CN109130530B

CN109130530B - Lottery printing terminal

Info

Publication number: CN109130530B
Application number: CN201711237000.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 朱毅; 李学俊; 邹剑伦; 周小兵; 钟伟育; 王建雄; 王运盈
Original assignee: Shenzhen Sinodata Tech Co ltd
Current assignee: Shenzhen Sinodata Tech Co ltd
Priority date: 2017-11-30
Filing date: 2017-11-30
Publication date: 2024-05-07
Anticipated expiration: 2037-11-30
Also published as: CN109130530A

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of printers, and provides a lottery printing terminal which comprises a bottom shell, an upper cover, a flip component, a printer component and an auxiliary paper outlet device. The bottom shell is provided with a containing groove and a containing printer component mounting groove, the upper cover is covered on the mounting groove and is positioned on the printer component, the flip component is pivoted on the bottom shell and can rotate relative to the bottom shell to open and close, the auxiliary paper discharging device comprises a driving roller component and a driven roller component, the driving roller component is arranged on the printer, the driven roller component is arranged on the flip component and abuts against the driving roller component when the flip component is covered relative to the bottom shell, and therefore after the printer component finishes a printing work, the driving roller component and the driven roller component jointly act to push out a bill after the printing work is finished, and therefore the problem that the printer component is adhered with printing paper due to long-time non-use of printing ink, and paper is easy to jam when the bill is discharged is avoided.

Description

Lottery printing terminal

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of printers, in particular to a lottery printing terminal.

Background

Lottery tickets are increasingly becoming an important way for the national raising of social public funds, sponsoring of sports, welfare, education and other social public utility developments. The public welfare fund raised by issuing the welfare lottery is mainly used for supporting the social welfare enterprises and other public welfare enterprises of the old, the disabled, the orphan, the poverty-stricken people and the like. The lottery terminal is used as a client of the lottery industry and plays an irreplaceable role in the development of lottery enterprises. The lottery terminal is used as terminal equipment of a lottery sales system and is directly responsible for data acquisition of a large number of cash transactions of lottery purchased by the lottery players. Currently, there are mainly self-service lottery machines, stationary table type large lottery machines, and portable lottery terminals. Portable lottery terminals are widely used because of their convenience in use, convenience in movement, and the like. However, in practical use, if the portable lottery terminal does not work for a long time, the ticket heads of the lottery ticket are easy to adhere at the ticket outlet and jam occurs, which finally results in the problem of low ticket outlet efficiency.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a lottery printing terminal, which aims to solve the technical problem of low ticket issuing efficiency caused by the fact that a portable lottery terminal in the prior art is easy to cause a card jam phenomenon at a ticket issuing port.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the utility model provides a lottery ticket print terminal, includes drain pan, upper cover, flip subassembly, printer subassembly and supplementary paper discharging device, the drain pan has holding groove and the holding of holding printing stock form the printer subassembly and with the mounting groove that the holding groove is linked together, the upper cover lid locate on the mounting groove and be located the top of printer subassembly, flip subassembly pin joint in the drain pan and can be relative the drain pan rotates and opens and shuts, supplementary paper discharging device includes drive roll subassembly and driven voller subassembly, drive roll subassembly is located on the printer subassembly, driven voller subassembly is located on the flip subassembly and in flip subassembly is relative when the drain pan is covered with the offset of roll subassembly, the printing stock form is passed through after the printer subassembly prints drive roll subassembly with driven voller subassembly release.

Specifically, the driving roller assembly comprises a driving roller body, a first support, a driving device, a paper outlet sensor and a paper outlet control board, wherein the first support is installed on the printer assembly, the driving roller body is pivoted on the first support and driven by the driving device to rotate around an axis, the paper outlet sensor is arranged on the first support and located below the driving roller body, and the paper outlet sensor and the driving device are electrically connected with the paper outlet control board.

