2, a gas storage 1, a preheating assembly 4, a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5, a fluidized bed reactor 6, a gas-solid separator 7, a waste gas recoverer 9, a dryer 11, a high-temperature purification device 12 and a high-temperature waste gas precipitator 17; wherein:
the raw material storage 3 is used for storing graphite raw materials;
the gas storage 1 is used for storing inert gas;
the input end of an axial fan 2 is connected with the gas storage 1 through a pipeline, the output end of the axial fan 2 is connected with the raw material storage 3 through a pipeline, and the axial fan 2 is used for blowing gas to convey graphite raw materials;
the input end of the fluidized bed reactor 6 is connected with the raw material storage 3 through a pipeline, and the output end of the fluidized bed reactor 6 is connected with the input end of the gas-solid separator 7 through a pipeline;
the preheating component 4 is arranged at the input end of the fluidized bed reactor 6, and the preheating component 4 is used for heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature;
the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 is connected with the fluidized bed reactor 6 through a pipeline, and the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 is used for ionizing the reactive ion gas and then conveying the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor 6;
a filtering baffle 8 is arranged in the gas-solid separator 7, an output end pipeline of the fluidized bed reactor 6 is connected below the filtering baffle 8, and an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator 7 is connected above the filtering baffle 8;
a solvent 10 for dissolving the waste gas is arranged in the waste gas recoverer 9, an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator 7 extends into the solvent 10, and an output end of the waste gas recoverer 9 is connected with the axial fan 2 so as to convey the purified inert gas to the axial fan 2 for recycling;
the dryer 11 is arranged between the waste gas recoverer 9 and the axial fan 2;
the high-temperature purification device 12 is arranged below the gas-solid separator 7, and a high-temperature heating zone 13 and a product collector 15 are sequentially arranged in the high-temperature purification device 12 from top to bottom; the input end of the high-temperature heating zone 13 is connected with the gas-solid separator 7, the high-temperature heating zone 13 is used for carrying out high-temperature purification on the graphite separated by the gas-solid separator 7, a buffer part 14 is arranged in the high-temperature heating zone 13, and the buffer part 14 is a spiral channel, a flat plate with layered inclination or a layered funnel; the product collector 15 is used for collecting the high-purity graphite produced from the high-temperature heating zone 13;
the input end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator 17 is connected with the upper part of the high-temperature purification device 12, and the output end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator 17 is connected with the waste gas recoverer 9.
The piping connecting the fluidized bed reactor 6 and the raw material storage 3 of the present invention includes a heat exchange pipe 16 therein, and the heat exchange pipe 16 penetrates the product collector 15.
In the present invention, the fluidized bed reactor 6 and the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 are combined, and the fluidized bed reactor 6 and the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 are not limited to being combined as separate components, and the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 may be integrated in the fluidized bed reactor 6.
In order to ensure that the high-temperature heating zone 13 has better heating efficiency, the heating zone is divided into an upper zone, a middle zone and a lower zone.
A method for purifying graphite comprises the following steps:
step 1, outputting a graphite raw material from a raw material storage device 3, blowing and conveying the graphite raw material by an axial fan 2, feeding the graphite raw material into a fluidized bed reactor 6 after passing through a heat exchange pipeline 16 in a product collector 15, heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature by a preheating component 4, ionizing reactive ion gas by a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5, feeding the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor 6, and reacting the ionized reactive ion gas with impurities in raw material graphite to generate a low-boiling-point compound and a high-boiling-point compound;
and 3, the graphite after high-temperature purification enters a product collector 15 from the high-temperature heating area 13 and exchanges heat with raw material graphite carried by gas in a heat exchange pipeline 16, finally, high-purity graphite is discharged from a discharge valve of the product collector 15 and is stored in a warehouse, and the graphite raw material in the heat exchange pipeline 16 is heated at an inlet of the fluidized bed reactor 6 by adopting the preheating component 4 according to the temperature after heat exchange so as to reach the target temperature.
The impurities in the raw material graphite comprise simple substances or oxides of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K and Mg.
The reactive ionic gas comprises HCl, HF and H2At least one of O.
The solvent 10 is one or two of an alkali metal carbonate solution and an alkali metal hydroxide solution.
The preheating component 4 and the high-temperature heating zone 13 are induction heating or resistance wire heating.