Specifically, the driving device comprises a motor, a gear transmission shaft and a conveyor belt, wherein the gear transmission shaft is pivoted on the first bracket and meshed with the driving roller body, and the motor drives the gear transmission shaft to rotate around a shaft through the conveyor belt.

Specifically, the driven roller assembly comprises a driven roller body and a second support, the second support is arranged on the flip assembly, a pivot hole is formed in the second support, and two ends of the driven roller body are pivoted in the corresponding pivot hole and are abutted against the driving roller body.

Further, the driven roller assembly further comprises two elastic pieces, two positioning columns are arranged on the second support, and the elastic pieces are sleeved on the positioning columns and push against the driven roller body so that the driven roller body abuts against the driving roller body.

Specifically, the flip assembly comprises a first flip and a second flip, wherein the first flip is sleeved on the outer side of the second flip and pivoted on the bottom shell, and the second flip is pivoted in the first flip and can rotate around a pivot point relative to the first flip.

Further, the flip cover assembly further comprises a paper outlet guide plate, the first flip cover is sunken towards the bottom shell to form a ticket collecting bin, the paper outlet guide plate is arranged on the first flip cover and extends to the upper side of the ticket collecting bin, and the paper outlet guide plate corresponds to a paper outlet gap between the driving roller body and the rolling of the driven roller body.

Preferably, one side of the paper outlet guide plate, which faces inwards, of the ticket collecting bin is recessed towards the direction away from the ticket collecting bin to form a guide cambered surface for guiding the printing roll paper.

Specifically, the rotation center of the driving roller body rotating around the axis is higher than the rotation center of the driven roller body rotating around the axis.

Specifically, the bottom of ticket collection storehouse has offered the function groove that supplies the finger to pass.

The invention has the beneficial effects that: the color printing terminal of the invention has the following working processes: the printing roll paper is placed in the accommodating groove, the printing roll paper is pulled out for a section to extend to the upper cover surface after passing through the printer component, the flip component is rotated around the bottom shell relatively and finally covered on the bottom shell, and at the moment, the pulling-out section of the printing roll paper is extruded on the driving roller component and the driven roller component. Therefore, after the printer component finishes the printing work, the driving roller component and the driven roller component jointly act to push out the printed bill, so that the problem that the printer component is stuck with printing roll paper due to long-time non-use of ink, and then the bill is easy to jam is avoided. Meanwhile, the paper loading process of the printing roll paper is simpler and quicker.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of an open state of a flip cover assembly of a lottery printing terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a cover-closed state of a flip component of a lottery printing terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is an exploded view of a lottery printing terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 4 is an exploded view of another angle of the lottery printing terminal according to the embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of FIG. 4 at A;

fig. 6 is an exploded view of a driven roller assembly of a lottery printing terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a lottery printing terminal according to an embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 8 is an enlarged view at B in fig. 7.

Wherein, each reference sign in the figure:

11-bottom shell 12-upper cover 13-flip cover assembly

2-Printer assembly 3-auxiliary paper discharge device 111-accommodation groove

112-Mounting groove 31-driving roller assembly 32-driven roller assembly

311-Drive roller 312-first support 313-drive device

314-Paper-out sensor 315-paper-out control board 21-printer body

22-Fixing frame 23-printing control board 31 a-motor

31 B-gear transmission shaft 31 c-conveyor belt 31 d-rotation shaft

31 E-first gear 31 f-second gear 31 g-protective cover

31H, mounting seat 321, driven roller body 322 and second bracket

323-Pin joint hole 324-elastic piece 325-positioning column

3111-A driving shaft 3112-a driving roller 3211-a driven shaft

3212 Driven roller 131 first flap 132 second flap

133-Paper-out guide plate 134-ticket collecting bin 135-guide cambered surface

136-Functional groove 121-supporting block 122-pre-ticket outlet

41-Print roll 42-lottery ticket.

Detailed Description

Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.

In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "length," "width," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate describing the present invention and simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature. In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more, unless explicitly defined otherwise.

In the present invention, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communicated with the inside of two elements or the interaction relationship of the two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.

Referring to fig. 1, 3, 7 and 8, the lottery printing terminal provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises a bottom shell 11, an upper cover 12, a flip component 13, a printer component 2 and an auxiliary paper output device 3. The bottom shell 11 is provided with a containing groove 111 for containing the printing roll paper 41 and a mounting groove 112 for containing the printer component 2 and communicating with the containing groove 111, the upper cover 12 is covered on the mounting groove 112 and is positioned above the printer component 2, the flip component 13 is pivoted on the bottom shell 11 and can be rotated and opened relative to the bottom shell 11, the auxiliary paper discharging device 3 comprises a driving roller component 31 and a driven roller component 32, the driving roller component 31 is arranged on the printer component 2, the driven roller component 32 is arranged on the flip component 13 and is propped against the driving roller component 31 when the flip component 13 is covered relative to the bottom shell 11, and the printing roll paper 41 is pushed out through the driving roller component 31 and the driven roller component 32 after being printed by the printer component 2.

The color printing terminal provided by the embodiment of the invention has the following working processes: the roll paper 41 is placed in the accommodating groove 111, the roll paper 41 is drawn out to a section through the printer assembly 2 and then extends to the surface of the upper cover 12, the flip assembly 13 is rotated around the bottom shell 11 relatively and finally covers the bottom shell 11, and at this time, the drawn-out section of the roll paper 41 is also extruded on the driving roller assembly 31 and the driven roller assembly 32. Thus, when the printer assembly 2 completes the printing operation, the driving roller assembly 31 and the driven roller assembly 32 act together to push out the printed bill, so that the problem that the printer assembly 2 is easy to jam due to adhesion of ink and the printing roll paper 41 caused by long-time non-use can be avoided. Meanwhile, the paper loading process of the printing roll paper 41 is simpler and quicker.

Specifically, referring to fig. 3,4 and 7, in the present embodiment, the driving roller assembly 31 includes a driving roller body 311, a first bracket 312, a driving device 313, a paper output sensor 314 and a paper output control board 315. The first bracket 312 is mounted on the printer assembly 2, the driving roller 311 is pivotally connected to the first bracket 312, and the driving roller 311 is driven by the driving device 313 to rotate around its axis. The paper output sensor 314 is disposed on the first bracket 312 and is located below the active roller body 311, the paper output sensor 314 and the driving device 313 are electrically connected with the paper output control board 315, that is, the printed lottery ticket 42 sequentially passes through the paper output sensor 314 and the active roller body 311, and when the lottery ticket 42 passes through the paper output sensor 314, the paper output sensor 314 is triggered to send a start signal to the paper output control board 315, the paper output control board 315 receiving the start signal starts the driving device 313 to work, and the driving device 313 drives the active roller body 311 to rotate around the axis thereof so as to push out the lottery ticket 42.

Specifically, referring to fig. 3 and 4, the printer assembly 2 includes a printer body 21, a fixing frame 22, and a print control board 23, and the printer body 21 is electrically connected to the print control board. The fixing frame 22 is U-shaped, the fixing frame 22 is fixed in the mounting groove 112, and the printer body 21 is mounted in the fixing frame 22. The print control board 23 is disposed outside the bottom of the holder 22. Preferably, the paper output control board 315 is disposed outside the bottom of the holder 22 side by side with the print control board 23.