The target temperature is 300-1000 ℃, and the optimal temperature is 300-500 ℃.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
the natural graphite powder is output from the raw material storage 3, blown and conveyed by the axial fan 2, and exchanges heat with the high-purity graphite in the product collector 15 through the heat exchange pipeline 16, the preheated natural graphite powder enters the fluidized bed reactor 6 from the pipeline, and the graphite can be further heated by the preheating component 4, and the reactive gasThe raw materials are ionized by a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 and then enter a fluidized bed reactor 6, and in the fluidized bed reactor 6, the reactive ion gas (such as HCl ion gas) is utilized to react with simple substances or oxides of Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K, Mg and the like in the natural graphite at the low temperature of 300-500 ℃, and part of the reactive ion gas generates low-boiling-point compounds, such as SiHCl3(boiling point 33 ℃ C.), SiCl4(bp. 57.6 ℃ C.), NaClO (bp. 102.2 ℃ C.), FeCl3(boiling point 315 ℃ C.) and AlCl3(boiling point 181 ℃ C.), and the like, and others form chlorides having relatively high boiling points, such as CaCl2(boiling point 1600 ℃ C.), MgCl2(boiling point 1412 deg.C), KCl (boiling point 1420 deg.C) and the like, the reacted graphite enters a gas-solid separator 7 through a pipeline, the waste gas carrying low boiling point compounds is sent to a waste gas recoverer 9 through a filtering baffle 8 by the pipeline, the waste gas recoverer 9 is filled with a solvent 10, the low boiling point compounds are filtered after the waste gas passes through the waste gas recoverer 9, the purified inert gas enters a drier 11 through the pipeline, the dried gas is recycled through the pipeline, and the total amount of the transport gas is adjusted by a gas storage 1. On the other hand, the graphite in the gas-solid separator 7 enters the high-temperature purification device 12 through a valve, the buffer part 14 in the high-temperature heating zone 13 can slow down the descending speed of the graphite, the heating power of the heating zone is adjusted to keep the temperature in the buffer part 14 at about 1600 ℃, so that high-boiling-point compounds are volatilized and are cooled and deposited by the high-temperature waste gas depositor 17, the gas enters the next cycle after passing through the waste gas recoverer 9 and the dryer 11, and the purified graphite enters the product collector 15 for heat exchange, so that the energy consumption is greatly reduced.
Example 1
In the embodiment, a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 is additionally arranged at the bottom of the existing fluidized bed reactor 6, and a main frequency induction heating coil is additionally arranged at an inlet below the fluidized bed reactor 6 to serve as a preheating device; then a gas-solid separator 7 is arranged at the outlet of the fluidized bed reactor 6, and a waste gas recoverer 9 is arranged at the same time, thus forming a graphite purification device.
The graphite purification device is adopted to purify graphite. Firstly, high-purity Ar gas is used as a conveying gas of graphite, HCl gas is introduced through a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator 5, the HCl gas is ionized and reacts with impurity oxides in the graphite, one part of the HCl gas generates low-boiling-point compounds, and the other part of the HCl gas generates chlorides with relatively high boiling points. The waste gas separated by the gas-solid separator 7 directly enters a waste gas recoverer 9. After a period of reaction, impurity elements such as Si, Fe, Al, Na and the like are detected in the solvent 10 of the waste gas recoverer 9, and on the other hand, the purity of the obtained graphite is improved from 75% to 98.3%, which indicates that the graphite is effectively purified, and low energy consumption, low cost and no pollution emission are realized.
Example 2
This embodiment reforms transform current small-size high frequency induction smelting furnace, but adopt graphite crucible as the gas-solid separator 7 of high temperature heating, and designed one into one out two way gas pipeline on graphite lid, designed a porous baffle as filtering baffle 8 simultaneously in graphite lid below, graphite crucible admission line is directly inserted and is inserted the crucible bottom, the fluidized bed reactor 6 that the built-in low temperature reactive ion gas generator 5 that has is connected to the air inlet of admission line, graphite crucible gas outlet pipe then connects waste gas recoverer 9
The graphite purification device modified by the method is adopted to purify the graphite. Firstly, when an experiment is started, conveying gas Ar is introduced, then induction heating is started to raise the temperature of a crucible to 1600 ℃, heating is stopped after 30min, and after cooling, a sample is analyzed, wherein the purity of graphite is 99.95%.
Claims (9)
1. A graphite purification device is characterized in that: comprises a raw material storage, an axial fan, a gas storage, a preheating assembly, a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator, a fluidized bed reactor and a gas-solid separator;
the raw material storage is used for storing graphite raw materials;
the gas storage is used for storing inert gas;
the input end of the axial fan is connected with a gas storage pipeline, the output end of the axial fan is connected with a raw material storage pipeline, and the axial fan is used for blowing gas to convey graphite raw materials;
the input end of the fluidized bed reactor is connected with a raw material storage device through a pipeline; a filtering baffle is arranged in the gas-solid separator, an output end pipeline of the fluidized bed reactor is connected below the filtering baffle, and an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator is connected above the filtering baffle;
the preheating assembly is arranged at the input end of the fluidized bed reactor and is used for heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature;
the low-temperature reactive ion gas generator is connected with the fluidized bed reactor through a pipeline and is used for ionizing the reactive ion gas and then conveying the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor.