Specifically, referring to fig. 3 to 5, in the present embodiment, the driving device 313 includes a motor 31a, a gear transmission shaft 31b, and a conveyor belt 31c. The gear transmission shaft 31b is pivoted to the first bracket 312 and engaged with the driving roller 311, and the motor 31a drives the gear transmission shaft 31b to rotate around the shaft through the conveyor belt 31c. The gear transmission shaft 31b includes a rotation shaft 31d, a first gear 31e, and a second gear 31f, and the first gear 31e and the second gear 31f are fixed to both end sides of the rotation shaft 31d, respectively. The first bracket 312 is provided with a mounting seat 31h for pivotally connecting the rotating shaft 31d, and a protective cover 31g covering the mounting seat 31h to prevent the rotating shaft 31d from being separated. The conveyor belt 31c is sleeved on the first gear 31e and meshed with the first gear, the second gear 31f is meshed with the driving roller 311, so that the motor 31a is meshed with the first gear 31e through the conveyor belt 31c to drive the second gear 31f to rotate around the axis of the rotating shaft 31d, and the second gear 31f is meshed with the driving roller 311 to drive the driving roller 311 to rotate around the axis. Preferably, referring to fig. 3, in the present embodiment, the motor 31a is mounted on a vertical plate of the fixing frame 22. In this way, the belt 31c has a shorter length, which is advantageous in reducing the transmission stroke.

Specifically, referring to the drawings, in the present embodiment, the driven roller assembly 32 includes a driven roller body 321 and a second bracket 322, the second bracket 322 is disposed on the flip assembly 13, a pivot hole 323 is formed on the second bracket 322, and two ends of the driven roller body 321 pivotally rotate in the corresponding pivot hole 323 and abut against the driving roller body 311. In this way, the printed ticket 42 can be pushed out from between the driving roller 311 and the driven roller 321.

Preferably, referring to fig. 6 and 8, in the present embodiment, the driven roller assembly 32 further includes two elastic members 324, two positioning posts 325 are disposed on the second bracket 322, and the elastic members 324 are sleeved on the positioning posts 325 and push against the driven roller body 321 so that the driven roller body 321 abuts against the driving roller body 311. Here, the shape of the pivot hole 323 is elliptical, and under the action of the elastic member 324, the driven roller 321 can move in the elliptical pivot hole 323 along the radial direction, so that the driven roller 321 always abuts against the driving roller 311, and the problem that the paper is not smoothly discharged due to the overlarge paper discharging gap between the driven roller 321 and the driving roller 311 of the lottery ticket 42 can be avoided.

Preferably, referring to fig. 4 and 6, in the present embodiment, the driving roller body 311 includes a driving shaft 3111 and two driving rollers 3112, the driving shaft 3111 is disposed through the two driving rollers 3112 and coaxially disposed with the two driving rollers 3112, the driving roller 3112 has a diameter larger than that of the driving shaft 3111, the driven roller body 321 includes a driven shaft 3211 and two driven rollers 3212, the driven shaft 3211 is disposed through the two driven rollers 3212 and coaxially disposed with the two driven rollers 3212, and the driven roller 3212 has a diameter larger than that of the driven shaft 3211. When the flip member 13 pivots relative to the bottom case 11 and covers the bottom case 11, the two driven rollers 3212 respectively abut against the corresponding driving rollers 3112, i.e. the lottery ticket 42 is pushed out by the driving rollers 3112 and the driven rollers 3212. Since the contact surface between the driving roller 3112 and the driven roller 3212 is smaller, the friction force between the driving roller 3112 and the driven roller 3212 is larger under the action of the same pressing force, so that the paper is discharged more smoothly. Of course, the number of driving rollers 3112 may be increased or decreased on the driving shaft 3111 or the number of driven rollers 3212 may be increased or decreased on the driven shaft 3211 according to actual needs.

Specifically, referring to fig. 1 to 3, in the present embodiment, the cover assembly 13 includes a first cover 131 and a second cover 132, the first cover 131 is sleeved on the outer side of the second cover 132 and pivoted on the bottom shell 11, and the second cover 132 is pivoted on the inner side of the first cover 131 and can rotate around a pivot point relative to the first cover 131, so that the first cover 131 and the second cover 132 can be opened or closed relative to the bottom shell 11. The first flip 131 is U-shaped and includes two parallel first vertical plates and a first arc plate connected to the two first vertical plates, and the outer sides of the two first vertical plates are respectively pivoted to the two inner sides of the bottom shell 11. The second flip 132 is also U-shaped, and includes two parallel second vertical plates and a second arc plate connected to the two second vertical plates, where the bending radian of the second arc plate is the same as that of the first arc plate, and the outer sides of the two second vertical plates are respectively pivoted to the two inner sides of the two first vertical plates. The two first vertical plates and the two second vertical plates are corresponding and sleeved with the outer sides of the two second vertical plates respectively, and the first arc-shaped plate and the second arc-shaped plate are corresponding and sleeved with the outer sides of the second arc-shaped plates. Thus, when the first flip cover 131 is opened relative to the bottom shell 11, the second flip cover 132 can be received in the first flip cover 131, so that the opening angle of the first flip cover relative to the bottom shell 11 is larger, and meanwhile, when the first flip cover 131 is covered, the second flip cover 132 is exposed from the first flip cover 131, and a larger coverage area is obtained.

Further, referring to fig. 2, 7 and 8, in the present embodiment, the cover assembly 13 further includes a paper output guide plate 133, the first cover 131 is recessed toward the bottom shell 11 to form a ticket collecting bin 134, the paper output guide plate 133 is disposed on the first cover 131 and extends to a position above the ticket collecting bin 134, and the paper output guide plate 133 corresponds to a paper output gap between the rolling rolls of the driving roll body 311 and the driven roll body 321. Thus, when the printed lottery ticket 42 is pushed out from the paper outlet gap, the lottery ticket is firstly contacted with the paper outlet guide plate 133 and then falls into the ticket collecting bin 134 under the action of the paper outlet guide plate 133, so that a user can conveniently take out a plurality of lottery tickets 42 from the ticket collecting bin 134 at one time.

Preferably, referring to fig. 7 and 8, in the present embodiment, a side of the paper output guide plate 133 facing the inner ticket collecting hopper 134 is recessed away from the ticket collecting hopper 134 to form a guide arc surface 135 for guiding the printing roll paper 41. The slope of the guiding cambered surface 135 gradually increases from the proximal end close to the paper outlet gap to the distal end far away from the paper outlet gap, so that one end of the ticket 42 pushed out in a vertical state is firstly abutted against the guiding cambered surface 135 and is close to the proximal end of the paper outlet gap, and gradually scratch out to the distal end of the guiding cambered surface 135, and in the whole process, the ticket 42 in a vertical state gradually inclines to the ticket collecting bin 134 and finally is contained in the ticket collecting bin 134.

Specifically, referring to fig. 8, in the present embodiment, the rotation center of the driving roller 311 around the axis is higher than the rotation center of the driven roller 321 around the axis. Thus, when the lottery ticket 42 is ejected from the paper outlet gap, the lottery ticket 42 is pushed by the driving roller 311 toward the ticket collecting bin 134 due to the higher rotation center of the driving roller 311, i.e., the lottery ticket 42 is inclined toward the ticket collecting bin 134 once ejected from the paper outlet gap. Referring to fig. 1 and 2 again, two supporting blocks 121 are disposed on the upper cover 12, the distance between the two supporting blocks 121 is greater than or equal to the width of the roll paper 41, one end of the paper output guide plate 133 is disposed on the two supporting blocks 121 when the bottom shell 11 is covered by the first flip cover 131, and the paper output guide plate 133, the two supporting blocks 121 and the upper cover 12 enclose to form the pre-ticket outlet 122 of the roll paper 41. When the roll paper 41 is placed in the receiving groove 111, the withdrawal portion is extended from the pre-discharge port 122 to be placed on the upper cover 12, so that the first pre-printed ticket 42 is discharged from the pre-discharge port 122, and then the printed ticket 42 is pushed from the driving roller 311 into the ticket collecting hopper 134.