2. The apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the device also comprises a waste gas recoverer, wherein a solvent for dissolving waste gas is arranged in the waste gas recoverer, an output end pipeline of the gas-solid separator extends into the solvent, and an output end of the waste gas recoverer is connected with the axial fan so as to convey the purified inert gas to the axial fan for recycling.
3. An apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the dryer is arranged between the waste gas recoverer and the axial fan.
4. The apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 1, wherein: a high-temperature purification device is also arranged below the gas-solid separator, and a high-temperature heating zone and a product collector are sequentially arranged in the high-temperature purification device from top to bottom; the input end of the high-temperature heating zone is connected with the gas-solid separator, and the high-temperature heating zone is used for purifying the graphite separated by the gas-solid separator at high temperature; the product collector is used for collecting high-purity graphite produced from the high-temperature heating area.
5. The apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the conduit connecting the fluidized bed reactor and the feed reservoir includes a heat exchange conduit therein, the heat exchange conduit extending through the product collector.
6. The apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the device is characterized by further comprising a high-temperature waste gas precipitator, wherein the input end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator is connected with the upper part of the high-temperature purification device, and the output end of the high-temperature waste gas precipitator is connected with a waste gas recoverer.
7. The apparatus for purifying graphite as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the high-temperature heating zone is provided with a buffer part, and the buffer part is a spiral channel, a flat plate with layered inclination or a layered funnel.
8. A method for purifying graphite is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, outputting a graphite raw material from a raw material storage, conveying the graphite raw material by blowing through an axial fan, feeding the graphite raw material into a fluidized bed reactor after passing through a heat exchange pipeline in a product collector, heating the graphite raw material to a target temperature by a preheating assembly, ionizing reactive ion gas by a low-temperature reactive ion gas generator, feeding the ionized reactive ion gas into the fluidized bed reactor, and reacting the ionized reactive ion gas with impurities in raw material graphite to generate a low-boiling-point compound and a high-boiling-point compound;
step 2, the graphite reacted by the fluidized bed reactor enters a gas-solid separator, waste gas with low boiling point compounds enters a waste gas recoverer through a filtering baffle to react with a solvent, and purified inert gas is output from the waste gas recoverer and then is dried by a dryer to enter an axial fan for recycling; meanwhile, graphite in the gas-solid separator enters a high-temperature heating zone for high-temperature purification, high-boiling-point compounds are volatilized and enter a high-temperature waste gas precipitator for sedimentation, and inert gas is recycled after passing through a waste gas recoverer and a dryer;
and 3, allowing the graphite subjected to high-temperature purification to enter a product collector from a high-temperature heating area and exchange heat with raw material graphite.
9. A process as claimed in claim 8The method for purifying graphite is characterized by comprising the following steps: the reactive ionic gas comprises HCl, HF and H2At least one of O; the solvent is one or two of alkali metal carbonate solution and alkali metal hydroxide solution; the preheating assembly and the high-temperature heating area are heated by induction heating or resistance wires; the target temperature is 300-1000 ℃.
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| CN110894070A (en) * | 2019-12-06 | 2020-03-20 | 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 | Device and method for continuously preparing graphite oxide |
| CN113387354A (en) * | 2021-07-26 | 2021-09-14 | 黑龙江工业学院 | Graphite purification method and purification device |
| CN114291815B (en) * | 2022-01-07 | 2023-12-19 | 五星新材科技有限公司 | High-purity graphite purification system |
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| JPH06102529B2 (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1994-12-14 | 関西熱化学株式会社 | Graphite purification method |
| CN1020089C (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1993-03-17 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Purification of graphite |
| US7252812B2 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2007-08-07 | Mary Lou Margrave, legal representative | High-yield method of endohedrally encapsulating species inside fluorinated fullerene nanocages |
| CN1317185C (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2007-05-23 | 洛阳市冠奇工贸有限责任公司 | Preparation process for purifying graphite by liquid phase method |
| CN107555428A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-01-09 | 湖南国盛石墨科技有限公司 | A kind of micro crystal graphite secondary pickling method of purification and its high-purity micro crystal graphite |
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