Specifically, referring to fig. 2 and 7, in the present embodiment, a functional slot 136 is formed at the bottom of the ticket collecting bin 134 for the finger to pass through. When the user takes the lottery ticket 42, the index finger extends into the functional slot 136 and is positioned at the bottom of each lottery ticket 42, the thumb is close to the index finger, and finally the lottery ticket 42 in the ticket collecting bin 134 is taken out.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.

Claims

1. A lottery printing terminal, characterized in that: the paper feeding device comprises a bottom shell, an upper cover, a flip cover component, a printer component and an auxiliary paper feeding device, wherein the bottom shell is provided with a containing groove for containing printing paper and a mounting groove for containing the printer component and communicated with the containing groove, the upper cover is arranged on the mounting groove and positioned above the printer component, the flip cover component is pivoted to the bottom shell and can rotate and open and close relative to the bottom shell, the auxiliary paper feeding device comprises a driving roller component and a driven roller component, the driving roller component is arranged on the printer component, the driven roller component is arranged on the flip cover component and abuts against the driving roller component when the flip cover component is covered relative to the bottom shell, and the printing paper is pushed out through the driving roller component and the driven roller component after being printed by the printer component;

The driving roller assembly comprises a driving roller body, a first bracket, a driving device, a paper outlet sensor and a paper outlet control board, wherein the first bracket is arranged on the printer assembly, the driving roller body is pivoted on the first bracket and is driven by the driving device to rotate around an axis, the paper outlet sensor is arranged on the first bracket and is positioned below the driving roller body, and the paper outlet sensor and the driving device are electrically connected with the paper outlet control board;

The driving device comprises a motor, a gear transmission shaft and a conveyor belt, wherein the gear transmission shaft is pivoted on the first bracket and meshed with the driving roller body, and the motor drives the gear transmission shaft to rotate around a shaft through the conveyor belt;

The gear transmission shaft comprises a rotating shaft, a first gear and a second gear, the first gear and the second gear are respectively fixed at two end sides of the rotating shaft, a mounting seat for pivoting the rotating shaft and a protective cover which covers the mounting seat to prevent the rotating shaft from falling out are arranged on the first bracket, the conveyor belt is sleeved on the first gear and meshed with the first gear for transmission, and the second gear is meshed with the driving roller;

The driven roller assembly comprises a driven roller body and a second bracket, the second bracket is arranged on the flip assembly, a pivot hole is formed in the second bracket, and two ends of the driven roller body are pivoted in the corresponding pivot hole and are abutted against the driving roller body;

The driven roller assembly further comprises two elastic pieces, two positioning columns are arranged on the second support, and the elastic pieces are sleeved on the positioning columns and push against the driven roller body so that the driven roller body abuts against the driving roller body.

2. The lottery printing terminal of claim 1, wherein: the flip assembly comprises a first flip and a second flip, the first flip is sleeved on the outer side of the second flip and pivoted on the bottom shell, and the second flip is pivoted in the first flip and can rotate around a pivot point relative to the first flip.

3. The lottery printing terminal of claim 2, wherein: the flip subassembly still includes out the paper deflector, first flip orientation the drain pan is sunken to form album ticket storehouse, the paper deflector locate on the first flip and extend to the top in album ticket storehouse, and, go out the paper deflector with the initiative roll body with the play paper clearance between the roll-in of driven roll body corresponds.

4. The lottery printing terminal of claim 3, wherein: the paper outlet guide plate is inwards sunken towards one side of the ticket collecting bin and away from the ticket collecting bin to form a guide cambered surface for guiding the printing roll paper.

5. The lottery printing terminal of claim 3, wherein: the rotation center of the driving roller body rotating around the axis is higher than that of the driven roller body rotating around the axis.

6. The lottery printing terminal of claim 3, wherein: the bottom of the ticket collecting bin is provided with a functional groove for fingers to pass through.